Authors:Suhas Lokure, Somasekhara; Y, M, Ravichandra GK Pages: 1 - 19 Abstract: Pomegranate wilt poses a significant threat to pomegranate production, holding considerable economic importance in the cultivated regions of pomegranates. The study investigated the wilt in pomegranate cultivation, revealing characteristic symptoms including yellowing and/or wilting of the leaves on a single branch usually in the upper crown and senescence. Brown discoloration was observed in the root, stem and branches of severely affected plants. The cross-sectioned root and stem portions of the wilted plants showed only the presence of brown discolorations in the vascular regions. The wilt incidence in Karnataka ranging from 1.14 to 62.06 Percent. PCR analysis and 18S rDNA region was sequenced, it has been confirmed C. fimbriata as the causal organism for pomegranate wilt and Phylogenetic analyses placed the pomegranate isolates among members of the LAC of the C. fimbriata complex; specifically, to populations that appear to be native to eastern and northern South America. Optimal growth of the pathogen was observed at 30 °C with pH 7.0 and best media for culturing C. fimbriata is Potato dextrose agar and Potato carrot agar, in vitro evaluation of fungicides showed propiconazole and mancozeb highest inhibiting mycelial growth. Trichoderma viride (Tv-3) and Bacillus subtilis emerged as the most effective bio-agent, while pongamia leaf extract exhibited maximum fungal growth inhibition. These can be used for the management of wilt disease. PubDate: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82220 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Garima Khaspuria, Ayush Ranjan, Sahil, Param Soni, Kesav Dadhich Pages: 20 - 34 Abstract: The world is often rocked by the devastating effects of natural disasters, presenting a formidable challenge to communities everywhere. In order to address these challenges and minimize their impact, it becomes imperative for proactive measures to be taken. This comprehensive review delves into the wide array of strategies put in place to mitigate the vulnerability of both populations and infrastructure when faced with these hazardous occurrences. Taking into account an extensive range of literature, case studies, and expert opinions, this review strives to synthesize crucial findings that shed light on effective approaches towards mitigation. It commences by classifying natural disasters according to their distinct characteristics and geographical spread, bringing attention to their individual traits. Furthermore, it embarks on an analysis aimed at uncovering the root causes and driving factors behind these calamities - underlining how essential it is for us all to comprehend their dynamics in order to craft tailored mitigation plans. The significance of pre-disaster preparedness is emphasized through an exploration of risk assessment procedures, early warning systems implementation practices as well as land-use planning strategies. The critique emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, such as fortifying infrastructure and incorporating resilience principles into city planning. It also discusses the vital role of community engagement, education, and capacity building in bolstering disaster preparedness at a local level. The review delves into innovative methods for promoting community resilience, including participatory decision-making processes and initiatives focused on knowledge exchange. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of technological advancements like remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and predictive modeling on enhancing early warning systems, risk assessment protocols, and disaster response efforts. The analysis suggests various opportunities for utilizing technology to strengthen mitigation strategies effectively Post-disaster Response and Recovery: Analyzing the challenges and opportunities in postdisaster response and recovery efforts, emphasizing the importance of rapid and coordinated interventions to restore essential services, infrastructure, and livelihoods. The review explores strategies for promoting resilient reconstruction and long-term recovery. Policy Frameworks and International Cooperation: Evaluating the role of policy frameworks, international cooperation, and funding mechanisms in supporting effective disaster mitigation efforts. The review identifies policy gaps and barriers to implementation, along with recommendations for enhancing policy coherence and coordination at the national and international levels. In conclusion, this comprehensive review underscores the multidimensional nature of natural disaster mitigation and the importance of adopting integrated approaches that combine technical expertise, community engagement, and policy support. By synthesizing existing knowledge and best practices, this review provides valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers striving to build more resilient and sustainable communities in the face of natural hazards. By synthesizing existing knowledge and best practices, this review provides valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers striving to build more resilient and sustainable communities in the face of natural hazards. PubDate: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82221 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Kunapara A. N., Subbaiah R., Patel G. R. Pages: 35 - 45 Abstract: The efficiency of drip irrigation systems depends directly on the uniformity of water discharge from emission devices. Ideally, all emitters should discharge equal amounts of water, but variations occur due to hydraulic and manufacturing factors. This study established the pressure-discharge relationship curve and determined emitter flow variation caused by the hydraulic and the manufacturer’s coefficients of variation for 2 and 4 lph inline emitters. The power exponent and constant of the pressure-discharge curve were determined by measuring the emitter flow rates at operating pressures ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 kg/cm². The emitter flow rates of 100 emitters were measured at an operating pressure of 1.0 kg/cm² to determine the manufacturing coefficient (Vm) and emitter flow variation (qvar(m)). The discharge exponent was found to be 0.46 for both emitter flow rates, with proportionality constants of 0.692 for 2 lph and 1.387 for 4 lph emitters respectively. The results showed a strong correlation between pressure and flow rate, with RMSE values of 0.51 and 0.34 lph, and coefficients of determination of 0.988 and 0.991 for 2 and 4 lph emitters, respectively. High manufacturing precision was indicated by low Vm values of 0.0491 for 2 lph and 0.055 for 4 lph emitters, while qvar(m) values were 0.261 for 2 lph and 0.283 for 4 lph emitters. Total coefficient of variation (Vq) values were 0.1 for 2 lph and 0.14 for 4 lph emitters, with total emitter flow variations (qvar) of 0.29 for 2 lph and 0.39 for 4 lph emitters. The study established the pressure-discharge curve for inline drip irrigation systems, emphasizing the critical relationship between pressure and flow rate. The derived chart from pressure discharge relationship is a valuable tool for estimating emitter flow variation due to hydraulic variation within the same subunit. Precise manufacturing and effective management of hydraulic variations are essential for ensuring uniform water distribution, optimizing drip irrigation systems, and ultimately enhancing crop yield and resource utilization. PubDate: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82222 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Chinmay Achpal, R. S. Shekhawat, Trilok Gupta Pages: 46 - 65 Abstract: Progressive collapse, where a localized member failure causes widespread structural collapse, has become a critical concern nowadays, due to its potential to cause significant financial losses and loss of human life. Triggers include natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, as well as accidents, attacks and explosions. Reinforced concrete flat slab structures, which are eminent for their architectural flexibility and have larger spans, are particularly susceptible to disproportionate collapse, due to the lack of floor beams, which can redistribute loads after a column failure, unlike moment frame buildings. This research examines how multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab buildings behave, under prescribed gravity load combinations, compared to conventional framed buildings. The effects of removing columns at specified locations from an intermediate floor of the multistorey building are also examined. However, this investigation covers both the column removal approaches to check a possibility of disproportionate collapse which are; static removal and dynamic instantaneous removal. Furthermore, the research also assesses the efficacy of perimeter beams, in minimising the risk of gradual collapse in flat slab structures, by scrutinising their ability to reduce joint displacement, chord rotation, and demand capacity ratio. ETABS v18 was used to analyze all the 18 models. The findings revealed that buildings are more