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Historia
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ISSN (Print) 0018-229X - ISSN (Online) 2309-8392
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From the Editor
Colonial Britain's Convict Labour Policies and the Cape Colony,
1806-1899
- Abstract: This article evaluates how convict labour alleviated labour shortages experienced in the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1899. It explores and evaluates Britain's significant impact on labour policies followed in the Cape Colony and focuses on the imperial government's role in developing legislation and procedures regarding management and transportation of convicts. It also considers the influence of nineteenth century policies of convict control in Britain, and the application of these policies and labour regimes in the Cape Colony. The article describes convict transportation, anti-convict agitation by Cape colonists and the economic significance of convict labour and public works projects. Finally, the convict lease system - the practice of hiring convicts to mines and to farmers - and Cape labour legislation's role in increasing the convict labour force through criminal sanctions will be examined.In hierdie artikel word aangedui in welke mate bandietearbeid die arbeidstekorte in the Britse Kaapkolonie in the jare 1806 tot 1899 verlig het. Die belangrike impak wat Brittanje op die arbeidsbeleid in die Kaapkolonie gehad het, word ook geëvalueer. Dit sluit in die rol wat die Britse regering gespeel het ten opsigte van wetgewing en beleid wat op die bestuur en vervoer van bandiete van toepassing was; en die toepassing van hierdie praktyke en bestuurstelsels in die Kaapkolonie. Die vervoer van bandiete, asook die agitasie teen die invoer van bandiete word in oënskoue geneem, soos ook bandietearbeid en openbare werke-projekte. Die rol van mynmaatskappye word bespreek, asook die Kaapse wetgewing wat tot die uitbreiding van die bandietewerksmag gelei het, en die gebruik om bandiete aan myne en boere uit te huur.
Marshalling a Splintered Society: Censorship, Publicity and Propaganda in
South Africa During the Second World War
- Abstract: This article examines several important aspects of state propaganda in South Africa during the Second World War, the country's participation in which was riddled by controversy. The wartime government of General J.C. Smuts lacked broad-based support and contested opposition which was shaped by Nazi influences. Latent South African socio-political friction surfaced, and anti-war violence ensued. In response, the Smuts administration adopted a multi-media publicity and propaganda campaign aimed at mobilising support for its war policy. The article focuses on subversive Nazi efforts within South Africa before and during the war, and on the impact of these on internal political divisions. These are significant because they formed the context for propaganda strategies formulated by the South African authorities. The article also analyses the ways in which the Smuts government deployed propaganda through its direction and censorship of radio, film and the print media, including the creation of a Bureau of Information. It argues that in the long run, state propaganda had limited effect and was ultimately a futile exercise as persistent realities, notably, racial prejudice, socio-economic privation and diverse political loyalties undermined the endeavour to achieve national cohesion and unity.Hierdie artikel stel ondersoek in na belangrike aspekte van staatspropaganda in Suid-Afrika tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. Die land se deelname aan dié oorlog is met stryd en omstredenheid belaai. Generaal J.C. Smuts se regering kon nie op 'n breë steunbasis reken nie, en het te kampe gehad met 'n opposisie wat deur Nazisme beïnvloed is. Suid-Afrika se sluimerende sosio-politiese spanning is na bowe gebring, wat anti-oorlogsgeweld tot gevolg gehad het. Daarop het die Smuts-regering 'n multi-media publisiteits- en propagandaveldtog van stapel gestuur wat daarop gemik was om steun vir sy oorlogsbeleid te mobiliseer. Hierdie artikel fokus op ondermynende Nazi-aktiwiteite binne Suid-Afrika voor- en tydens die oorlog, en die uitwerking daarvan op die land se interne politieke verdeeldheid. Dit is van belang, omdat dít die konteks vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se propagande-strategie gevorm het. Die artikel ontleed ook die wyse waarop die Smuts-regering propagande ontplooi het, deur voorskrifte en sensorskap wat radio, film en die pers betref; sowel as die stigting van 'n Buro van Inligting. Dit voer aan dat staatspropagande, op die lange duur, 'n beperkte uitwerking gehad het, en dat dit eintlik 'n vermorsing was, omdat voortslepende vraagstukke, veral wat betref rassevooroordele, sosio-ekonomiese gebrek en uiteenlopende politieke lojaliteit, die strewe na nasionale eenheid en samehang ondermyn het.
