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- Applications of fire retardant polymer composites for improved safety in
the industry: a review-
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Abstract: Abstract Fire safety is a crucial aspect of the industry, and Fire-Retardant Polymer Composites (FRPCs) have emerged as effective materials for improving safety in industrial settings. They are developed by introducing fire retardant additives to reinforced polymers, which improve their resistance to fire hazards. This review article explores the applications of FRPCs in various industrial settings. FRPCs are widely used in the construction industry, where they are incorporated into building materials like insulation, cables, and wall panels. They are also used in the transportation industry, where they are utilized in the manufacture of vehicles like planes, trains, and cars. FRPCs find application in the energy sector, where they are used in wind turbines, oil rigs, and electrical insulation. The effectiveness of FRPCs in improving fire safety is attributed to their excellent thermal stability, low combustibility, and high char formation. These properties enable them to withstand the high temperatures and combustion pressures associated with fire hazards. FRPCs have good mechanical properties, are lightweight and easily processed, making them ideal for use in industrial settings. The various fire-retardant additives used in FRPCs and the manufacturing techniques employed to create these materials were examined. This study highlighted the advantages and limitations of FRPCs and discussed the current and potential future applications of these materials. The need for continued research and development of FRPCs to improve their properties and increase their applications in industrial settings was highlighted. FRPCs are effective materials for improving fire safety in industries. Their inherent properties and ease of processing make them ideal for use in various industrial sectors and sustained research is required to improve their properties and increase their range of application in industries. PubDate: 2024-08-06
- Finite element modeling of mechanical behavior of geogrid reinforced soil
retaining walls-
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Abstract: Abstract Geogrid-reinforced soil retaining walls have gained popularity owing to their numerous advantages, such as ease of construction, aesthetic appeal, and robust seismic performance. However, the behavior of geogrid-reinforced soil structures is intricate and necessitates further investigation to comprehend the impact of numerous parameters on their performance. This study aims to numerically model a geogrid-reinforced soil retaining wall featuring segmental-facing geogrid reinforcement, utilizing ABAQUS as the finite element software. Through this research endeavor, a deeper understanding of the behavior of such structures can be attained. Based on the Mohr-Columb behavior, mechanical characteristics of the soil, the foundation, and the reinforced earth retaining wall have been simulated and static loading has been applied to the reinforced retaining wall for analysis. The influence of number of layers, the length of the layers, and the angle of the geogrid layers on the deformation of soil wall, has also been considered. The results of the research indicate that geogrid parameters have optimal values, and if these optimal values can be determined while achieving the lowest soil settlement, economic costs can be minimized. The results indicate that a 10 degree angle of the geogrid layers is the optimal angle, and if it is used, the maximum settlement of the wall is reduced by 23.5% compared with a zero-degree angle of the layers. Increasing the geogrid layers number from nine for the wall under examination, there was no significant reduction in the displacement of the wall and forces created within the geogrid layers as a result of the change in geogrid layer arrangement. PubDate: 2024-08-06
- Studies of biochar prepared with different temperatures on sorption of
urban wastes leachate-
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Abstract: Abstract The aim of this study is to appraise raffia palm trunk (RPT) biochar prepared with different temperatures on sorption of urban leachate. Biochar used in this study was produced from RPT at three different temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C and 750 °C) while leachate used in this study was collected from two urban wastes dump locations in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria using standard procedure. The pH level of leachate before treatment was found to be acidic while the dissolve oxygen (DO) of leachate was found to be very low. Leachate treatment with RPT-derived elevated the level of pH from acidic region to alkaline region while the dissolve oxygen (DO) received a decrease. Total dissolve solid (TDS) increase after leachate treatment. Interactions of biochar with leachate also decline the concentration of nitrate and phosphate. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of leachate before remediation were found to be above the recommended range set by EPA. The level of COD and BOD after treatment was found to decrease as the pyrolysis of RPT biochar increases. Biochar contact with leachate also revealed a decline in Poisonous metals level as the pyrolysis temperature of biochar increases from 350 to 750 °C. Therefore, this research has shown that green and sustainable RPT biochar produced at 750 °C displayed a remarkable reduction of over 75% of non-degradable contaminants, poisonous metals and 37% biodegradable organic contaminants of dumpsites leachate. PubDate: 2024-08-05
- Analysis of waves at boundary surfaces of distinct piezothermoelastic
