Authors:Rishav Kumar, Meena Goswami, Vikas Pathak Pages: 1 - 17 Abstract: The nutritional quality of pet foods plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of companion animals. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid compositions of various pet foods, including chicken powder, poultry byproducts incorporated vegetables, byproducts incorporated with ragi, and boiled mash Potato, to assess their scientific significance and potential implications for pet nutrition. Our analysis revealed diverse fatty acid profiles across the different pet foods, with each food exhibiting unique compositions and proportions of fatty acids. Notable findings include the identification of common fatty acids shared among multiple pet foods, as well as variations in the abundance of specific fatty acids across different formulations. Additionally, certain pet foods are characterized by the presence of rare or unusual fatty acids, highlighting the importance of exploring their sources and potential health benefits. By correlating the fatty acid compositions of pet foods with metabolic pathways and health implications, we elucidated the nutritional significance of these dietary components for pets. Furthermore, we identified areas for further research, including the impact of processing methods on fatty acid profiles and the development of novel formulations optimized for pet nutrition and well-being. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the scientific understanding of pet nutrition and underscores the importance of considering fatty acid compositions in formulating balanced and nutritious diets for companion animals. PubDate: 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4289 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Gold; I.L., Okunwaye, T., Onyia, D.C., Akpose, I.O., Imoisi, O.B., Asiriuwa, N.U. Pages: 18 - 26 Abstract: The use of oil palm biomass in black soap production was carried out. The soap was prepared using different oils; Palm kernel oil (PKO), Tallow oil (TO), Palm oil (PO), Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and their blends (PKO:PFAD:TO:PO) at 0.5 ratio each. The physiochemical properties of the different oils and their blends were studied. The moisture content, bulk density, foaming stability, pH, solubility of metallic salts and surface tension of the different black soaps produced were analyzed. The results of the oils and their blends had free fatty acid values between (2.56 - 49.48) %, saponification values of (231.4 - 450.20) KOH/g and relative densities of (0.97-1.008) g/ml. The results indicated that the moisture content ranged from (6.0 -7.4) % for all soaps, with the lowest (6.0%) observed in PKO, the highest (7.4%) observed in soaps made with PO and PKO:PFAD:TO:PO blends. The bulk density of the soaps ranged from (0.55 - 0.94) g/cm3. The PKO: PFAD soap had the highest foam stability of 7.4cm and PKO soap (2.08cm) the lowest. The soap produced with various oils and their blends showed a neutral pH in the range of 7.25 -7.38. The metallic salts NaCl, KCl and HgCl2 were soluble in the soap solution with no precipitate formed while MnCl2, PbCl3, and CuCl2 salts precipitated out of the soap solution. The surface tension of water was lowered at different rates by the soaps. The black soap produced with the oils and their blends met the standard quality specification for commercial soaps within the geographical area of manufacture. PubDate: 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4290 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Bastian Nova, Epi Supri Wardi, Ria Afrianti, Aldo Maihendra Pages: 27 - 33 Abstract: Aims: This study aims to obtain isolates of endophytic bacteria found in mangosteen roots, determine information regarding the chemical contents of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria, and obtain antioxidant activity data using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted from June to September 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of Universitas Perintis and the Higher Education Coordinating Board Region X, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Methodology: Isolation of endophytic bacteria, secondary metabolite production by endophytic bacteria, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method. Results: The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolite extracts from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen rootsusing the DPPH method yielded an IC50 of 14,047.912 g/ml and gallic acid solution of 2,498 g/ml. Furthermore, the T-test analysis between the % inhibition of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots and gallic acid yielded a significant value of 0.013. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots is considered weak and cannot be an alternative or solution for antioxidant production. PubDate: 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4291 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Elizé Dadaya , Jeweldai Vedekoi , Tchoubou Zacharie, Hervé Ngatanko Abaissou, Ndjonka Dieudonné Pages: 34 - 48 Abstract: Background: Siphonochilus aethiopicus belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. In Chinese medicine, Zingiberaceae are acknowledged for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which contribute to immune system reinforcement. They are known to promote digestion, alleviate nausea, motion sickness and are involved incombating flu and cold. The current study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Siphonochilus aethiopicus (MESA). Methodology: The in vivo study examined the anti-inflammatory impact of the extract (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) using a formaldehyde-induced inflammation mouse model. The