prone to progressive collapse when corner columns are removed, as opposed to edge and interior columns, due to higher Demand-Capacity Ratios (DCR) and joint displacement. In comparison to dynamic analysis, the static evaluation exhibited greater DCR values and vertical joint displacement. Furthermore, since they have a more efficient load redistribution mechanism, traditional framed structures performed better than flat slab models. The simulations additionally indicated that, adding edge perimeter beams, substantially lowered the possibility of progressive collapse in flat slab structures. Moreover, the tested flat slab building models, with and without perimeter beams showed no indications of progressive collapse, when specified columns were removed from the intermediate floors, since the DCR values of the crucial columns stayed within the permissible range of 2.0. In conclusion, structures built in compliance with IS 1893:2016 code and designed to withstand seismic loads demonstrate stronger resistance against significant damage, brought about by column failures. PubDate: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82224 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Anant Chaudhari, M.D. Gurjar, K.C. Kamani, M.C. Prajapati, A.K. Makwana Pages: 66 - 72 Abstract: Probiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, especially in an era of rising antibiotic resistance among harmful bacteria. A survey conducted among college students revealed that most respondents had a good understanding of probiotics, primarily gaining awareness from books and commercials. The majority of respondents were male (69%), aged 20-25 years and undergraduate students (71%), with about 50% coming from agricultural family backgrounds and a monthly family income of approximately ₹40,000 (37%). Most respondents were from rural areas and were aware of probiotic dairy products. Awareness sources included books, social media, and friends & family. Most respondents consumed probiotic dairy products weekly, favouring products such as lassi, buttermilk, ice cream and dahi, with a preference for the Amul brand. Only around 3% were dissatisfied with probiotic dairy products and 73% purchased them for their health and nutritional benefits. About half perceived these products to be more expensive than regular dairy products and 97% of aware respondents were satisfied and willing to recommend them to family and friends. PubDate: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82225 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Ganta Harshitha, G. Sreenivas, N. Mahesh, K. Chandrashekhar, Anima Biswal, P. Srikanth Pages: 73 - 82 Abstract: Aims: To study the changes in plant height, dry matter production, leaf area and plant population under different tillage practices, irrigation and nitrogen levels in rice fallow maize. Study Design: Split- split plot design. Place and Duration of Study: Regional Agricultural Research Station farm, Polasa, Jagtial during rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24. Methodology: The experiment was laid out in split- split plot design with twelve treatment combinations that includes 2 main plot, 3 sub plot and 2 sub-sub plot treatments which are replicated thrice. The treatments are as follows: Main plots: T1- Zero tillage, T2- Conventional tillage (tillage with cultivator twice fb rotovator twice); Sub plots: I1- Irrigation at 60% ASM, I2- Irrigation at 40% ASM and I3- Irrigation at six critical stages; and Sub-sub plot treatments: N1- 100% RDN (240 kg ha-1) and N2- 120% RDN (288 kg ha-1). Results: Results indicated that highest mean plant height was recorded in conventional tillage (65.8, 204.4 & 210.9 cm) and in N2 treatment (64.6, 201.3 & 207.6 cm) during sixth leaf, silking and physiological maturity respectively. Irrigations showed non-significant effect during sixth leaf and during other two stages I3 treatment has recorded higher plant height (200.1 & 206.6 cm). Similar results were obtained in case of leaf area. The mean dry weight was also higher in conventional tillage (17915 kg ha-1), I3 treatment (16789 kg ha-1) and N2 (16418 kg ha-1). The initial plant population was higher in conventional tillage (7.2 plants m-2) than that of zero tillage and irrigation & nitrogen levels has no effect on population. Conclusion: All the growth parameters were significantly affected by tillage, irrigation and nitrogen levels at all the stages except the influence of irrigation on plant height at sixth leaf stage. Plant population was significantly affected by tillage but non-significant effect was recorded by irrigation an nitrogen levels. Interaction was found between irrigation and nitrogen levels in-case of dry matter production. PubDate: 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82223 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:V.M. Sathish Kumar, Anil Kumar, Manish Chandra Patel Pages: 83 - 89 Abstract: The ornate and vibrant bird, Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 belongs to Phasianidae family and is proud to be the national bird of India due to it is extravagant feathers and cultural significance. Thus, the accurate identification of this species is significant for its conservation as well as for areas where it is endangered due to factors such as habitat destruction and hunting. This study applies molecular analysis for the identification of the Indian peafowl by analyzing shed feather samples non-invasively through DNA barcoding. Barcoding the species was done by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. The study is rightly able to establish that DNA obtained from shed feathers can generate DNA barcodes, which help with species identification. This method provides a useful instrument for the wildlife tracking and the conservation of birds by providing an efficient and non-harmful way of identifying and tracking the population of the species. These results show that DNA barcoding could be useful in increasing the efficiency of species identification, differentiation in avian research to the broader field of molecular ecology for the monitoring, conservation and management. PubDate: 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82226 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Narayan Murigeppa Gunadal, N. M. Kerur, Balachandra K. Naik, Vilas S. Kulkarni, T. R. Shashidhar Pages: 90 - 101 Abstract: Aim: As India is a major producer and exporter of gherkins in the world and Karnataka is the largest producer and exporter of gherkins in the country. The study aims to analyze the significant export performance of gherkins (Fresh/chilled, provisionally preserved and provisionally preserved by vinegar) from India, highlighted their remarkable performance in oversea markets. India's horticultural sector has witnessed significant growth, particularly in gherkins production and exports, call attention to its pivotal role in the global market. Place and Duration of the Study: This study analyzed the export performance of Indian gherkins across three categories viz., fresh/chilled, provisionally preserved and preserved by vinegar, study conducted during the period from 2011-12 to 2022-23. Methodology: The growth rate of export performance of gherkins were analysed using Compound Annual Growth Rate. The instability in export quantity of gherkins were measured by using Coefficient of Variation and Cuddy-Della Valle Instability Index. Result and Discussion: The export performance of Indian gherkins across various categories, fresh/chilled, provisionally preserved and preserved by vinegar, reveals distinct growth trajectories and market dynamics from 2011-12 to 2022-23. Fresh/chilled gherkins showed a modest Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.06 per cent, indicating gradual but steady expansion, albeit with moderate instability (Cuddy-Della Valle Instability index of 42.35). The United Arab Emirates consistently dominated as the top importer of Indian gherkins. Provisionally preserved gherkins exhibited a stronger growth with a significant CAGR of 4.04 per cent and lower instability (CV of 18.28 %), highlighting stable demand for Indian gherkins in the international market. In contrast, gherkins provisionally preserved by vinegar saw varied trends across countries, with notable growth in markets like the USA and Germany, while others like France experienced declines. These insights underscore strategic imperatives for enhancing competitiveness through quality improvements, competitive pricing strategies and navigating regulatory landscapes to sustain India's global gherkins market presence. PubDate: 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82227 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Amos Olaolu Adewusi, Oluwasola Stephen Adebisi Pages: 102 - 113 Abstract: This study assessed the residential property tenants’ opinions on Estate Surveying and Valuation firms’ services in the Akure residential property market. The data for this study was gathered through copies of the questionnaire administered to the residential property tenants in the portfolio of the Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in the Akure residential property. Three