media-
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Abstract: Abstract A new formulation has been established for mathematical anlaysis of wave propagation at the interface of two distinct orthotropic piezothermoelastic media of the well known generalized theory of thermoelasticity presented by Lord-Shulman (1967) has been taken into account. The governing equations are considered in plane and their solution give rise to various type of reflected and transmitted waves. It is explored that there exist five plane quasi waves in the considered model. The expressions for amplitude ratios of different reflected and transmitted waves are acquired in transformed domain at the interface of two distinct media by employing suitable boundary restrictions. These ratios are functions of frequency, wave velocities and physical properties of two media. Corresponding to different values of angle of incidence, the amplitude ratios are computed numerically and shown with the aid of graphs. PubDate: 2024-08-03
- Inhibitory efficiency of quinazoline derivatives against SARS-CoV-2:
virtual screening and molecular dynamics study-
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Abstract: Abstract After spreading worldwide, SARS-CoV-2 became a big threat to human civilization as no effective treatment is available till now. People are suffering from this COVID 19 pandemic even after the development of the vaccine which demands the development of antiviral drugs against this deadly virus. In this research, 17 biologically active quinazoline derivatives are virtually screened with the Mpro, PLpro, RdRp, and Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. ADMET, toxicity, and drug-likeness properties of these compounds are also checked. MD-simulation studies were performed with the most effective compound (Q_16) of the selected derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 as suggested by the molecular docking study. RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration and solvent accessible surface area analysis also confirmed the effective binding of this compound with selected SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We believe that the inhibitory efficiency of this quinazoline derivative will help to develop the therapeutic treatment against SARS-CoV-2. PubDate: 2024-08-01
- Identification of inhibitors for the collagenase of Leptospira interrogans
through docking and molecular simulation-
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Abstract: Abstract Leptospirosis is a neglected tropical zoonotic infection caused by Leptospira interrogans. Collagenase protein is a virulence factor for pathogenic L. interrogans, which facilitates its invasion into Homo sapiens. There is a paucity of chemical compounds that can inhibit the colonisation and infiltration of the pathogen into the host. We looked at the modelled collagenase from L. interrogans for docking studies with ligands and simulations in this study. Based on the results, 4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1H-phenalen-1-one, obtained from Musella lasiocarpa (Chinese Dwarf Banana) basically a nutraceuticals and terpene deoxyherqueinone from tea plants and Penicillium herquei was identified as having drug-like properties and demonstrated better binding within the active site pocket of collagenase during the course of protein–ligand docking and simulation. This selected phytochemical can be further taken up for wet-lab-based validation to provide a potential drug to curb this waterborne disease in the near future. PubDate: 2024-07-24
- Correction: Preface
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PubDate: 2024-07-15
- Conformational Dynamics of Hsp90 and Hsp70 Chaperones in Treating
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from the Drosophila Model-
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Abstract: Abstract Protein aggregates of misfolded proteins are a pathological hallmark of nearly all neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and various polyglutamine diseases such as Huntington’s disease. Selective distribution in different cellular compartments highlights their core functions in cellular homeostasis. Investigating the cellular protein quality control system has become a significant strategy for counteracting protein aggregates and their toxic consequences. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are crucial in regulating protein quality control, contributing to both protein aggregation and disaggregation. Beyond their well-known role in oncogenesis, several studies have identified Hsp90 as a key regulator of the functional stability of neuronal proteins. Similarly, Hsp70 is believed to promote cell survival by interacting with components of apoptotic and pro-survival pathways in neurodegeneration. Thus, targeting Hsp90 and Hsp70 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, mode of action, and roles of Hsp90 and Hsp70. Additionally, Drosophila melanogaster is highlighted as an effective model system for studying the roles of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the proteinopathies associated with neurodegenerative diseases. PubDate: 2024-07-04
- Evaluation of agronomic waste disinfection methods for oyster mushroom
(Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. P. Kumm) cultivation-
