Authors:Ayşe Betül Gökarslan Abstract: The Historical Leather (Debbağ-Şayak) Factory was built in the late 19th century on a large land near the Hüseyin Baş Mill, at the intersection of Yenice and Dere Districts of Isparta province. The building, which was used until the 1950s and then changed hands and was used as a thread factory, produced leather, leather, screws and oskar (shoes made of cow leather) for different parts of Anatolia and Istanbul when it was in use as a leather factory. Although the Leather Factory is one of the industrial heritages symbolizing the industrial history of the region, it remained idle, unregistered and not as well-known as the Yalvaç Leather Factory because it could not be used for its original function. In addition to the problems arising from corporate and local governments, serious damage has occurred in the structure, which consists of three different periods, especially as a result of the recent renovations. The building, which has suffered deterioration both from public and user sources, is in danger of collapsing within a few years unless urgent measures are taken. The building is also heavily affected by adverse climatic conditions due to the removal of the upper cover and intermediate floor. This study aims to draw attention to the preservation of an industrial heritage structure belonging to the history of leathermaking, which remains idle but is a very important business branch of Isparta, and solutions on the subject have been developed. Within the scope of this study, on-site observation, documentation with photographs and sketches, and written and visual archive scanning were carried out. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Fatih Çongur Abstract: This study evaluates the Early Bronze Age “Medallion” motif decorated pottery, dated to Early Bronze Age, found at Hacımusalar Höyük, Karataş-Semayük, Bademağacı Höyük, Hacılar Büyük Höyük, Kuruçay Höyük, Pınarbaşı II and Aziziye settlements which are in the vicinity of Burdur-Antalya. This motif consists of one or multiple concentric circles decorations made with the technique of relief/groove and a knob/protrusion in the centre. In addition to this, some examples do not bear a central knob/protrusion in the circular decorations. Based on the current knowledge, “Medallion” motif is first seen on Early Bronze Age I settlements in the vicinity of Burdur-Antalya. This motif increased in number and variety in the vicinity of Burdur-Antalya during the Early Bronze Age II. It seems that the application of the “Medallion” motif on the pottery is different from the other (horizontal-vertical bands, zigzags, undulating lines, inverted and straight ‘V’ shapes, knob, impression, incrusté and paint) ornaments. Within the scope of this study, the contemporary parallels to the material that has been discussed, found in the settlements in Western Anatolia, the Aegean Islands and Greece has been mentioned, and its symbolic meanings has been discussed. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Atakan Balcı; Erkan Atak Abstract: The First National Architectural Period is an architectural movement that generally showed its effect between 1900-1930. The aim of the architectural movement started to become widespread after the proclamation of the II. Constitutional Monarchy (1908) is based on the re-emergence of the classical elements of Ottoman and Seljuk architecture. Along with the Westernization process, Western-influenced arrangements in Ottoman architecture were opposed and classical architectural elements were implemented as a result of a common attitude by the architects of the period. In this context, the Union and Progress Club building, which was built in the city center of Edirne in 1913-1914, is the subject of the article. It aims to reveal the importance of the building in the style of the period with field research, various publications, photographs and drawings. In addition, the architectural definition of the building and its decorative features were emphasized, and comparisons were made with other examples with similar characteristics. The tiles in the interior and exterior of the building were produced in Kütahya, and the pattern decorations were prepared by the leading tile masters of the period, Mehmed Emin and Rıfat Osman. In general, it is concluded that the Union and Progress Club building was built in the style of the First National Architecture Period in terms of its architectural features such as its plan layout, crown door, pointed arched windows, wide eaves system, and tile decorations on the inside and outside. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Raziye Çiğdem Önal; Esra Özkan Koç Abstract: Hand-Drawn, one of the most important decorative branches of Ottoman art, was frequently used in the ornamentation of civil and religious architectural works throughout Anatolia. These ornaments, which varied according to the local characteristics of the geography and the artistic understanding of the period in which they were created, experienced dynamism in late Ottoman art with the use of new motifs, colors, and techniques. Under the influence of Western styles, the “capital style” in Istanbul, which has been evolving since the 18th century, spread to Anatolian cities that closely followed the art of the capital, resulting in a variety of “provincial styles” that differed from one another. Hand-Drawn ornaments of the Şalpazarı Doğancı Neighborhood Central Mosque (1871-72) in Trabzon, which give an idea about the provincial characteristics of the Eastern Black Sea Region, the spirit, fashion, artistic taste, and appreciation of the period, are included in the scope of this study. The study aims to answer questions such as to what extent the changes in Ottoman art, which synthesized its style with Western styles, could be applied in the countryside and how local artists programmed the interior decorations of mosques. These hand-drawn ornaments, which were applied to the plaster, wood, and stone of the mosque, were analyzed in terms of motif range, stylistic features, and construction techniques. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Begüm Buğdaycı Abstract: Tokmak Hasan Pasha Mosque is one of the buildings that attract attention in Anatolia with its mural paintings. A total of six mural paintings are available to decorate the structure. Three depictions of the murals, Mizan, Âlem-i lâhût and Livâü’l-Hamd, have their subjects taken from manuscripts with religious content such as Muhammadiye and Mârifetnâme. Apart from those, the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet), Mecca and a carpet depiction painted on the intersection of two walls are included in the painting repertoire. During the restoration of the mosque, which was completed in 2022, Arabic and Latin alphabet scripts, various notes and hand-drawn decorations have been revealed under the plaster. The most important data obtained in these endeavors was the artist’s inscription on the western wall of the harem. According to the inscription, it is acknowledged that the murals were performed in 1950 by an artist named Muhsin Bali. The depiction of the Mizan, one of the mural paintings, differs in terms of being painted together with elements such a mosque, oil lamp and mimbar as well as the use of scripts. The depiction of the universe is of utmost importance in terms of its one-to-one depiction with the miniature in Mârifetnâme. The depiction of Livâü’l-Hamd, which appears only in Islamic works and hadiths, was also taken as an example from the painting on the subject of “Mirat-i Mahşer” in Muhammediye and the inscriptions on the flag arms have also been included. The depiction of the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet) is depicted in the same view as the view from the northwest corner of the building and has been processed with almost true form to the architectural elements of the original building. Although the depiction of Mecca reflects the 20th century with its use of color and advanced perspective understanding, it still maintains traces of the miniature tradition. The depiction of the carpet engraved on the intersection of two walls is processed in a similar style with another example that we are aware of. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:N. Çiçek Akçıl Harmankaya Abstract: In Islamic architecture, the units assigned to the emperors to perform prayers with their entourages were called maksûre or mahfil. These units, also called hunkâr mahfili or mahfil-i hümâyûn are particularly seen in selâtin mosques to perform the Friday and Eid prayers of the sultans, as well as the isha prayers on the holy nights. The hunkâr mahfili of Edirne Üç Şerefeli Mosque, one of the examples of these structures is our subject of study. Üç Şerefeli Mosque was built by architect Muslihiddin by the torder of The Sultan Murad II between the years 1437- 1447. The structure, named after its minaret with three balconies (üç şerefeli), is also extremely important in Ottoman architecture with its central plan and the court with cloistered fountain. It is known that there was a hunkâr mahfili in the southeast corner of the sanctuary, and it is mentioned as “mahfil-i hümâyûn” in the renovation books dating from 1753, 1759, and 1763. The first window of the mosque’s east facade, toward the kiblah, has been converted to be the entrance gate to this hunkâr mahfili. The mahfil and the pavilion, which do not exist today, were demolished in 1935. Within the scope of this study, the sultan’s mahfil and pavilion, which had been demolished, will be introduced and evaluated with similar examples in terms of architectural features and construction tradition. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Zeynep Aktop Çetinbayır Abstract: The subject of the study is the bone objects unearthed in the excavations of the ancient city of Amorium. Amorium City is located 12 km east of Emirdağ district of Afyonkarahisar province. Bone artifacts were unearthed from different excavation sites, archaeological excavations carried out in the Amorium Ancient City since 1987. These areas include the Enclosure, Basilica A, Large Building East, Inner Wall, Basilica B, and the Rock Tomb. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to examine and date the identified bone artifacts. There are fifty-six objects in total in the cataloG. These pieces were divided into groups according to their functions and examined under the headings of “Accessories”, “Tools”, “Tool Handles”, “Spindle Whorl”, “Appliques and Furniture Equipment”, “Gaming Pieces”, “Production Related Components“ and “Others”. The clearest dating in the excavations in the Amorium City is obtained from the traces of the siege carried out by the Mu’tasim army in 838. In the catalog prepared, there are bone artifacts from the Enclosure and the Destruction Layer in the Large Building East. In this context, these finds could be dated directly to the 9th century and in this context, the works have been dated to different ages such as Roman, Early Byzantine, Middle Byzantine, Beyliks Period and Early Ottoman Periods. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Merve Arslan Çinko; Zeynep Eres Abstract: In the 19th century, when the transition from traditional education to the modern education system was experienced in the Ottoman Empire, various modern educational institutions were established. Not only Muslims but also non-Muslims and foreigners opened many schools throughout the country. The Bulgarians, one of the substantial communities living in Edirne, which is adjacent to the capital Istanbul, opened many schools in the province. One of them was the Bulgarian Catholic School. This school was opened in the second half of the 19th century by the Resurrectionists, a group affiliated with the Polish Catholic sect, to spread the Catholic sect among the Bulgarians. This school first became operational in an existing wooden structure. Then, a two-storey masonry building was built in 1839 in this area, and after 1907, with the addition of a new masonry building, the school turned into a magnificent structure. Although the educational function of the building was interrupted in the 1930s, it was opened in the 1960s again. The building is still used for education today. This study is aimed to determine the historical, cultural, and architectural values of a Late Ottoman Period Bulgarian educational building in Edirne, which constitutes a singular example for the region. The purpose of usage and architectural development of the building has been revealed in the Ottoman Archive documents. Its importance has been emphasized in the context of education and architectural history, and the necessity of its conservation has been indicated. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Aysu Ateş Abstract: In the architectural environment of the 17th century, where the relations between art and politics were intertwined, one of the most striking people was Architect Kasim Agha. Kasim Agha, who participated in palace intrigues rather than architecture and established relations with political figures such as the queen mother, grand vizier, and sultan’s hodja, played a role in 17th-century Ottoman political life with his efforts to bring Köprülü Mehmed Pasha to the grand vizierate. Kasim Agha, who left the chief architect in 1651 and became the kethüda (chamberlain) of Turhan Sultan, found a place in the Ottoman chronicles due to her political relations. However, he is among the important architectbuilders of the century, within the framework of the financial power he acquired, as he built a darülhadis in Istanbul and built complexes, fountains, inns, bridges, and waterways in the Balkans. The study focuses mainly on his waqf dated 1641, and in addition to the structures he built, the architect’s origin, his mansion, his family members, his architecture, and his political struggles are examined. In the study, which is based on Kasim Agha’s waqf, Ottoman archive documents, Ottoman chronicles, and kadi registers, Kasim Agha’s life was tried to be illuminated in various aspects. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Evren Dayar Abstract: Maps are highly valuable as historical sources because they offer a visual representation of the reality, they depict during the time they were created. The significance of maps as historical resources becomes even more apparent when studying cities like Antalya, which have experienced significant damage to their historical structures, or when attempting to identify structures that no longer exist today. The maps become crucial tools for reconstructing the historical fabric of such cities and bridging the gap between the past and the present. This article aims to evaluate two maps of Antalya prepared on March 27, 1905, utilizing archival documents, inscriptions, and various visual sources. These maps, created to document the damage to the walls and towers of Antalya in the early 20th century, are highly functional for identifying key reference points in the city and understanding urban modernization. In the article, based on the 1905 maps, the city’s harbor, Antalya Citadel (Tophane), Kaleiçi neighborhoods, city walls, city gates, and the settlement areas outside the walls are depicted, presenting a panoramic view of early 20th-century Antalya. In addition, the 1905 maps provide significant information about some structures that are no longer present today. Through the 1905 maps, it has been possible to identify the bathhouse structure in the citadel, the Bayrakdar Baba Tomb, and the original location of the clock tower, claimed to have been constructed in 1921. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Mesut Dündar Abstract: Kaleiçi, the initial settlement core of Edirne, holds historical significance as a dwelling place for non-Muslim communities. Distinguished from other Turkish districts by its grid-shaped (Hippodamus) settlement pattern and unique residences, Kaleiçi boasts several well-preserved historical houses. Among them is the İlhan Koman House, constructed by a Greek doctor, shedding light on the social and cultural fabric of its era. Despite its noteworthy architecture and ornamentation, the İlhan Koman House has yet to undergo a comprehensive study. This study aims to fill that gap, serving as a valuable resource for studying residential architecture and wall painting. The objective is to contribute to the field of art history by conducting a holistic assessment of the house’s architectural and ornamental features. Through this study, the house’s significance in both Edirne’s urban architecture and Ottoman residential design is sought to be unveiled. To achieve this, relevant literature and archives were meticulously scanned before conducting an on-site examination. The collected data from thorough research and analysis provided the foundation for a detailed evaluation of the İlhan Koman House. The goal was to elucidate its position and importance among similar structures. The findings reveal that this two-storey wooden house embodies classical Ottoman residential architecture through its material technique and plan features. However, it also exhibits a distinct Western influence, evident in its pronounced neoclassical emphasis on facades. The house, designed to connect with the external environment through expansive windows and balconies, further incorporates ceiling decorations reminiscent of ancient Greek architecture. With its architectural and decorative elements reflecting the socio-cultural interactions of its time, the İlhan Koman House occupies a vital place in both Edirne’s urban landscape and Ottoman civil architecture. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Serap Ekizler Sönmez Abstract: This study will investigate the compass-ruler construction technique and geometric systems used to create the intricate geometric patterns found in the Hagia Sophia Mosque. Geometric patterns are prevalent in Islamic architecture, and after the 9th century, they became increasingly complex and started to define the Islamic period. Geometric patterns, which exist at the intersection of science and art, are often only represented in scientific research through defining shapes, disregarding the geometry inherent in their construction. The origin of constructing patterns with a compassruler can be traced back to the geometry of Euclid (3rd century BC). In this study, we will analyse the Hagia Sophia Mosque patterns using the traditional method of construction and compare pre- and post-Islamic period patterns. The analysis will introduce the term “nizamî” (compliant with rules) to the literature for the first time and emphasise its significance in correct construction. The article will examine the rationale behind incorporating the term “Islam” into the titles of geometric patterns. Additionally, the minbar of Hagia Sophia Mosque will be used as a document study to determine the age of the patterns found in it. The article aims to investigate the possibility of geometric patterns, which are generally studied in the context of art history, having documentary significance for the history of science and cultural history when analysed. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Gülder Emre; Emre Veysel Şener, Hazal Özlem Ersan Eruş, Serpil Çetinkaya, Seda Kartal Abstract: In this study, the conservation stages of the Jeli thuluth Zerendüd plaque, made by calligrapher Hayrettin, dated 1310 AH (Muslim calender) and 1892 AD (Gregorian calender), were carried out. The line plate was first examined by visual inspection with visible (VIS) light, raking light (RAK), ultraviolet light (UV) and infrared light (IR). These examinations were occasionally supported by light microscopy. Deteriorations and damages were determined with the obtained data and appropriate legends were created and processed on the line plate’s picture with the help of the Adobe Photoshop program. In addition, samples were taken and analyzed with SEM-EDX in order to understand whether gold and silver leaf were used in the text part and its frame. In light of the information obtained in the documentation, the conservation-restoration process has been started. The surface of the artwork, which was determined to have been repaired before, was first cleaned from the very thick and haphazardly applied old varnish. Thus, the inward concave-shaped deformation of the picture caused by surface tension has been eliminated. Then, respectively; firstly, the blistered parts of the paper support were consolidated. After the filling, retouching and varnishing processes, the frame was restored and the conservation work was completed. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Serap Erçin Koçer Abstract: The establishment date of Demirci, one of the districts farthest from Manisa city center, is not exactly known. It is possible to see the traces of different civilizations from every age of history in the town center and its villages. The ancient city of Saittai/Sidas within the borders of the district constitutes one of the important centers of the Lydians. In addition to the traces of the ancient era, historical assets from Saruhanogullari and Ottomans continue to exist in the district. There are mosques dating back to the late period in the villages of Demirci district. The majority of the mosques have wooden ceilings and handmade ornaments. The mosques that are studied in this research; Marmaracık Village Mosque, Köylüce Village Old Mosque and Kızılca Village Old Mosque; have hand-drawn decorations applied on plaster. In general, there are floral ornaments and writings with religious content. In addition to these, curtains, oil lamps, and clock motifs, which are accepted as symbols of the westernization period, are present. The ornaments are addressed in the form of tables in medallions and rectangular panels. Because the mosques mentioned in this study have not yet been the subject of a study, the buildings will be discussed in detail in terms of plan, material, and ornamentation. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Selahattin Ersoy; Zahide Sena Güneş Kaya Abstract: Orhaneli is a district in the south of Bursa with a mountainous geography, founded by Emperor Hadrianus under the name Hadrianoi (ad Olympum) in the 2nd century. It came under the control of the Ottoman Principality in 1325 and continued to be called Atranos. The Atranos Castle belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed after the Ottoman conquest. Today, only the remains of two towers and foundations of other towers in between these two towers and the foundation remains of the walls of this castle have been found. No conservation work has been done or no protection measures have been taken for the castle, which was declared a 3rd-degree archaeological site by the authorities in 2014. The remains of towers, which are left extremely vulnerable to environmental conditions, are rapidly disappearing. Within the scope of this study, surveying and documentation of the remains were carried out with the help of a laser scanner and a drone. Documentation studies include point cloud data obtained from scanning and orthophotos obtained from this data, as well as material analysis and damage conditions on the remains. By potential future archaeological excavations and possible restoration, curiosity in the academic and local environment will be aroused, and the site will be a potential attraction point for tourists ultimately leading to benefits for the local economy. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Zerrin Köşklü; Nur Yağmur Büber Abstract: Cumalikizik, which was a residential area with village status until 1987 on the northern slopes of Uludag in Bursa, was connected to the Yıldırım District centre as a neighbourhood after this date. Bursa and Cumalikizik were on the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014. Cumalıkızık maintains its feature of being the earliest surviving Ottoman village and the best-preserved originality. Cumalikizik, one of the important centres of cultural tourism today, continues to attract attention with its residential area, historical texture, and especially traditional house in this texture.Within the scope of the study, the rings and knockers on the doors of 135 houses in Cumalikizik Village were determined by scanning the area, and 66 rings and 40 knockers were examined. These are classified into main and sub-types as rings, mallets and mirrors. Door rings in Cumalikizik houses have a circular form and are jazzed up with different decorations on their mirrors. On the knockers defining the doors of the homes, there are three different types: C-shaped, U-shaped, and L-shaped. The most common type among these, C-shaped knockers, is remarkable with its interpretation seen in mirrors as a musanna of the word “Allah” or as a design written “Mashallah”. The widespread use of rings and knockers in Cumalikizik houses, their form, material, and technical features are a continuation of a tradition that was imported from Europe at the beginning and later localized, especially in the XIX century examples. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Begüm Sena Önal Özmalatyalılar; Meltem Ö. Gürel Abstract: Taksim Municipal Gazino, which hosted its visitors inside the İnönü Promenade between 1939 and 1967, was one of the leading examples of gazinos (an entertainment venue) built with the support of the state in the early republican era in Turkey. Designed by the municipality architect, Rüknettin Güney, within the scope of French city planner Henri Prost’s İstanbul Master Plan, the edifice was a quintessential example of modern architecture that epitomized the state’s Westernization ideology. This article examines the gazino practice as a spatial reflection of social transformation by presenting a historical and spatial reading of the Taksim Municipal Gazino. The study analyzes the gazino structure as a power mechanism that produces secular identities by focusing on the dialectic between the spaces in the building and the experiences of its patrons. The analysis of architectural drawings, photographs, and literary works associated with the building, on the one hand, reveals how the architect, operating as a cultural leader, utilized architectural creation to present the Western lifestyle to society. On the other hand, it indicates that Taksim Municipal Gazino served as a platform for individuals to display their modernity. Moreover, the study propounds that the building contributed to the modernization process of the newly established nation-state, and it has served as a spatial tool that notably strengthened the position of female regulars in the public sphere. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Şerife Özata; Büşra Aktürk, Engin Aktürk Abstract: Rock-cut historical structures have been constructed worldwide for various functions throughout history, including during the Byzantine Empire. The Kiyikoy Hagia Nicholas Monastery is an exceptional one of the surviving rock-hewn buildings in the Thrace Region. It has a basilical plan and was constructed in the Early Byzantine Period. The study goals are to provide original material characterization, suggestions for damage prevention and conservation measures for rock-cut structures of Byzantine architecture through this monastery case. Therefore, firstly the distinct architectural style of the building was revealed through a comprehensive analysis and by comparing it with similar structures. Then, a damage reconnaissance was performed and material samples were subjected to mechanical, physical, and chemical analyses and acid treatment experiments. Investigations focused on identifying the original materials and understanding the reasons for various decay and damage types observed in the monastery. Proposals for materials compatible with the original material, considering physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, were developed. The effectiveness of the characterization methods was explained. To prevent the effect of cracks, which is the main structural damage, constructing strengthening structural elements by using suitable materials was recommended. For non-structural damages, the removal of moisture in the main rock was recommended, and possible actions for surface cleaning, conservation and consolidation were described. It is concluded that the documentation, diagnostic and restoration steps developed for this monastery can be applied to similar Byzantine rock-cut structures. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Evrim Özeskici Abstract: The aim of the research; is to examine the relationship between stylization and meaning in the motifs in Osman Hamdi Bey’s paintings. In addition, it is another aim of the research to realize what meanings emerge in Osman Hamdi Bey’s paintings and what the artist’s common and different points are with his other contemporaries. The scope of the research; is limited to Osman Hamdi Bey’s paintings called Ab-ı Hayat Fountain, Weapon Dealer and Woman with Mimosa. In addition, the painting analyzes of Şeker Ahmet Pasha and Nazmi Ziya Güran, who are contemporaries of Osman Hamdi Bey, are also included in the subject. Thus, it is thought that the meaning relationship in their paintings will be understood by analyzing the works of the artists who lived in the same period and showed three different stylistic features. According to the findings obtained in the research; Stylizations have been identified in the motifs of Osman Hamdi Bey’s paintings. In the article, the details of Osman Hamdi Bey’s paintings were examined and it was determined why she settled on the stylizations that stand out in the details. In the article, the analysis of the artist’s work has been examined and the meaning and expression structure of the motifs in his paintings has been revealed. As a result, this article is important in terms of understanding how the relationship between space, figure, stylization and meaning in the works of the artist is constructed. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Servet Özkan Abstract: Since the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, Darüşşifas, which are the most important structures in the field of health, have been replaced by the modern hospitals by the 19th century. During this period, health institutions called by different names were built. The quarantines established in port cities against epidemic diseases have also attracted attention. Commercial activities and population increased with the drying of the marshes in Iskenderun, as one of the these cities, which began to develop in the 19th century. The buildings providing health services in the city are two quarantine buildings, a military hospital, a Gureba hospital and a French hospital. All of the structures are located close to the sea and at the point where they can be intervened during quarantine periods. Of these institutions, only the French-era hospital has survived to the present day. The existing sketches of the hospital, which were examined on-site and documented with photographs, have been redrawn digitally. In addition, the French inscription belonging to the identified structure was documented with photographs and translated. The Ottoman archives and Yıldız archives were searched for documents and images related to other structures, and the necessary documents were purchased. From the architectural point of view, it has been seen that the quarantines are wooden, small-scale and capable of responding to instant intervention. Data on the architecture of the military hospital, which is larger than the quarantines, has not been found. Gureba and French hospitals provided adequate health services for Iskenderun and reflected the artistic taste of the period with their Neoclassical styles. This study aims to examine the health institutions in Iskenderun in detail with archival data, historical images and on-site determinations, compare them with similar examples and introduce them to the scientific community. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ayşın Özügül Abstract: A large number of Early Ottoman buildings in Bursa, in which architectural sculpture elements belonging to the Late Antique and Byzantine periods were reused, have often found a place in research on the use of spolia phenomenon. From the numerous reused marble architectural sculptures and liturgical furnishings elements of various types such as column capitals, shafts and bases, cornice blocks, templon pieces, parapet slabs, and doorframes, only some of the column capitals were included in the publications in detail, while door frames were hardly mentioned.Hüdavendigâr Mosque (1364/1365-1385) in Çekirge, Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa (first half of the 14th century) in Hisar and Hatice Sultan Tomb (early 16th century) near the Kaplıca Bath are the structures with doorframes from the Late Antique and Byzantine periods in Bursa. This study aimed to document the jambs, lintels and lintel crowns in the aforementioned buildings, to evaluate them in detail, especially in terms of moulding profiles, and to offer date suggestions.Twelve moulding profiles, which distinguish from each other with small distinctions were detected in the doorframes, some of them belonging to the 5th and 6th centuries, while others to the Middle and Late Byzantine age. All frames except the jambs and lintel, which are made of rudist limestone of Gebze in Lala Şahin Paşa Madrasa, are made of Proconnesian marble. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:A. Nazlı Soykan Abstract: The territory of the Trabzon Greek Empire, founded in 1204, was inhabited by many different peoples for centuries. Construction activities also increased with the new political organisation in Trabzon in the 13th century. During this period, either new churches were built, or additions were made to existing structures. The fact that the region is sheltered and suitable for seclusion, the monasteries developed effectively. There are six known monasteries in Trabzon: Sümela Monastery, Vazelon Monastery, Kuştul Monastery, Kaymaklı Monastery, Girls (Panagia Theokephastros) Monastery and Girls (Panagia Keramesta) Monastery. While some of these six monasteries have survived to the present day in good condition, others are almost extinct. One of the standard features of the monasteries in Trabzon is the continuation of construction activities from the first day they were founded until the day they were abandoned, and another is the choice of themes in the wall paintings. The subject of the study is the Last Judgment scenes in the monasteries of Trabzon, which are dated back to the PostByzantine Period. As a result of the research conducted in this context, it was understood that this scene was depicted in Sümela, Kaymaklı and Vazelon Monasteries among the monasteries in Trabzon. In this study, the Last Judgement scenes in the three monasteries were analysed in detail, their drawings were made, and they were discussed comparatively with similar examples both in and outside the region. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Muradiye Şimşek; Nilgün Çevrimli Abstract: One of the foundation types of which the largest numbers of pious foundations were established in the history of waqf is water foundations. It is known that all kinds of services related to water, which are considered among the municipal services today, were provided through pious foundations at that time. In many of the foundations established for this purpose by high-ranking people such as Sultans, Lady Sultans, Pashas and other benefactors, many structures have been built at every stage of the water process from its source to being made available to people. Waterways, canals, wells, maksems, charis, kastels, fountains, water scales, water treasuries, fountains, stone tanks (e.i. musluk) and similar water structures built for the daily water needs of people were generally defined in foundation charters such as sikâye, sâkiye, ebniye-i mâ and ebniye-i sikâye.In this study, among these structures, the elements defined as “tap” (e.i. musluk) in the foundation charters, where water meets people and from where people receive direct service, which has not been extensively studied until now are included. First of all, the importance of water in established foundations, the factors underlying the establishment of water foundations and the meanings of the term “tap” in foundation charters are expressed with examples. It has been determined that the term “tap” is used in more than one sense; therefore, is grouped into four main headings. It was figured out that the most interesting and the least studied ones of these are the special types of taps defined by the term “stone tank, (taş tekne)” or “stone tap (taş musluk)”. In the site survey, the stone taps in Istanbul, where the examples with the most foundation charter records do exist, were tried to be identified through the records, and the examples matching the records in the site were examined in terms of originality, form, material and ornamental features. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ayça Tiryaki; Özgü Çömezoğlu Uzbek Abstract: This study focuses on the Byzantine buildings located in the Lower City of Perge. One of the significant structures in the city is the South Church (Basilica A), which is a three-aisled basilica with a transept and gallery, dating back to the early 5th century. Another notable church in the city, capturing attention with its large dimensions, is the North Church (Basilica B). This basilica, with its five aisles and transept, is accompanied by an atrium to the west and a narthex. Due to its size, it is believed that this structure could have served as the city’s cathedral, dating to the 5th and 6th centuries. Located on the east-west oriented street of the city, the East Church (Basilica C) has managed to preserve its narthex to the west and its five-sided apse to the east. This remarkable structure, with its extraordinary length, is also among the early Byzantine churches in the city. On the north-south oriented street, a church with an inscribed cross plan (known as the Small Church) was constructed and can be dated to the 10th century. Inside the Palaestra to the west of the city, a structure with a tetraconch plan was erected. Similar to its counterparts, this edifice, believed to have been used for religious purposes, can be dated back to the latter half of the 5th century and the 6th century. The urban layout of the Lower City remained intact until the 7th century, at which point there was a decline in activity in the city. Subsequently, during the Middle Byzantine period, most likely around the 10th century, there is evidence of a limited reoccupation and settlement in the city. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Ramazan Uykur Abstract: In this article, archival documents about the madrasah to be built next to the Osman Gazi Mosque in Bilecik are analyzed. A tahrirat was written on September 13, 1899, A.D. (H. Jumada’l-ulâ 1317, R. September 1, 1315) on behalf of the Governor of the Hüdāvendigār Vilâyeti.In the documents in the archive, along with the documents prepared for the location and location of the new madrasah, detailed information about the Osman Gazi Mosque was also found. A suitable place for the madrasah was chosen next to the courtyard of the mosque and the Keşifnâme was prepared. In the Keşifnâme, there are drawings of the harim and courtyard plans of Osman Gazi Mosque and the madrasah rooms in the courtyard. There are projects for the entrance façade and a plan for the new madrasah to be built next to the mosque courtyard. In addition, the documents contain material information on the construction of the madrasah, cost calculations, construction technology of the period, architectural terms, measurement and weight units. Today, some of the walls and the minaret of the mosque have survived. Excavations were carried out in the ruins by the Eskişehir Museum Directorate, the results have been compared with the documents by us and the findings were found to be consistent with the archive plans. The study will contribute to the enlightenment of an important issue in the history of Ottoman architecture and it will be the basis for further studies. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
Authors:İbrahim Üngör Abstract: The district of İslâhiye is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Region, at the eastern foothills of the Amanos Mountains. This region, which is highly significant in terms of natural resources and strategically important, has hosted different cultures since ancient times. Settlements that began in the Paleolithic Age intensified after the Chalcolithic Age. This density continued throughout the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Middle Ages, and up to the present day. Some of the roads and passes that connect Syria and Anatolia, and are of great importance, pass through this region.The Çerçili Necropolis, which is the subject of this study, was first identified during surface surveys in 2009. The necropolis area was created by carving into the rocky slope at the eastern foothills of the Amanos Mountains, at the western end of the Çerçili district, located 5 km west of the İslâhiye district. The necropolis site contains chamber tombs with arcosolia, cult niches, and a levelled area within the burial area, which is believed to be a cult space, measuring 24 square meters. The investigation of the Çerçili Necropolis, as part of the surface surveys, aims to contribute to the research on the Roman period, burial typologies, and funeral traditions in the region. PubDate: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +030
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