'No Person Shall Sell Goods at an Unjust Profit': A Review of Consumer
Price Controls in Southern Rhodesia, 1939-1949
- Abstract: This article explores the regime of consumer price controls instituted in Southern Rhodesia during World War II and continued in the post-war period up to 1949. The 'war effort' required the colony to change rapidly and tackle emerging shortages, bottlenecks, and general wartime disruptions. Southern Rhodesia responded to rising consumer prices and the spiralling cost of living by assembling price control officials, institutions, legislation and policies. Besides evaluating the immediate outcome of consumer price controls, the article also examines their socioeconomic impact. It argues that while the first few years saw some success in stabilising prices and curtailing price hikes, controls incentivised contravention and other unscrupulous practices as businesses sought to realise profits. Furthermore, controls sacrificed industrial competitiveness because businesses had little incentive to improve their production methods. On consumer price controls extended to Africans in this colonial society, the article argues that the measures were socially retrogressive because they slowed down the emergence of African business enterprises in rural areas while also stifling African wages in urban areas. Thus, while deliberately protecting white consumers, consumer price controls simultaneously enforced African under-consumption to maintain the settler colonial model.Hierdie artikel stel ondersoek in na die verbruikersprysbeheermaatreëls wat tydens die Tweede Wereldoorlog in Suid-Rhodesië ingestel is, en in die na-oorlogse tydperk tot 1949 voortgeduur het. Die 'oorlogspoging' het snelle optrede van die kolonie vereis om tekorte, bottelnekke en algemene oorlogsverwante ontwrigting die hoof te bied. Suid-Rhodesië se antwoord op stygende verbruikerspryse en lewenskostes was om prysbeheeramptenare-, -instellings en -beleid daar te stel. Die artikel evalueer die onmiddelike uitkoms van verbruikersprysbeheer, sowel as die sosio-ekonomiese uitwerking daarvan. Die artikel voer verder aan dat terwyl daar aanvanklik daarin geslaag is om pryse te stabiliseer en prysverhogings hok te slaan, prysbeheer ook omseiling en gewetenlose praktyke aangemoedig het - danksy besighede se strewe na wins. Boonop het prysbeheer mededingendheid op die nywerheidsfront belemmer, aangesien besighede weinig belang daarby gehad het om hul vervaardigingsmetodes te verbeter. Wat betref die uitbreiding van verbruikersprysbeheer na Afrikane in dié koloniale samelewing, voer die artikel aan dat verbruikersprysbeheermaatreëls maatskaplike agteruitgang meegebring het deurdat dit die opkoms van swart besighede in die platteland vertraag het, en swart lone in die stede onderdruk het. Dus, terwyl verbruikersprysbeheer opsetlik daarop gemik was om wit verbruikers te beskerm, het die maatreëls terselfdertyd swart verbruikers aan bande gelê, ten einde die setlaar-koloniale model in stand te hou.
Creation and Preservation of Business History: The Selection Trust and
Anglo-American Corporation Archives in Zambia's Copperbelt
- Abstract: Based on original archival research and oral interviews, this article examines archives creation and the preservation of the history of the multinational mining companies of Selection Trust (ST) and Anglo-American Corporation (AAC) in Zambia's Copperbelt region between 1922 and 2000. The investment of foreign capital by multinational companies in the Copperbelt mines from the 1920s, marked the genesis and formal preservation of business archives in the Copperbelt. This article argues that although the ST and ACC archives were privately owned and strictly preserved for corporate interests and administrative efficiency, these documents eventually became publicly available because of Zambia's political independence and the nationalisation of the mining industry in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) government nationalised the Zambian mines and merged the two multinational companies to form the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM). Consequently, in 1982, the ST and ACC archives were merged. However, following the complete privatisation of the mining industry in 2000 the identity of mining archives reverted to private entities. This article provides new and significant insights into the power and role of regional and local political-economic shifts in determining the nature and identity of business archives in Zambia.Op grond van oorspronklike argivale navorsing en mondelinge onderhoude, stel hierdie artikel ondersoek in na die totstandkoming van argiewe, en bepaald die bewaring van die multinasionale mynmaatskappye, Selection Trust (ST) en Anglo-American Corporation (AAC), se geskiedenis in Zambië se koperbelt streek tussen 1922 en 2000. Dié multinasionale maatskappye se investering van buitelandse kapitaal in die koperbeltstreek sedert die 1920's het ook die oprigting en formele bewaring van besigheidsargiewe in die koperbelt ingelui. Hierdie artikel voer aan dat, alhoewel die ST en ACC-argiewe in privaatbesit was, en met die uitsluitlike doel om korporatiewe belange en administratiewe doeltreffendheid te bevorder, het die dokumente openbare eiendom geword danksy Zambië se politieke onafhanklikheid en die nasionalisering van die mynbedryf in die 1960's. In die vroeë-1970's het die United National Independence Party (UNIP) Zambië se myne ten volle genasionaliseer en die twee multinasionale maatskappye saam laat smelt om die Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) te vorm. Daarna is die ST en AAC-argiewe in 1982 saamgevoeg. Ná die volledige privatisering van die mynbedryf in 2000 het die mynargiewe weer privaatbesit geword. Hierdie artikel verskaf nuwe en belangrike insig wat betref die mag en die rol van politieke- en ekonomiese verskuiwings op 'n plaaslike- en streeksvlak, en die uitwerking daarvan op die aard en identiteit van besigheidsargiewe in Zambië.