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Abstract: Agronomic waste disinfection is crucial to the production parameters and economic viability of edible mushroom cultivation. Method selection should be based on efficiency, cost, and accessibility. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection methods on the Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. For the mushroom cultivation, the wet mass equivalent to 1 kg of dry mass of agronomic waste was used and bagged in polypropylene bags. The agronomic wastes were inoculated at 5% with the PO/A01 strain, followed by the incubation, induction, and fruiting with three harvest flows. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five disinfection methods, immersion in tap water (control), alkaline water, hot water, pasteurization, and sterilization, and six repetitions. Mycelial growth (cm day−1), earliness (days), biological efficiency (%), production rate (%) and contamination percentage were analyzed. The results were subjected to an Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey means test and Pearson’s correlation analysis at a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). Immersion in alkaline water, in corn stubble, showed greater control in the contamination percentage, promoted greater mycelial growth, and increased earliness, while in rice straw it was inefficient to inhibit contamination. We observed greater mycelial growth in the rice straw substrate when immersed in hot water, which indicates greater sensitivity of this agronomic waste to thermal shock. Sterilization promoted greater biological efficiency in corn stubble (95.51%) and hot water immersion resulted in higher values in rice straw (86.98%). The pasteurization method showed lower biological efficiency and production rate, resulting, on average, in 55.12% and 0.75%, respectively. We concluded that, although the efficiency of the disinfection method depends on the chemical characteristics intrinsic to the agronomic waste used, immersion in hot water and immersion in alkaline water would be the most efficient and accessible methods for rural producers. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-06-28
- Short-term comprehensive prediction method for regional earthquakes based
on multi-source information fusion-
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Abstract: Abstract To solve the problem of short-term earthquake prediction, this study is in view of multi-source information fusion, using precursor observation data from 11 measurement items as experimental data. Then the study preprocesses it and takes it as the input of Convolutional neural network (CNN). After the network structure design, three types of CNN are obtained, through which the earthquake location and magnitude can be simultaneously predicted. The results show that the third kind of CNN has a good prediction performance. In Earthquake prediction, time window, network structure, and data preprocessing methods will affect the performance of the algorithm. Only one group of feature extraction layers of CNN has the best prediction effect. The fixed time window is 240 h, with a higher accuracy of 93.5%; Under this window, after principal component processing, its accuracy is 96.4%. Compared with autoencoder and other algorithms, the third CNN has the highest accuracy and recall, 95.0 and 84.1% respectively. Research methods can accurately predict the area and magnitude of earthquakes. PubDate: 2024-06-25
- Vasuki indicus: discovery of a ~ 47 million-year-old giant
snake in India-
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PubDate: 2024-06-21
- Extended calculations of resonance energies and quantum defects for
oxygen-like Ne III using modified atomic orbital theory-
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Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we have performed accurate, high-lying theoretical calculations of the resonance energies and quantum defects of several series of autoionizing Rydberg resonances of the Ne2+ ion of interest to astrophysics and plasma physics via the modified atomic orbital theory (MAOT) method. The calculated resonance energies are in very good agreement with existing experimental data from the Advanced Light Source (ALS), and the discrepancies between theoretical calculation values and experimental data are minimal. In addition, this study calculates and compares all the uncertain energy positions in the ALS measurements. This comparison provides greater confidence in the ALS data and the new extrapolated results for astrophysical applications. PubDate: 2024-06-21
- Ethyl acetate fraction of Rhododendron arboreum as potential therapeutic
against drug-resistant bacterial isolates through experimental and in silico approach-
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Abstract: Abstract Rhododendron arboreum (Ericaceae) is an evergreen shrub, predominantly present in the Himalayas, and used traditionally for various ailments. The present study was focused on using the bioassay-guided method to identify the active fractions with phytochemical analysis and validated for antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant strains through in silico analysis. Crude extract and three fractions were prepared, namely ethyl acetate fraction, hexane fraction, and chloroform fraction, and were screened against standard cultures Escherichia coli 25922, Staphylococcus epidermidis 35984, Klebsiella pneumoniae BAA-1705 and drug-resistant cultures. The most active fraction, ethyl acetate, was phytochemically screened, both qualitative and quantitative, thin layer chromatography, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, and the compounds identified were further subjected to in silico analysis. The antibacterial studies showed that ethyl acetate fraction was most active against the standard of cultures as well as drug-resistant isolates at the concentration of 1.25 mg/ml for E. coli standard culture and drug-resistant culture, whereas for drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus higher concentration of 5 mg/ml was effective. Thin-layer chromatography showed the presence of three subfractions in the ethyl acetate fraction which were further analyzed by GC/MS. The combined analysis of GC/MS and in silico studies showed that strychane, 1-acetyl-20. alpha-hydroxy-16-methylene to be the most potent anti-microbial compound with the lowest binding energy −5.22 kcal/mol exhibiting one hydrogen bond of bond length of 2.67. Hence, based on the present findings, it might be summarised that the ethyl acetate fraction possesses compounds with the potential to resist drug resistance. PubDate: 2024-06-21