hundred and thirty-eight (338) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the residential property tenants, and two hundred and eighty-five (285) were retrieved, representing 84.31%. The retrieved copies of the questionnaire were analysed using a frequency distribution table, weighted mean score, and factor analysis. The weighted mean score results revealed that twelve services provided by the Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in the study area were ranked fairly effective and less effective, seven were effective, and two were very effective. The factor analysis result revealed that services such as dutifulness, availability, motivation, and accountability, having a total variance of 64.29%, best measured the effectiveness of registered Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in providing effective management services to the residential property tenants in the study area. The study recommended that Estate Surveying and Valuation firms should intensify efforts in the area of regular maintenance, fostering of relationships among groups, accessibility, prompt issuance of rent review and reminder notices, and others to increase tenants’ satisfaction, as this will reduce tenants’ recalcitrance to ensure the investment objectives of an investor are achieved. PubDate: 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82229 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Shahida Choudhury, Diplip Barman, Bornali Gogoi, Purnima Pathak Pages: 114 - 118 Abstract: The experiment on “Effect on Yield and Quality of Litchi (Litchi chinensis) by Pre-Harvest fruit bagging” was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat During 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven (7) treatments and three (3) replications. The treatments taken under the study were Control (T1), Non-woven Red (T2), Non-woven Blue (T3), Non-woven White (T4) Non-woven Green (T5), Non-woven Yellow (T6) and Polypropylene (T7). The maximum fruit weight (17.81g), fruit volume (20.00cc), fruit breadth (3.16cm), fruit length (3.56cm), aril weight (14.28g), peel weight (2.31g) and yield (0.44kg/bunch) were recorded in T4 (Non-woven White). Sun burn (8%) and fruit cracking (5.66%) percentage was observed lowest in T4. During storage, highest shelf life was observed in T4 i.e. 10.50 days. Thus, it can be concluded that all the bags studied in the present experiment were found to be good both in qualitative and quantitative characters and also increased shelf life. But the most superior one among the selected bags was non-woven white bag in terms of morphologicall and shelf life characteristics. PubDate: 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82230 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Abhishek Meena, Zeba Jamal, Prachi Shukla, Akanksha Singh Pages: 119 - 127 Abstract: This study investigates the influence of parental control on the academic decision-making processes of young adults. Although the general public has strongly supported parental engagement as a solution for school education, there are still some difficult questions surrounding this topic because the research in this field has shown conflicting results [1]. Academic decisions, such as choice of college major, career path, and educational goals, are critical milestones in the transition to adulthood. The extent to which parental control shapes these decisions has significant implications for personal development and future outcomes. Through a structured questionnaire (google form) surveys, data of 100 respondents from Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology were collected from a diverse sample of young adults. Findings suggest that parental control manifests in various forms, including direct influence on decision outcomes, indirect shaping of aspirations, and psychological impact on autonomy and self-confidence. The study reveals nuanced dynamics wherein parental involvement ranges from supportive guidance to restrictive directives, influencing young adults' perceptions of their relationship with their parents. When parental participation is viewed as a tool to help children succeed academically, the nature of the independent variable and the degree to which it can influence learning outcomes become research topics in and of themselves [2]. These insights contribute to understanding the complex interplay between familial influence and individual autonomy in the educational and career pathways of young adults. PubDate: 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82231 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Bindu. L Pages: 128 - 136 Abstract: Studies on testate amoebae in Karnataka state have been sporadic and no studies were done in Mookambika Wildlife sanctuary. Therefore, as part of the faunistic survey of Zoological Survey of India moss samples were collected from Mookambika wildlife sanctuary and has filled the lacuna of testate amoebae study in the sanctuary to form the baseline data. The study resulted 27 species of testate amoebae span over 7 families under the Phylum Tubulinea. The study highlights the importance of conducting more research on testate amoebae in different regions of Mookambika WLS. PubDate: 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82232 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Elizabeth Jikiemi Pages: 137 - 148 Abstract: Aims: To discuss the applications of predictive modelling and real-time data analysis to non-profit project outcomes. The procedures and relevant algorithms are to be examined together with relevant case studies. Future research gaps that should be bridged are also discussed. Problem Statement: Numerous advantages attached to project outcomes have been identified. However, there are series of steps and procedures that are supposed to be taken which are limited with the application of computer programs to enhance their effectiveness. Significance of Study: The use of advanced predictive modeling and real-time data analysis are required to enhance non-profit project outcomes which entails using data analysis techniques and sophisticated algorithms. The use of these advanced techniques can lead to better resource allocation, improved decision-making, and enhanced overall project success rates in the non-profit sector. Methodology: The method used in writing this review involved consultation of recent literatures in the area of non-profit project outcomes and applications of predictive modelling and real-time data analysis. Discussion: The use of predictive modeling techniques in project outcomes is necessary in order to improve their efficiencies. The article addresses different predictive modeling approaches, such as decision trees and statistical models, and how to use them to improve project results in the fields of health and education. Predictive real-time data analytics models and models for designing predictive analytics algorithms in enhancing non-profit project outcomes were discussed to include statistical models, linear regression models, multiple regression models, multivariate regression model and decision tree. Health and education were used as case studies of predictive modelling and real-time data analysis application in non-profit project outcomes. This literature review article revealed some gaps that are needed to be bridged in order to improve the efficiency of predictive modelling and real-time data analysis an enhancers to non-profit project outcomes. Conclusion: Predictive real-time data analytics and algorithms are crucial instruments for improving the results of non-profit projects. When used in case studies, they exhibited notable outcomes. PubDate: 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82233 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Methari Prashanth Kumar, Rajesh Singh Pages: 149 - 156 Abstract: During the Kharif season of 2023, a field experiment took place at the Crop Research Farm within the Department of Agronomy at SHUATS in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to investigate the influence of sulphur and zinc on the yield attributes, yield and economics of cowpea. Growth and yield data were collected for the crop.The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments included varying levels of sulphur (25, 30, 35 kg/ha) and zinc (5, 10, 15 kg/ha), along with a control treatment of 20-50-20 kg/ha using Cowpea variety ‘Kashinidhi’. The findings indicated that applying 35 kg/ha of sulphur in along with 15 kg/ha of zinc resulted in the following outcomes for cowpea, Maximum Number of pods per plant (17.1), Number of seeds per pod (9.8), Seed yield (1423.27 kg/ha), Stover yield (3201.9 kg/ha), Maximum gross returns (1,06,745.14 INR/ha), net returns (73,245.14 INR/ha) and B:C ratio (2.19). These favourable results were observed in Treatment-9, where the specified combination of 35 kg/ha of Sulphur + 15 kg/ha Zinc was applied. PubDate: 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82234 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:M. S. Reshma, S. Jawahar, C. Kalaiyarasan, K. Suseendran, D. Elayaraja Pages: 157 - 164 Abstract: Modern intensive agriculture, which sparked the "Green Revolution" in