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Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
Number of Followers: 2

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ISSN (Online) 1944-2815
Published by U of Arizona

[6 journals]

About This Journal
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  Authors: JAEI Staff
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Editorial Personnel
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  Authors: Jaei Staff
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Guide for Contributors
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  Authors: JAEI Staff
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Subscription Information
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  Authors: JAEI Staff
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Introduction
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  Authors: Kasia Szpakowska
  Pages: 1 - 4
  Abstract: .
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Underworld Demons in the Decoration of the Large Late Period Shaft Tombs
at Abusir
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  Authors: Ladislav Bareš
  Pages: 5 - 19
  Abstract: In the decoration of the large shaft tombs at Abusir, dated to the late Twenty-sixth/early Twenty-seventh Dynasty, several series of the underworld demons can be found. They appear in different positions—either separately, as on the inner sarcophagus of Iufaa and on the outer wooden coffin of Nekau (buried in one of the lesser burial chambers in the tomb of Iufaa), or as part of the Book of the Dead chapter 144 on the side of the burial chamber of Menekhibnekau. Another series of demons—for technical reasons mostly inaccessible—seems to exist on the inner sarcophagus of Menekhibnekau. In this paper, each of those series of demons is treated in respect to its position in the decoration of the entire burial chamber. In addition to that, several question connected to their position and use in the tombs are discussed.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Disease Demons in Mesopotamia and Egypt: Sāmānu as a Case Study
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  Authors: Susanne Beck
  Pages: 20 - 33
  Abstract: This article gives a brief overview about previous approaches whether the use of the term “demon” is constructive in Egyptology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Additionally, the similarities and differences between Egyptian and Mesopotamian representations of disease demons are compared in general, and then the demon Sāmānu/Akhu (ax.w) is analyzed as a case study.
  PubDate: 2020-03-16
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The Anatomy of a Coffin Text Demon
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  Authors: Zuzanna Bennett
  Pages: 34 - 45
  Abstract: At first glance, the vastly varying forms of the more than 400 different demonic entities described and illustrated in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts appear strange and “monstrous,” but a more detailed analysis demonstrates that their appearances have greater symbolic and practical use than previously believed. The most frequent forms of these demons are figuratively dissected here, and each component is examined to identify which animal species are utilised. The anatomy of demons can also be linked to their other attributes, assisting, enabling, or inspiring them to perform particular functions or behaviours. The variety and complexity of the physical appearances of Coffin Text demons not only demonstrate their importance as manifestations of ancient Egyptian hopes and fears but could also be key to understanding the functions of funerary demons.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Liminal Deities in the Borderlands: Bes and Pataikos in Ancient Nubia
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  Authors: Erin E. Bornemann, Stuart Tyson Smith
  Pages: 46 - 61
  Abstract: This paper examines amulets in the forms of the apotropaic liminal gods Bes and Pataikos, as represented in the archaeological assemblage from the site of Tombos in Upper Nubia. Through examination of these amulets under anthropological and archaeological conceptions of materiality, they can be linked to the individuals that would have come in contact with and used them; likewise, both object and individual can be connected back into the larger contemporary social sphere of which they would have been an active part. Tombos provides the primary case study for examining these amuletic forms in the Eighteenth and Twenty-fifth Dynasties, and examples from this site will be compared to others from sites in both Egypt and Nubia. This paper exemplifies the utility of materiality studies as applied to archaeological investigations of the daily lives and deaths of individuals in ancient Egyptian and Nubian society and hopes to foster further discussion of amuletic forms that made the transition from life into death.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The BAw of Taweret: Vindictiveness (and Forgiveness) of the Hippopotamus
Goddess
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  Authors: Sabrina Ceruti
  Pages: 61 - 77