anti-arthritic effect of the MESA was determined by measuring paw diameter, body weight, biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor) including oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and nitric oxide), and hematological parameters. Additionally, a histopathological examination was conducted to evaluate the outcome of treatment on tissue integrity. Results: Results obtained show that the MESA significantly decreased paw inflammation (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and enhanced hematological and biochemical parameters. Additionally, MESA significantly ameliorated oxidative stress parameters (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Conclusion: This finding suggests that Siphonochilus aethiopicus possesses strong antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity, supporting its traditional application as a remedy for rheumatoid arthritis. PubDate: 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4292 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Baibo Guy Léonce, Ackah Jacques Auguste Alfred Bognan, Brahima Kouame Koffi Raoul, Yaye Yapi Guillaume, Obouayeba Abba Pacôme Pages: 49 - 59 Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorisation of an anti- asthmatic phytomedicine (Asthpadose) traditionally used in Côte d'Ivoire. Aims: Evalute antiasthma’s activity of the aqueous extract of Asthpadose (EAA) was. Methodology: The antiasthma’s activity of the aqueous extract of Asthpadose (EAA) was evaluated by the determining of its anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan oedema induction method. This anti-asthmatic activity was also evaluated by its antitussive action on the frequency of cough induced in rats exposed to liquid ammonia. Results: The results revealed that EAA showed a very significant strong anti- inflammatory activity with an oedema inhibition rate ranging from 34.29% to 70.9 5%. This activity was much better than that of diclofenac sodium (a reference molecule against inflammation) with an oedema inhibition rate ranging from 12.24% to 58.39%. As for its antitussive activity, the results also showed good antitussive activity of the extract. EAA presented a cough inhibition rate of 74.22% compared to 58.76% for dextrometaphan which is also a reference molecule against cough. Conclusion: This observed activity could therefore justify the use of Asthpadose in the treatment of asthma which is a disease manifested by inflammation and cough. In view of the very promising results of this study, it would therefore be necessary to continue studies on this phytomedicine to understand its mechanism of action on asthma. PubDate: 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4293 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Adindu; J. C., Ezebialu C. U., Chukwukaelo, D. C., Okpala, C.O Pages: 60 - 71 Abstract: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, commonly called ‘Chaya’ and in Southeastern Nigeria ‘hospital too far’, or ‘catholic vegetable’ is a medicinal plant from the family Euphorbiaceae that has been used since pre-Columbian times as food and in treating diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemicals present in the ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves, which could be accountable for the plant’s acclaimed therapeutic properties, using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) technique. Cold maceration was used in the extraction process while GC-FID was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of lunamarine, cardiac glycoside, anthocyanin, spartien, cyanogenic glycoside, flavonones, steroids, keampferol, epicatechin, flavones, oxalate, resveratol, sapogenin, epihedrine, flavan-3-ol, proanthocyanin, naringin, ribalinidine, naringenin, catechin, tannin, rutin, and phytate. However, the extracts did not all contain the same phytochemicals nor quantity of phytochemicals. While the ethanol extract recorded phytate (18.9224µg/ml) as the highest yield, methanol had spartein (17.2035µg/ml) and the aqueous extracts had epicatechin (9.2402 µg/g). The presence of these pharmacologically active substances, which has been researched to have antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties amongst others, supports the efficacy of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves in treatment of various pathologies and use in ethnopharmacology. It also projects Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves as a probable raw material for antibiotic formulation. PubDate: 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4294 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:I.U. Leje, Wali. U., M.H. Yeldu , H.M. Alhassan , I. Z. Wasagu , U. Abubakar, B.H. Abubakar , H. A. Evuti , M. Bello Pages: 72 - 83 Abstract: Introduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related non-malignant prostate gland enlargement in men that leads to pain and difficulty voiding urine. The etiology of BPH is still unknown. Studies have been reported on the effects of Annona muricata (soursop) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with little documentation. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of aqueous fruit extract of A. muricata on testosterone propionate induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in male Wistar Rats. Methodology: The fruits of A. muricata were processed to obtain fruit extract and phytoconstituents. An acute toxicity study was conducted with six doses of A. muricata fruit extract (10, 100, 1000, 1500, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg) to determine the safety and tolerability dose limit. A total of 48 adult male Wistar rats were used for the study. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, the animals were orchimetized. The rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight animals each; group 1 (normal control + sham treated + distilled water); groups 2 (positive control + castrated + TP/day); group 3 (finasteride (3 mg/kg) + castrated + TP/day); group 4 (100 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day); group 5 (200 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day) and group 6 (400 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day) for 42 days. On the 43rd day animals were euthanized, blood and prostate tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological study. Results: This study showed that, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) decreased both the prostate weight and testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to finasteride-treated rats. The effect of the extract on the histology of the prostate had significant recovery and was able to restore the enlarged prostate to near-normal in a dose-dependent manner. A significant (p < 0.05) recovery was observed at a higher dose (400 mg/kg) of the extracts. Conclusion: The effects of Annona muricata (soursop) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) showed inhibitory potentials via decreased prostate weight, prostate specific antigen, and testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. At a high dose (400 mg/kg) body weight of rats had significant recovery (p < 0.05) restoring prostatic histoarchitecture to near-normal. This study suggests that Annona muricata fruit may be considered a treatment option for benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. PubDate: 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4295 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:J. S. Patel, K. N. Prajapati, Kapil Tiwari, M. K. Chaudhari, S. B. Gondaliya, V. A. Joshi, S. R. Vyas Pages: 84 - 94 Abstract: Capsicum spp., a member of the Solanaceae family, is a widely used vegetable crop that is mostly used as a spice, condiment, medicine, and vegetable. It is also a major source of vitamins A and C. There are about 22 wild and five cultivated species in the genus Capsicum. C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. Chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens are the species that are grown. Indian chilli peppers have become a major player in the world market for chilli peppers. India is the world's biggest producer, consumer, and exporter of chilli, making it unique in the world market. Over 40 per cent of the world's total chilli production comes from India. This study was planned to check the morphological and nutritional attributes of different chilli varieties/genotypes. Plant height ranged from 66.83 to 84.65 cm, while yield varied from 4699.08 to 7115.75 kg/ha. There was a noticeable variation in moisture content, ranging from 6.36% to 8.37%. JCH-799 had the lowest protein content while Gholar had the highest concentration. Similarly, the percentage of carbohydrates ranged from 61.93% to 69.69%. JCH-18-835 and Kashmiri had the highest ascorbic acid content, ranging from 76.92 to 112.82 mg/100gm. Total phenol content was found from 1.75% to 2.14%. The principal component analyses (PCA) of plant height and yield of chilli and biochemical traits. The eigenvalue-based evaluation of economically useful features to identify the components that have a major influence on chilli genotype yield. The PCA revealed four principle components (PC) with eigenvalues greater than one, which explained roughly 77.17% of the overall variability. PC analysis revealed that PC-1 has the largest variation in eigenvalues (2.709), followed by PC-2 (1.589), and PC-3 (1.103). These findings show that there is genetic diversity amongst chilli, which can be leveraged to create high-yielding varieties with improved nutritional value. PubDate: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4296 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
Authors:Mikidadi S. Gurisha , Papula V. Kanaka Rao , Laxmikanth Cherupally , Alex J. Mbise Pages: 95 - 110 Abstract: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition. It occurs when the immune system attacks the tissue surrounding joints due to the release of specific chemicals and enzymes that start consuming away the cartilage and bones. The ant-arthritis of Coriandrum sativum (CS) has not been summarized before, so this review aims to assess further and explore its efficacy in RA disorders. The online literature search was performed using databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online, Library, Springer, and Taylor& Francis for review. Articles published from January 2010 to January 2024 were composed. Additionally, the molecular docking of the eight selected CS phytochemicals was carried out against the AR protein target (PDB ID: 2AXJ) to support the review. Different parameters such as docking score, oral bioavailability, drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) were examined. Docking scores depicted that, anethole, beta-pinene, camphor, and geraniol phytochemicals demonstrated a commendable potential as inhibitors of 2AXJ molecule. The score hierarchy is camphor (-6.9 kcal/mol), beta-pinene (-5.9 kcal/mol), geraniol (-5.3 kcal/mol), and anethole (-5.2 kcal/mol). The four phytochemicals also appear to have good drug-likeness properties and oral bioavailability. Therefore the in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that CS has strong potential as anti-arthritics and anti-inflammatory. However, clinical trials for both fresh and extracted CS are also necessary to validate the findings. PubDate: 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4298 Issue No:Vol. 14, No. 4 (2024)
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