the early 1970s, degraded the environment, which decreased productivity and had other negative impacts on the environment and public health. In order to improve the health of the agricultural environment, organic farming, which primarily forgoes the use of chemicals in agriculture, depends on a comprehensive production and management system. The multitude of microorganisms in the soil under this holistic management method ensures that the soil is alive, active, and productive by keeping it biologically active. It is a reality that plants can and do absorb huge amounts of big organic molecules, such as vitamins, chelated minerals, hormones, and other substances that are advantageous to them, refuting the claim that plants only ever take up nutrients in inorganic form. To investigate further, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu from June to September 2023 to study the effect of combined application of graded levels of inorganic fertilizers along with organic NPK granules on growth, yield and economics of rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments, comprised of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and organic NPK granules. Among the treatments evaluated, application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic NPK granules registered higher growth, yield attributes and yield of rice. However the net income and benefit cost ratio was observed under application of 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizers which was comparable with application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic granules. Therefore it can be concluded that combined application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic granules is an environmental safe and economically viable nutrient management practice for getting higher yield and income from rice and it can be recommended to the rice growers. PubDate: 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82235 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Annu Rani, T.P. Singh, Jayant Singh, Ajit Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Choudhary Pages: 165 - 173 Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the hardness testing and Impact testing of selected Timbers to be used in agricultural implements in Pantnagar, Udam Singh Nagar, between September 2015 and April 2016. The Rockwell hardness test is generally performed when quick and direct reading is desirable. The Rockwell hardness test was carried on the Digital Hardness testing machine on HRV-Scale. The impact strength of a material is determined with a Charpy or Izod impact test named after their inventors. the hardness of different types of timber, namely, Teak, Sal, Java plum, Eucalyptus, Yellow teak, North Indian Rose timber, red cedar, Mango, Margosa and Lebbeck was found to be 75.4, 79.1, 68.2, 69.1, 64.0, 87.1, 30.8, 63.2, 61.7 and 64.3 respectively. the Impact Strength of different types of timber, namely, Eucalyptus, Yellow teak, Teak, Lebbeck, Java plum, Mango, Red cedar, North Indian Rose timber, Margosa and Sal was found to be 49.2, 39.23, 56.71, 52.21, 46.3, 48.37, 49.2, 45.23, 41.6 and 58.89 KJ/m2 respectively. And their standard deviations were as follows: yellow teak (0.67), Red cedar (1.09), North Indian Rose timber (2.12), Teak (0.23), Lebbeck (7.95), Java plum (0.34), Eucalyptus (0.34), Margosa (0.71), Mango (0.87) and Sal (1.36) respectively. The timber of North Indian rose timber and Sal was found suitable for making Plankar, pulley and bearing block. The timber of North Indian rose timber, Sal and Eucalyptus was found best for making plough bottom. PubDate: 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82236 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Gangadhara Doggalli, Santhoshinii E, Manojkumar H G, Mitali Srivastava, Ganesh H S, Amruta Barigal, Anithaa V, Arfa Ameen, Ritama Kundu Pages: 174 - 180 Abstract: Drones have been used for diverse application purposes in precision agriculture and new ways of using them are being explored. Many drone applications have been developed for different purposes such as pest detection, crop yield prediction, crop spraying, yield estimation, water stress detection, land mapping, identifying nutrient deficiency in plants, weed detection, livestock control, protection of agricultural products and soil analysis. Drones can create georeferenced maps that pinpoint the exact location of disease outbreaks within a field. These maps help farmers and agronomists monitor disease progression and plan targeted interventions. Drone operations are highly dependent on weather conditions. High winds, rain, and fog can hinder drone flights and affect the quality of images captured. Addressing technical limitations, regulatory and safety concerns, economic barriers, and data management issues will be crucial for the widespread adoption of drones in agriculture. By overcoming these challenges, drone technology can become a vital tool in sustainable and effective crop disease management. PubDate: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82237 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Raghavendra; P. K, Ganapathy, M. S Pages: 181 - 189 Abstract: The study examines the piggery value chain in Bengaluru, focusing on 35 breeders and fattening farmers across Bengaluru rural and Bengaluru urban areas. It analyses distinct rearing systems, breeding practices, feeding strategies, and healthcare protocols among respondents. Breeders predominantly utilize intensive rearing systems (100%) for optimized breeding outcomes, while fattening farmers prefer semi-intensive methods (85.71%) to balance care with natural behaviours. Variations in housing preferences show that 46.67 per cent of fattening farmers use efficient drainage systems compared to none among breeders. Feeding practices differ significantly 100 per cent of breeders employ stall feeding, whereas 75 per cent of fattening farmers practice scavenging feeding with 25 per cent engaging in mixed feeding. Feeding frequency is consistently twice daily among all respondents (100%). The deworming practices at 45.71 per cent overall, with 100 per cent among breeders and 60 per cent among fattening farmers. Vaccination is practiced exclusively by breeders (100 %). Veterinary aid satisfaction rates are 31.43 per cent overall, with 40 per cent among fattening farmers. A detailed value chain map visually depicts stages from input supply to consumption, elucidating stakeholder roles crucial for productivity enhancement, animal welfare promotion, and sustainable practices within Bengaluru's piggery sector. PubDate: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82238 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Hemant Kumar, Sweta Verma, Rupali J S, Vidya Madhuri E, Anamika Chandel, Doddachowdappa Sagar Pages: 190 - 200 Abstract: Protecting beneficial arthropods is essential, as they provide crucial services beyond pollination, including disease and insect pest management. The combination of several ecosystem services for agricultural sustainability requires the recognition that biodiversity is coupled with bio-complexity, productivity, resilience, and ecosystem functionality. Insects such as bumblebees, mason bees, and honey bees have long been employed professionally for pollination, likewise microbial biocontrol agents are frequently employed in pest management. A key aspect of pollination ecology is entomovectoring technology that utilizes managed bees to disseminate biocontrol agents to flowering crops. This can enhance crop yields by providing non-chemical protection against pests and diseases as well as enhancing pollination efficiency. This technology is based on bee management, manipulation of bee behaviour, components of cropping system, plant-pathogen-vector-antagonist system which can be a trend-breaking pest management system in agriculture and will give double benefit to agriculture i.e. crop pollination and crop protection acting together for increased crop yield and quality. PubDate: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82239 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Tikendrajit Saikia, Mriganko Kakoti, Jahnabi Hazarika, Tilak Prasad Panika, Aditya Bezbaruah, Salman Ahmed Choudhury, Priyanuz Goswami Pages: 201 - 211 Abstract: Majuli, the biggest populated river island, which is bordered to the north by the Subansiri River and to the south by the powerful Brahmaputra River. Since ancient times, the island has been continuously eroding, which is cause for serious concern. The current method uses Remote Sensing (RS) satellite imagery covering the years 1976 to 2024 and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets to study the erosion–deposition processes in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The observation has revealed a dramatic change in reduction of land area of the Majuli Island. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the long-term changes in landmass and erosion patterns in the char areas of Majuli Island, highlighting both the environmental challenges and the socio-economic implications for local communities. It is evident that the erosion rate on the island mass was significantly higher than that of the depositional processes. PubDate: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82240 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Nikita Mishra, Lamneithem Hangshing, Darshan Shashank Kadam, Tage Tapang, Shameena S Pages: 212 - 222 Abstract: Vertical farming has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of food security, sustainability, and urbanization in the 21st century. This innovative approach to agriculture involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers within controlled environments, optimizing space, resources, and yields. Vertical farming represents a significant innovation in agriculture, designed to meet the challenges of urban food production with enhanced efficiency and sustainability. This study examines recent technological advancements in vertical farming, emphasizing methods such as automation. By growing crops in vertically stacked layers within controlled environments, vertical farming maximizes space utilization and minimizes resource consumption. The results indicate substantial improvements in crop yields and quality, along with reduced water and pesticide use. Additionally, the proximity of vertical farms to urban centers shortens supply chains, lowering transportation costs and carbon emissions. The discussion highlights the economic benefits, including year-round production and premium pricing for pesticide-free produce, alongside the challenges of high initial investments and energy demands. The environmental impacts are also considered, noting significant reductions in land use and water consumption compared to traditional farming. This review underscores the potential of vertical farming to contribute to global food security and sustainable urban development, while addressing the need for further research and collaboration to overcome existing barriers. The findings suggest that continued innovation and supportive policies are crucial for the widespread adoption and success of vertical farming practices. PubDate: 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82241 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Elizabeth Jikiemi Pages: 223 - 233 Abstract: Aims: To examine how data-driven strategies can be integrated into community health programs as innovative approaches for effective operation. Problem Statement: Numerous government engagements in different crucial sectors have limited her concerns about health provision and distribution to many citizens living in remote communities. Health provision characterized with easy accessibility and low cost should not be marginalized and should be the right of every citizen. However, many lives have been lost due to lack of this in some communities. Significance of Study: To curb this, non-profit sectors are now engaging in community health programs to ameliorate the difficulties faced by distanced citizens living in remote localities. With the advent of this program, it is imperative to incorporate data-driven strategies as innovative approaches to improve and enhance the current state of operations in community health programs. Discussion: A medical practice that addresses the well-being of people within a particular geographical location is referred to as community health. This technical review paper discusses the concepts, roles and mode of operations of community health workers and the programs that are embedded. The attributes of a robust well-functioning health system as stated by World Health Organisation (WHO) were discussed alongside program components that are often executed by village workers. Value-based care, patient-centered care and P4 medicine were identified as the major ideologies behind data-driven strategies and the characteristic features of each were adequately discussed. Conclusion: A data-driven healthcare innovative approach must put into consideration the real definition of data management policies, organize training for health care workers who are handling health data and also support the implementation in order to secure the designed information systems. PubDate: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82242 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Veeresh, Pampanna; Y., J. R. Diwan, M. G. Patil, Ashok, H. Pages: 234 - 241 Abstract: The present investigation was carried out at New Orchard, Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, during late Kharif 2021-22 using thirty-one genotypes and laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. High magnitude GCV and PCV were reported for the traits viz., fruit yield per hectare, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height, leaf area per plant, number of ridges on fruit surface, fruit girth and fibre content indicates that maximum variability exists in these traits. The traits viz., number of nodes per plant, fruit length, ten fruits weight, shelf-life, stem girth, harvesting period and first flowering node recorded the medium GCV and PCV values. While, low GCV and PCV values were observed for the characters viz., number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to first flowering showing little variability for these characters. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance over per cent mean was observed for number of ridges on fruit surface, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, fruit girth, leaf area per plant, plant height, number of nodes per plant, fruit length, fibre content, stem girth and ten fruits weight which indicates additive gene effects and selection based on these characters may be effective. Hence, characters showing high to moderate values of PCV, GCV and high estimate of heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean were considered as most important characters and selection of these traits will be more effective in improvement of fruit yield per plant. PubDate: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82243 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A.K. Jha, A. Ranjan, A.K. Choudhary, A. Bhardwaj, R.B. Verma, Abhishek Kumar Pages: 242 - 250 Abstract: The present investigation revealed the wide variation for qualitative characters viz, stem colour, leaf colour, flower colour and pod colour among the eight F3 populations of faba bean. Wide range of variability was observed for morphological characters like flower colour (white) under the crosses Bak-1 × Bak-11 and Bak-12 × Bak-5 (96.25%), Bak-1 × Bak-20 (92.50%), Bak-1 × Bak-5 (91.25%), Bak-2 × Bak-5, Bak-2 × Bak-20 and Bak-16 × Bak-20 (90%). Pod colour (light green) was observed in crosses Bak-1 × Bak-20 and Bak-2 × Bak-11 (97.50%) whereas pod colour (green) in Bak-16 × Bak-20 (86.25%). Leaf colour (light green) in the crosses Bak-2 × Bak-20 (92.50%) followed by Bak-2 × Bak-5, Bak-2 × Bak-11 (87.50 %) and stem colour (light green) was observed maximum in Bak-1 × Bak-20 and Bak-2 × Bak-11 (95 %) followed by Bak-2 × Bak-20 (93.75%) whereas only seven crosses had diverse flower colour viz. violet (1.25%) in Bak-1 × Bak-5 and Bak-2 × Bak-20, dark brown (2.50%) in Bak-1 × Bak-11, Bak-2 × Bak-20, Bak-12 × Bak-5 and Bak-16 × Bak-20 and in cross Bak-1 × Bak-5 (1.25%), light brown (2.50%) in Bak-1 × Bak-5, Bak-2 × Bak-5 and Bak-12 × Bak-5 and (1.25%) was observed in Bak-1 × Bak-11 and Bak-2 × Bak-1, pink (1.25%) in Bak-2 × Bak-11 and Bak-16 × Bak-20 and mixed (white petals with black, brown and purple wing melanin spot) (1.25%) in crosses Bak-2 × Bak-5 and Bak-2 × Bak-11. It was observed that only three crosses had diverse pod colour viz. green in cross combination Bak-1 × Bak-20 (2.50%) and Bak-2 × Bak-11 (1.25%) and dark green in cross combinations Bak-12 × Bak-5 (2.50%) and Bak-2 × Bak-11 (1.25%). However, previous work on the characterization of faba bean for qualitative traits has been limited. Thus, the present study suggested that these traits maybe useful for further plant breeding programmes. PubDate: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82244 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Zahida Rashid, Saima Nissar, Tanveer Ahmad Ahngar, Raies A Bhat, Sabina Nasseer, Shabeena Majid, Aamir H mir, Sabiya Bashir, Efath Shehnaz, Rakhshanda Anayat, Z. A Dar Pages: 251 - 262 Abstract: The study aimed to assess the effect of sowing dates and nitrogen levels on yield, yield attributes quality, and economic return of Shalimar Fodder Maize-1 (Zea mays L.). An experiment was carried out at Crop Research Farm of the Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, during Kharif 2022. The experiment consisted of four sowing dates, S1 (15th April), S2 (15th May), S3 (15thJune), and S4 (15th July) and four nitrogen levels, N0 (0 kg ha-1), N1 (60 kg ha-1), N2 (120 kg ha-1) and N3 (180 kg ha-1) as sub-plot treatments, laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that the early date of sowing S1 (15th April) had significantly higher values in yield, yield attributes, and quality parameters viz., number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein content (%), ADF (%), NDF (%), and ash content (%) than other sowing dates, while S4 (15th July) had significantly lower growth, yield, and quality parameters. However, S1 (15th April) recorded