  Abstract: In Egyptological scholarship, the so-called hippopotamus goddess is traditionally depicted as a completely benevolent being that is the effective apotropaic protectress of women and children. Even though this picture appears quite consistent with most of the documentation, nevertheless in a few textual instances the goddess, more or less explicitly, exhibits a menacing attitude towards the people she is usually thought to protect, even threatening the same children she ought strongly to defend. In the present paper, evidence of this malevolent facet of the goddess is gathered, arguing her more complex nature and role, and a more stratified worship than is commonly claimed. Even in the light of the goddess’ long-lasting fortune, such an ambiguous facet of hers makes her perhaps one of the better cases to bring to inquiry into the ancient Egyptians’ approach to the transcendental world, their deeply devotional attitude, and even their timor, towards it.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
MnH, “The Butcher” and Lord of the Butcher Demons
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  Authors: Amr Gaber
  Pages: 78 - 95
  Abstract: This work investigates a demon, Meneh, who is attested from the Middle Kingdom until the Graeco-Roman Period in epigraphic and iconographic evidence. His epithets reflect aggression, ferocity, and violence, which Meneh uses mainly against enemies of the deities. Additionally, he can be a threat to the deceased. However, not only did he have his own cult in the Graeco-Roman temples, but he also had his own clergy. Therefore,
  this work studies his various aspects in extenso. Moreover, newly proposed readings of two of his epithets, as well as the similarity of functions and mutual connection to Osiris, establish his link to the butcher demons.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The Guardians of Menekhibnekau: Chapter 144 of the Book of the Dead in the
Shaft Tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir
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  Authors: Renata Landgráfová
  Pages: 96 - 106
  Abstract: Although the Saite-Persian shaft tomb of Menkehibnekau at Abusir is more conservative in its decoration programme than that of Iufaa, it nonetheless contains several interesting and unusual features. One such element of decoration is Chapter 144 of the Book of the Dead with its vignette on the southern (entrance) wall of the burial chamber. While the placement of Pyramid Text snake spells at such locations for apotropaic/guardian functions is well known, demonic gate-guardians have so far been found only here. The vignette, moreover, uses the three-dimensional feature of the entrance to the burial chamber as the depiction of its “gates,” thus stressing even more the dual function of the BD 144 demons as both underworld gate guardians and guardians of the burial chamber of Menekhibnekau.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Liminal Sources of Dangerous Powers: A Case of the Black Ram
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  Authors: Nika Lavrentyeva, Ekaterina Alexandrova
  Pages: 107 - 115
  Abstract: This article proposes a semiology-inspired model for the description of “demonic characters.” In this model, an image of a mythological character is seen as a kind of sign with a twofold plane of expression because Egyptian signifiers combine visual and verbal components. Each of these components could be expressed through text and/or display, as in the case of the “Lord of Power” described verbally in the Pyramid Texts and depicted visually in the Book of Two Ways as a Black Ram.An incarnation of the pharaoh in the Pyramid Texts, in the Book of Two Ways the “Lord of Power” is one of the “judges” threatening the deceased. Viewed from different perspectives (e.g., inhabitants of the Netherworld, the pharaoh, the noble deceased, the sungod), the Black Ram and related characters of the later sources seem to be dangerous and hostile creatures not as much “by nature” but by context and situation in which the solar energy exists in a particular moment and to whom it is opposed. More generally, this essay shows that characters often perceived as demonic genetically can possess positive divine, even solar, energy, which in some contexts can receive dangerous, aggressive manifestations.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Baba and the Baboon Demons
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  Authors: Rita Lucarelli
  Pages: 116 - 127
  Abstract: Baba is a rather obscure god, occurring in magical texts since the time of the Pyramid Texts as well as in later ritual and mythical texts where he manifests as baboon or dog. This study analyzes in particular the baboon form of Baba in connection with the baboon-guardian demons in the netherworld, as they occur in mortuary compositions attested on coffins, papyri, and statues from the Middle Kingdom onward.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The Impact of the Manifestation of Demoniacal Winds on Terrestrial Life:
The Role of Demon Gangs in Dispersing the IAdt-rnpt
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  Authors: El Zahraa Megahed
  Pages: 128 - 137
  Abstract: IAdt-rnpt is the most recurrent impact upon people on earth that is identified with the role of demon gangs of Sekhmet. The manifestation of demons to spread the iAdt-rnpt is remarkably associated with the blowing of pathogenic air, an argument that raises the hypothesis of a miasmatic role of demons as manifested winds. This article enlightens some aspects of the relation between the manifestation of demons and the blowing of winds carrying disease. These aspects are principally entailed in a selection of texts from the Edwin Smith Papyrus and Papyrus Leiden I 346, and in the Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Symbolae Sacrae: Symbolic Formulae for Protection and Adoration within the
Quarries of Gebel el-Silsila
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  Authors: Maria Nilsson