An Excellent Military Biography of Jan Smuts's Role as Soldier-Statesman
in Africa During the First World War
- Abstract: Based on original archival research and oral interviews, this article examines archives creation and the preservation of the history of the multinational mining companies of Selection Trust (ST) and Anglo-American Corporation (AAC) in Zambia's Copperbelt region between 1922 and 2000. The investment of foreign capital by multinational companies in the Copperbelt mines from the 1920s, marked the genesis and formal preservation of business archives in the Copperbelt. This article argues that although the ST and ACC archives were privately owned and strictly preserved for corporate interests and administrative efficiency, these documents eventually became publicly available because of Zambia's political independence and the nationalisation of the mining industry in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) government nationalised the Zambian mines and merged the two multinational companies to form the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM). Consequently, in 1982, the ST and ACC archives were merged. However, following the complete privatisation of the mining industry in 2000 the identity of mining archives reverted to private entities. This article provides new and significant insights into the power and role of regional and local political-economic shifts in determining the nature and identity of business archives in Zambia.Op grond van oorspronklike argivale navorsing en mondelinge onderhoude, stel hierdie artikel ondersoek in na die totstandkoming van argiewe, en bepaald die bewaring van die multinasionale mynmaatskappye, Selection Trust (ST) en Anglo-American Corporation (AAC), se geskiedenis in Zambië se koperbelt streek tussen 1922 en 2000. Dié multinasionale maatskappye se investering van buitelandse kapitaal in die koperbeltstreek sedert die 1920's het ook die oprigting en formele bewaring van besigheidsargiewe in die koperbelt ingelui. Hierdie artikel voer aan dat, alhoewel die ST en ACC-argiewe in privaatbesit was, en met die uitsluitlike doel om korporatiewe belange en administratiewe doeltreffendheid te bevorder, het die dokumente openbare eiendom geword danksy Zambië se politieke onafhanklikheid en die nasionalisering van die mynbedryf in die 1960's. In die vroeë-1970's het die United National Independence Party (UNIP) Zambië se myne ten volle genasionaliseer en die twee multinasionale maatskappye saam laat smelt om die Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) te vorm. Daarna is die ST en AAC-argiewe in 1982 saamgevoeg. Ná die volledige privatisering van die mynbedryf in 2000 het die mynargiewe weer privaatbesit geword. Hierdie artikel verskaf nuwe en belangrike insig wat betref die mag en die rol van politieke- en ekonomiese verskuiwings op 'n plaaslike- en streeksvlak, en die uitwerking daarvan op die aard en identiteit van besigheidsargiewe in Zambië.
Reassessing the Role of Black Consciousness in the Anti-Apartheid
Struggle
- Abstract: Based on original archival research and oral interviews, this article examines archives creation and the preservation of the history of the multinational mining companies of Selection Trust (ST) and Anglo-American Corporation (AAC) in Zambia's Copperbelt region between 1922 and 2000. The investment of foreign capital by multinational companies in the Copperbelt mines from the 1920s, marked the genesis and formal preservation of business archives in the Copperbelt. This article argues that although the ST and ACC archives were privately owned and strictly preserved for corporate interests and administrative efficiency, these documents eventually became publicly available because of Zambia's political independence and the nationalisation of the mining industry in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) government nationalised the Zambian mines and merged the two multinational companies to form the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM). Consequently, in 1982, the ST and ACC archives were merged. However, following the complete privatisation of the mining industry in 2000 the identity of mining archives reverted to private entities. This article provides new and significant insights into the power and role of regional and local political-economic shifts in determining the nature and identity of business archives in Zambia.Op grond van oorspronklike argivale navorsing en mondelinge onderhoude, stel hierdie artikel ondersoek in na die totstandkoming van argiewe, en bepaald die bewaring van die multinasionale mynmaatskappye, Selection Trust (ST) en Anglo-American Corporation (AAC), se geskiedenis in Zambië se koperbelt streek tussen 1922 en 2000. Dié multinasionale maatskappye se investering van buitelandse kapitaal in die koperbeltstreek sedert die 1920's het ook die oprigting en formele bewaring van besigheidsargiewe in die koperbelt ingelui. Hierdie artikel voer aan dat, alhoewel die ST en ACC-argiewe in privaatbesit was, en met die uitsluitlike doel om korporatiewe belange en administratiewe doeltreffendheid te bevorder, het die dokumente openbare eiendom geword danksy Zambië se politieke onafhanklikheid en die nasionalisering van die mynbedryf in die 1960's. In die vroeë-1970's het die United National Independence Party (UNIP) Zambië se myne ten volle genasionaliseer en die twee multinasionale maatskappye saam laat smelt om die Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) te vorm. Daarna is die ST en AAC-argiewe in 1982 saamgevoeg. Ná die volledige privatisering van die mynbedryf in 2000 het die mynargiewe weer privaatbesit geword. Hierdie artikel verskaf nuwe en belangrike insig wat betref die mag en die rol van politieke- en ekonomiese verskuiwings op 'n plaaslike- en streeksvlak, en die uitwerking daarvan op die aard en identiteit van besigheidsargiewe in Zambië.