a significantly lower leaf stem ratio, which was seen to be decreasing with an increase in sowing dates. Among different nitrogen levels, the yield and quality parameters viz., leaf stem ratio, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein, and ash content were significantly influenced by increasing levels of nitrogen, being maximum with N3 (180 kg ha-1), which was at par with N2 (120 kg ha-1), whereas N0 (control) recorded significantly lower growth, yield, and quality parameters. Furthermore, NDF (%) and ADF (%) decreased as nitrogen levels increased, and were lowest at N3 (180 kg ha-1). In terms of economic suitability, the treatment combination of S1N3 (15th April + 180 kg ha-1) had the highest net returns (Rs. 143841.7 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.87), followed by S1N2 (15th April + 120 kg ha-1) with net return (Rs. 120721.3 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.45). PubDate: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82245 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Visent Kipene, Emmanuel Tonya Pages: 263 - 274 Abstract: Industrial development is crucial for the progress and economic strength of any nation, as it can absorb a large workforce and bolster the economy. Efficient land use planning is essential for industrial development. This study assessed the implementation of Tanzania's national land policy in terms of land allocation for industrial purposes, access to land for industrial investment, and the procedures for registering land for industrial use. Guided by Von Thunen's land use model, the study involved 120 randomly selected small industry owners from six districts in the Mbeya region. Using a quantitative approach and descriptive statistical analysis, the findings revealed that the current land management policy fails to meet investors' needs for easy land access for industrial development. The study highlighted the challenges faced in developing local by-laws for land management, with no effective land planning at the local government level. Additionally, the registration process for industrial land was found to be problematic. The study recommends reforms to the land policy to facilitate easier access and ownership of land by investors and streamline the land registration process. PubDate: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82246 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Anoop Kumar Gautam, Ram Batuk Singh, Rajiv, D. P. Singh, Sindhesh, Ankit Kumar Goyal, Sandeep Maurya, Sanjay Verma Pages: 275 - 286 Abstract: The present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during kharif season 2023. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight different treatments viz. T1: Weed check control. T2: Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @6ml/L. T3: Postemergence application of metribuzin @525g/ha. T4: Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @6ml/L. + 1 hand weeding at 40 DAS T5: Postemergence application of metribuzin @525g/ha at 25 DAS+ 1 hand weeding at 60 DAS. T6: Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @6ml/L.+ Postemergence application of metribuzin @525g/ha, T7 Weed free check {three hand weeding} at 20,40,60 DAS respectively, T8: Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @6ml/L.+ Postemergence application of metribuzin @525g/ha+ One hand weeding 40 DAS replicated thrice. The okra variety ‘Azad Bhindi-1’ was used in experiment. The result of the study revealed that at 30 DAS maximum plant height (30.10cm) was reported in treatment T6, and 60 and 90 DAS maximum plant height (76.50 and 110.00 cm) was reported in T8 and at 30 days maximum number of nodes on main stem of plant (8.70) found in T6, whereas at 60 and 90 DAS maximum number of nodes on main stem of plant (17.80 and 20.50) was reported in T8 . At 30 days maximum diameter of stem(1.30 cm) was reported in treatment T6 , and at 60 and 90 DAS maximum diameter of stem(1.90 and 2.50 cm) reported in T8, at 30 days maximum number of leaves/plant (8.80) is reported in T6 and at 60 and 90 days maximum number of leaves/plant (2.27 and 4.76) is was reported in T8. At 60 and 90 DAS Maximum number of branches per plant (4.90 and 5.96) was found in T8 Maximum Pod diameter (1.80 cm), fruit weight (13.55 gm), pod length (14.30 cm), number of pods per plant ( 25.74 ), pod yield per plant ( 285.00 gm) , pod yield per hectare (16.50 t), TSS ( 3.18 0Brix), crude fibre (8.65 %) and chlorophyll content (1.22 mg) were reported in T8. PubDate: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82247 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:P. Hanumanth Reddy, A. Lalitha, P. Bala Hussain Reddy, K. S. Purnima, Dumpapenchala Vijayreddy Pages: 287 - 293 Abstract: The ANGRAU Agribusiness Incubator was purposively selected for the study conducted in the year 2023 because it has a specific focus on nurturing agri-startups that are working towards improving the farming communities in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Ten successful incubatees trained at the ANGRAU agribusiness incubator were purposively selected for the study, based on category, product, service, R&D and achievements. The findings demonstrated that best management practices such as practices such as offering innovative products/services, leveraging technology and automation, staying adaptable to changing market trends, prioritizing customer satisfaction, maintaining transparency and ethical practices and implementing effective waste management and recycling received the highest mean score of 3, ranking I. Following closely with a mean score of 2.9 and ranking II were strategies including vision and mission prepared, actively managing risks and developing contingency plans, consistently evaluate and improve product quality and ensuring compliance with government laws and regulations. Practices like monitoring and evaluating financial performance, integrating sustainable practices in the supply chain, conducting feasibility surveys/market research, setting clear and measurable goals, giving employment to at least three persons, actively building a network of stakeholders and forming strategic partnerships, implementing effective marketing strategies, focusing on brand identity and positive image and regularly optimizing operational costs scored between 2.8 to 2.4, placing them in ranks between Ⅲ & Ⅶ. However, practices concerning leveraging digital marketing strategies, having a detailed project report and income flow statement, developing a comprehensive business plan, seeking partnerships and collaborations for innovation, establishing relationships with financial institutions for funding and creating assets for the agribusiness with profits ranked lower, indicating disagreement among agri-incubatees, with scores 2.3 to 1.9 placing them in ranks between Ⅷ and Ⅸ. Perception of the incubatees towards best management practices inferred that nearly one-third (30.00%) of the agri-incubatees rated their best management practices as low, while half of the incubatees (50.00%) considered them moderate, and only one-fifth (20.00 %) of the agri-incubatees rated their practices as high. PubDate: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82248 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:T. Mahesh Babu, A. Ashok Kumar, K.V.S Rami Reddy, H.V. Hema Kumar Pages: 294 - 304 Abstract: An experimental tillage tool, which integrates active - passive implements (cultivator tines in the front and a rotavator in the rear), was evaluated in the field. The forward-rotating active elements produced a negative draft, significantly reducing the overall draft requirements of the tool. When compared to a tool with four passive elements, a combination machine equipped with two active and two passive elements experienced an 87 per cent less draft and draft power, despite having similar total power. According to estimates of power transmission efficiency, a combination machine would use 34 per cent less energy than a similar passive tillage tool. The tillage performance parameters, including draft force, fuel consumption, wheel slip, and power requirement, were measured using a digital dynamometer at different operating depths. The drawbar power needed for the combination tillage implement was determined. During field test, the draft force of the rotavator with tines was observed to be 0.46 kw, 1.7 kw, and 3.5 kw at forward speeds of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 km h-1, respectively. PubDate: 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82249 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Pritam Kumar Patel, Suborna Roy Choudhury, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, Anupam Das, Sushil Kumar Pathak, Devashish Kumar, Chandan Kumar Panda Pages: 305 - 312 Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different input management practices on the growth, biomass production and yield of maize. The study was carried out during the rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Seven nutrient management practices were tested in combination with pest management practices. The treatments included a 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) through