  Pages: 138 - 158
  Abstract: Within the quarries of Gebel el-Silsila is a vast amount of unique symbolic representations: stylized iconographic and pseudo-scripted signs and marks that to some extent signify deities and their protection against demons, evil and mishaps. Like written protective formulae, these marks were placed within the quarries to symbolically safekeep the ancient workers and express gratitude once the work had been completed. This paper aims to present a selection of quarry marks that can be associated with the metaphorical world of the ancients (chiefly early Roman), with focus on assigned protective deities, the ever-assimilating daemon Shaï, apotropaic figures, and marks used for protection, adoration, respect, and gratefulness. It is an attempt to broaden the perspective of traditionally accepted ancient apotropaia and to incorporate superstitious representations communicated by a group of hardworking quarrymen at Gebel el-Silsila. The material presented is based on preliminary conclusions.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
A Particular Depiction of Anubis from the Tomb of the Sculptor Nakhtamun
(TT 335): Is Anubis a Demon'
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  Authors: Arnaud Quertinmont
  Pages: 159 - 168
  Abstract: We know how flexible the Egyptian iconographic system is and the limitations of our modern classifications, especially in regard to gods, spirits and demons. This paper reviews the god Anubis’ particular and completely distinctive iconography shown in the tomb of sculptor Nakhtamun (TT 335). Analysis of this means we can tackle the depictions of armed guardian-demons, particularly those in Chapters 145 and 146 of the Book of the Dead.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The Maned Hippopotamus at Lahun: Identifying Homes and Names
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  Authors: Stephen Quirke, Campbell Price
  Pages: 169 - 180
  Abstract: In 1889–1890, Flinders Petrie directed clearance of a late Middle Kingdom town site near al-Lahun to produce a plan of the buildings and a general description of Middle Kingdom material culture. The finds include a dramatic limestone image of the mixed hippopotamus-lion known in Egyptology by the Late Egyptian name Taweret “the great (female power).” This sculpture was mentioned, but not illustrated, in his excavation report and has therefore not attracted the attention of researchers. Here we assess the figure through its modern and ancient history, in the light of recent fieldwork at settlement sites contemporary with the Lahun town.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
The Slaughterers: A Study of the xA.tyw as Liminal Beings in Ancient
Egyptian Thought
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  Authors: Danielle Sass
  Pages: 181 - 200
  Abstract: The xA.tyw, otherwise known as the Slaughterers, Knife-bearers, and Plague-bringers within academic literature, are a group of liminal deities attested in the written record from the Old Kingdom to the Greco-Roman Period. They posed a significant danger in both the terrestrial and secular realms, to the living and the dead, to the gods and mankind alike. This paper presents a preliminary discussion of the etymology and orthography of the designation xA.tyw, the group’s form and appearance, and their position within the hierarchy of the Egyptian pantheon.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Ghosts and Ancestors in a Gender Pespective
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  Authors: Renata Schiavo
  Pages: 201 - 212
  Abstract: Through an analysis of the letters to the dead, the paper focuses on the role played by women in Egyptian ancestor worship. Special attention is given to the missives addressed to the female spirits: the so-called misplaced stele of Merityfy, the Berlin bowl 22573, Papyrus Leiden I 371, and Ostracon Louvre 698. The investigation has highlighted the existence of a ritual to appease wrathful female ghosts. The malevolent attitude of these spirits is explained in the light of their premature death, perhaps during childbirth. Another trigger is identified as the fear of being replaced in their social role of “mistress of the house” by another woman (for example, because the husband was planning to remarry). Remarkably, the documents taken into consideration did not turn out to be a mere exorcism to ward off a malignant spirit; rather, the aim was to establish, or restore, the positive role of the ancestress as a protector of the household.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)
Fear and Loathing at Amarna: A Case Study of the Development of Sacred
Objects in Response to Communal Anxiety
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  Authors: Kasia Szpakowska
  Pages: 213 - 226
  Abstract: Many physical and psychological afflictions were believed to have been caused by malevolent demonic beings, who could be defended against by calling upon benevolent liminal entities for aid in those times of trouble. This article applies the theory that emotions experienced at a communal level can be discerned in the archaeological record—in this case, through the invention of new iconography and objects aimed at mitigating angst, fear, and anxiety. The introduction of clay cobra figurines at Amarna are used as a case study. Their development is analyzed within their temporal, historical and social context, and compared to other material, biological, and textual sources to determine their role in counteracting the inner demons shared by a community.
  PubDate: 2020-03-11
  Issue No: Vol. 25 (2020)