- Biostimulants: an eco-friendly regulator of plant stress tolerance and
sustainable solution to future agriculture-
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Abstract: Abstract Biostimulants mediated direct or indirect regulation of plant response to environmental cues including drought have been extensively studied in various crop plants for several decades. However, there is scarce information available on the mechanism that regulates plant development and yield under different stressors such as drought, salinity, elevated temperature, radiation, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogens. Thus, biostimulants could open great opportunities for the researcher to develop climate resilience and sustainable agriculture technology for crop growers and small stakeholders. Plant biostimulants are organisms or their products or organic or inorganic compounds that improve the plant's health or agronomic performance (yield stability and productivity) by providing a nutrient-rich environment and protection from adverse environmental factors. This review article accentuates information about biostimulants that enhance plant morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular intrinsic development signals, and ameliorate plant's stress tolerance. Therefore, this review might provide tangible outcomes for biostimulants mediated balancing of agronomic traits and yield in crop plants. PubDate: 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00328-4
- Agrochemical nutrients reclamation from human urine and wastewater via
struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallization: a comprehensive review on recent developments-
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Abstract: Abstract In recent years, nutrient reclamation from human urine and municipal wastewater has emerged as a major research domain because of the limited availability of agro-nutrients like phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium-based fertilizers. Human excreta and municipal wastewater coming from untreated sewage creates numerous adverse effects on water bodies in the form of eutrophication and red tide etc. In the last few years, certain practices have been developed which provide nutrient reclamation along with a sanitation value chain. Struvite crystallization is one of the leading approaches that offer nutrients reclamation like nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium via producing a slow-release fertilizer identified as struvite. This article aims to deliver a comprehensive view into how nutrient reclamation from human urine and municipal wastewater via struvite crystallization could be a sustainable approach and economical source of income. In the present review, we have compiled research reports from 2000 to 2020 on nutrient reclamation from human urine and municipal wastewater via struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallization. Additionally, we also describe the different ways of improving struvite formation from human urine and municipal wastewater like a combination of physical adsorption with chemical precipitation, chemical precipitation with the electrochemical process and chemical precipitation along different stages of the treatment process. PubDate: 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00326-6
- Concentration-dependent bacterial cellulose patches: a strategy for
modulating the drug release beyond the modifications of the native cellulose hydrogel-
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Abstract: Considering the increasing interest in the need-specific drug release profiles in transdermal patches, the understanding of the complex relationship between the release kinetics and factors like the drug loading and matrix environment really becomes important. In light of this fact, the current study investigates the concentration-dependent loading and its effect on the release profile in a patch based on the bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel matrix. We have succeeded in achieving sustained release and burst release behavior by varying the concentration of the diclofenac sodium (DFC) loading media from low concentrations of 100, and 200 μg/ml to higher concentrations of 500 and 5000 μg/ml. Interestingly, the fraction of drug release in high DFC matrices exceeded 90% at the end of 3 h, whereas the release in low DFC matrices saturates between 50 and 70%. This becomes even more interesting due to the two observations across each sample, irrespective of the concentration of the DFC loading solution: (i) the fraction of loaded DFC in each mg of freeze-dried bacterial cellulose (FDBC) matrix from the loading media is almost the same, (ii) the amount of residual DFC per mg of FDBC matrix after the saturation of release is almost the same. We found that higher loading concentrations more likely lead to the DFC clusters that are physically trapped and give a higher fraction of release with an initial burst release. Conversely, at lower loading concentrations, chemically attached DFC plays a significant role and gives a comparatively slower release profile with a lesser fraction of DFC from the matrix. This study addresses the drug-matrix interactions through the interplay of matrix sites and the amount of drug in BC-based patches for tuning the release profile as per the need. This study also shows that the irreversible binding, notably in lower concentrations, must be considered in the fabrication of a drug delivery system from BC and another similar type of matrices that is being tremendously researched for its biocompatibility and as a delivery vehicle. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00317-7
- Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using aqueous extract of the bark of
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Abstract: Abstract In this comprehensive study, the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was meticulously performed utilizing Ficus religiosa’s aqueous bark extract, commonly known as the Peepal tree. Employing a green approach, the resulting nanoparticles displayed a distinctive green hue, which was discerned through a series of advanced analytical techniques including TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), AFM (Atomic force microscopy), SEM–EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry), and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The characterization revealed that the greenly synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibited a diverse range of sizes and shapes, further highlighting the effectiveness of the eco-friendly synthesis approach. Subsequently, the antibacterial characteristics of these nanoparticles were rigorously evaluated against both Gram-negative & Gram-positive bacteria using the agar disc diffusion method. Notably, a pronounced zone of inhibition was observed against E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria) compared to S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), suggesting a potential variation in antibacterial efficacy against different bacterial strains. Overall, this study represents a pioneering effort in the field, emphasizing the utilization of a green synthesis approach for the precise preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles from Ficus religiosa bark extract, while concurrently investigating their antibacterial activity, thereby contributing significantly to the advancement of eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis methodologies. PubDate: 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00322-w
- Petrography, mineral chemistry and FTIR spectral study of lateritic iron
oxide concretions from the Damodar River basin, India-
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Abstract: Abstract Iron oxide concretions are present in the lateritic regolith of the Damodar River basin. The concretions are of ellipsoidal, elongated, cylindrical and irregular shapes. The cross-section of the concretions show concentric rims of iron-oxide minerals. Petrography of lateritic iron oxide concretions shows quartz and mica grains within the iron oxide minerals groundmass. The alternate dark and light gray concentric rims of iron oxide minerals are visible in the concretions. Electron microprobe study and FTIR spectroscopy of lateritic concretions shows presence of goethite, hematite, quartz, clay and mica minerals. The etch pattern in quartz grains of the concretions, high substitution of Al for Fe3+ in the hematite and goethite structure, and high substitution of iron in kaolinite structure of concretions suggest intense chemical weathering, mobilization of iron-bearing fluid and Fe redox reactions during the formation of concretions. These lateritic iron oxide concretions are of ex-situ or derived origin. Due to fluvial erosion and transportation, the high-level ferruginous materials or primary laterites transfer to the downslope region as low-level secondary laterite. These secondary ferruginous materials deposited at a low-level have preserved iron oxide concretions. PubDate: 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00320-y
- A brief on intertwined physico-chemical interactions of air pollutants
during COVID-19 lockdown-
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Abstract: Abstract This brief presents an intriguing aspect of the physico-chemical interactions among particulate matters (PM2.5; PM10) and several gases pollutants during pre- (01 March to 24 March 2020) and COVID-19 first phase of lockdown period (25 March to 30 April 2020) over Delhi-National Capital Region. In order to see the impact of lockdown on ambient particulate and gaseous pollutants, we have also compared the results of 2020 with a normal year 2019 and 2021. Results show relatively clean atmosphere (reduced pollutants concentrations except ozone) during lockdown period as compared to pre-lockdown period of 2020. Similar kinds of results are seen for comparison of 2019 and 2020 for lockdown period. Further, we explore the mechanisms enhancing ozone pollution over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period, in contrast with trends in the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and precursors of ozone (CO, NOx). We suggest that lower NOx has weakened the O3 chemical sink during the lockdown. Additionally, reduced aerosol loading allowed more incoming solar radiation favouring ozone production as seen by comparing with 2019 and 2021. The results may be important for policy makers to curb pollution in mega cities like Delhi. PubDate: 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00318-6
- Correction: Anthropization drives in-door establishment, dispersal and
food borne pathogens’ carrying capacity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)-
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PubDate: 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s43538-024-00313-x
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