inorganic sources, 50% RDF through inorganic and 50% through organic sources, SPAD-based nitrogen management, and the addition of insecticide application. The results showed that the treatment with SPAD-based nitrogen management and insecticide application (N6) resulted in the highest plant height (200.3 cm at 120 DAS), leaf area index (4.5 at 90 DAS), biomass production (19,156 kg ha-1 at harvest) and crop growth rate (24.2 g m-2 day-1 at 90-120 DAS). This treatment also recorded the maximum total biomass (19,538.33 kg ha-1), stover yield (7,103.33 kg ha-1), grain yield (9,896.67 kg ha-1), and harvest index (49.65%), which were significantly superior to the farmer's practice (N7). In conclusion, the nutrient management practice with SPAD-based nitrogen management and insecticide application can be an effective tool for maximizing the productivity of the maize crop. PubDate: 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82252 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Neha Saini, Vindhya Bundela, Shivani Singh, Manvika Sahgal, Ajay Veer Singh Pages: 313 - 326 Abstract: Introduction: Bacillus subtilis (UP11) is a gram-positive, plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacterium (PGPR) isolated from the wheat rhizosphere. This bacterium produces siderophore, are low-molecular-weight, high-affinity molecules produced under iron-limiting conditions. This study aimed to optimize culture conditions for siderophore production and investigate the antagonistic activity against foliar blight pathogens. Work: The present study optimized the culture conditions for maximum siderophore production by evaluating various factors. The optimum pH for siderophore production was pH 7, yielding a maximum siderophore unit of 62.95%. Mannitol was identified as the best carbon source (59.14%), and ammonium nitrate as the best nitrogen source (63.04%). The presence of heavy metal Pb(NO₃)₂ in the succinate broth led to the highest yield (61.36%). The optimal iron concentration for siderophore production was determined to be 50 μM. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was used to investigate these parameters and their effects. Result: The optimized siderophore was partially purified using ethyl acetate extraction. This extract exhibited significant mycelial fungal inhibition, with 59.64% and 50.88% inhibition against Alternaria triticina and Bipolaris sorokiniana, respectively. The filtrate was also tested for its germination potential, demonstrating its dual role as a biocontrol and plant growth-promoter. The filtrate enhanced the percentage of germination, root and shoot length. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Bacillus subtilis (UP11) can produce substantial quantities of siderophores, which exhibit potent antagonistic activity against foliar blight pathogens and promote plant growth. This study holds promise for advancing the development of novel biological control agents, offering the dual benefits of disease control and plant growth promotion. Siderophore producing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) shows both antifungal and plant growth promoting activity. PubDate: 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82251 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Truptimayee Sahoo, P. Radhika, Ch. Srilatha, K. Supriya Pages: 327 - 330 Abstract: The secondary distribution network refers to the comprehensive set of activities involved in the management and execution of the post-production supply chain, encompassing storage, transportation and distribution. Secondary distribution involves the coordination of various elements, such as inventory management, order fulfillment and transportation, to ensure timely and cost-effective delivery of goods to end-users. Efficient distribution network ensures timely availability of these products, enabling farmers to address pest infestations promptly and prevent significant crop losses. This manuscript on examining the issues faced by supply chain partners in the secondary distribution network for Crop Protection Chemicals (CPCs) is highly significant for the scientific community. It sheds light on crucial aspects of logistics management, secondary distribution networks and supply chain challenges in the agricultural sector. The use of the Garett Ranking Technique for analysis adds a methodological strength to the study. Overall, this manuscript provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals in the field of agrochemicals and agricultural supply chains. Based on the results, the issues faced by supply chain partners are identified and ranked on the basis of Garett Ranking Technique. Implementing barcode scanners, negotiating transportation rates and automating customer notifications can significantly reduce operational costs and improve accuracy. PubDate: 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82250 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Talapala Sai Kumar, Sake Manideep, B. Tulasi, Thrisha K.S Pages: 331 - 335 Abstract: This study investigated the impact of constant temperatures (-15°C, 7°C, 28°C, and 35°C) on Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). The results indicated that temperatures outside the control temperature of 28°C i.e. (-15°, 7°, and 35°C) significantly affected the biological parameters of C. chinensis. Specifically, adult emergence and egg hatching rates were most favourable at 28°C compared to the other temperatures tested. These findings emphasize the temperature sensitivity of C. chinensis and highlight 28°C as optimal for its developmental processes. PubDate: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82253 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Harshitha H. C., V. R. Kiresur, M. Y. Teggi, J. A. Hosmath, Sarojani J. Karakannavar Pages: 336 - 343 Abstract: Aim: Agriculture has been the foundation of India's economy for centuries, providing livelihoods for a significant portion of the population. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of agricultural commercialization on diversity of agriculture. Specifically, it assessed the degree of commercialization and determined the diversification index for the study area. Specific Objective of the Study: To study the effect of commercialization on the diversity of agriculture in the study area. Place and Duration of the Study: The present study was conducted in Dharwad, Gadag, Belagavi and Bagalkote districts of North Karnataka based on the gross irrigated area. The study was conducted for agricultural year 2022-23. Methodology: The study utilized primary data gathered through personal interview method with 240 farm households from 24 villages across eight talukas in four districts of North Karnataka. It employed descriptive statistics and calculated the Household Crop Commercialization Index (CCI) to measure the extent of agricultural commercialization, along with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to assess diversification. The Regression Adjustment (RA) method was employed to analyze how commercialization influences agricultural diversity. Results and Discussion: In regions considered less progressive, the CCI was lower at 89.54 per cent compared to more progressive areas where it reached 96.02 per cent, indicating a disparity in the degree of crop commercialization. Similarly, the HHI was lower in less progressive areas (0.45) compared to more progressive areas (0.66), indicating a less concentrated market structure. In areas characterized by higher progressiveness, farmers predominantly cultivated sugarcane, a crop with strong commercial value, which limited agricultural diversification. A notable gender difference was observed at a significance level of 10 per cent. Households with higher levels of commercialization exhibited significantly greater agricultural assets and slightly larger land holdings, indicating improved access to markets and higher agricultural productivity. The RA model in the analysis indicated a substantial ATET coefficient of 0.44, suggesting that increased commercialization strongly promotes agricultural diversity. Conversely, less commercialized households showed a POM coefficient of 0.07, confirming some degree of diversification. Significance of the Study: The study highlighted the dual role of agricultural commercialization in improving economic stability and promoting sustainable livelihoods, while also revealing critical gender disparities that necessitated inclusive policies. These insights have important implications for policymakers aiming to foster equitable agricultural development and strengthen community cohesion through enhanced economic and social support structures. PubDate: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82254 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Anuradha U. B, M. G Patil, A. R. Kurubar, Shekharagouda Patil, Amaregouda N, Ananda N Pages: 344 - 349 Abstract: Kalmegh is being used form the immortal time for treating the cold, fever, snake bite, diabetics, liver diseases etc. An field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019-2020 at Horticulture Farm, Main Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India, to study the response of plant geometry and integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of kalmegh. The experiment was laid out in a spilt plot design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. The results revealed that spacing of 30cm x 45 cm with imposition of 50% RDN + 50% vermicompost equivalent to recommended N found to be significantly higher number of primary branches and leaves per plant, leaf area and dry matter accumulation over the other treatments. The fresh and dry herbage yield per hectare were resulted in the significantly higher in the spacing of 30cm x 15 cm with the application of 50% RDN + 50% vermicompost equivalent to recommended N. PubDate: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82255 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Neelam Kumari, Poonam Yadav Pages: 350 - 357 Abstract: Aims: To assess the knowledge regarding infertility its causes, risk factors, diagnosis and treatments of infertile women who are receiving treatment or have taken treatments for infertility. Study Design: Descriptive research study. Place and Duration of Study: Two districts of Haryana state i.e. Rewari and Hisar were randomly selected, and the data were collected between November 2022 and June 2023. Methodology: The study respondents were 200 infertile women seeking treatment or have taken treatment for their childlessness; the age range 22-42 years were interviewed using pretested self-structured interview schedules. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 29.86 years. Less than half (48.7%) understood the correct meaning of infertility, 170(44%) agreed that witchcraft could cause infertility while 230(59%) disagreed that infertility could be prevented. Two hundred and sixty (67%) and 283 (73%) of the respondents had good knowledge and perception towards infertility respectively. Conclusion: Respondents’ knowledge regarding infertility its causes, risk factors, diagnosis and treatments were suboptimal in this study. By focusing on specific fertility education and raising public awareness of the condition's causes and risk factors, we can potentially reduce the prevalence of this condition. PubDate: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82256 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Pottimurthy Venkatesh, K. Vani Sree, S. Upendhar, B. Mallaiah Pages: 358 - 363 Abstract: A roving survey was conducted in maize during the rabi season of 2023-24, covering three agroclimatic zones aimed to assess the extent of damage inflicted by fall armyworm. The survey assessed FAW infestation levels and leaf injury ratings at both vegetative and reproductive stages of maize. The findings revealed varying degrees of infestation and damage across different villages and different agro climatic zones, with the highest infestation rates recorded in the South Telangana Zone. Notably, the study identified Lingasanipally village in Nagarkurnool district experienced the highest infestation 80% during the vegetative stage. Leaf injury ratings ranged from 2.1 to 6.12, with the highest rating (6.12) recorded in Latpally village of Nagarkurnool district. PubDate: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82257 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Sandeep Maurya, R.B. Singh, Rajiv, D.P. Singh, Nirankar, Anoop Kaumar Gautam, Sanjay Verma, Devendra Mishra Pages: 364 - 370 Abstract: The present experiment was conducted during Zaid season of 2023-2024 at Department of vegetable science Kalyanpur, Kanpur. The trial was laid down in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and thirteen treatments viz. T1- Control Plot water spray at 25,40 and 55 DAS, T2- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 25 DAS, T3- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 40 DAS, T4- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 55 DAS, T5- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 25 & 40 DAS, T6- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 40 & 55 DAS, T7- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 0.5% of foliar spray at 25,40 & 55 DAS, T8- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 25 DAS, T9- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 40 DAS, T10- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 55 DAS, T11- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 25 & 40 DAS ,T12- NPK (19:19:9:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 40 & 55 DAS and T13- NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 25,40 & 55 DAS. Result of study revealed that maximum vine length (400.00 cm), first fruit harvest (53.927 DAS), fruit length (23.600 cm), fruit width (4.00cm), internode length T13 (18.900 cm), number of fruits per vine (14.700), yield per plant (2.60 kg), yield per plot (23.900 kg), yield per hectare (98.200 quintal), Vitamin C (4.043 mg/100gm), TSS (3.693 %) and minimum days to first male flower (39.497 DAS), days to first female flower (39.800 DAS) and first fruit harvest (51.927) was found in treatment T13 NPK (19:19:19:) @ 1.0% of foliar spray at 25,40 & 55 DAS. Keywords: Cucumber, NPK, foliar feeding, growth, and yield. PubDate: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82259 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Daniel Udo Abia, Ify L. Nwaogazie, Patrick Chinemerem Pages: 371 - 381 Abstract: This study investigates the company-controlled causes of barrier failure in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Also, it focuses on oil and gas facilities and their operations involving hydrocarbon handling. Safety Barriers in the oil and gas industry are crucial safety systems designed to prevent hazards and mitigate the consequences of incidents. These barriers, encompassing technical, operational, and organizational elements, play a significant role in handling hazardous substances and preventing their unintended release. Despite their importance, barrier failures have been identified as major causes of process safety incidents globally, including Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A cross-sectional research design, using a questionnaire to collect primary data from 132 personnel across 12 facilities, was employed. Statistical data analyses were carried out using XLSTAT Version 2016. Findings indicate that process upsets and technical/physical failures are significant risk influencing factors, while human and operational errors, though present, are less impactful. Key technical failures include degradation of valve sealing and flange gaskets, while process upsets often result from overpressure and malfunctioning transmitters. The study highlights the need for improved risk reduction strategies and periodic training to enhance safety practices in the Niger Delta's oil and gas industry. Recommendations include increasing technical components of risk strategies and ensuring regular maintenance and compliance with safety regulations; that is, proactive maintenance strategies to mitigate the identified risks. PubDate: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82260 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Niru Kumari, Mukul Kumar, Ashutosh Singh, Amit Kumar Pandey Pages: 382 - 393 Abstract: The maintenance of soil fertility and on-farm research or demonstrations might be enhanced by precision agricultural technologies. Using state-of-the-art technology, precision agriculture boosts agricultural output without negatively affecting the environment. Utilising cutting-edge technology and data analysis, precision agriculture aims to boost production, minimise waste, and maximise crop yields. This might be a viable approach to addressing some of the main problems facing modern agriculture, such feeding an expanding global population while lessening its impact on the environment. The application of precision agriculture starts with the collection of real-time data from various sources, such as satellite imagery, remote sensing, global positioning systems, geographic information systems, drones, soil sensors, and weather stations. Precision agriculture has become essential in addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population, climate change, and resource constraints. Recognising within-field variability and providing chances for differentiating treatment of sections within a field or industrial unit are what fuel demand for precision agriculture. Precision agriculture technology plays an important part in sustainable soil and crop management in modern agriculture by lowering crop production inputs and managing lands in an ecologically responsible way. PubDate: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82261 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Srinivasu P, Parkavi S, Ragul P, Narinder Panotra, Thrilekha D, Lalit Upadhyay, Bhavanasi Sai Meghana, Khrüzho Sakhamo Pages: 394 - 404 Abstract: Community engagement and participation play pivotal roles in advancing sustainable horticultural development. This study explores the impact of community involvement in horticulture, emphasizing collaborative efforts that drive sustainable practices and innovation. Engaging communities in horticultural activities fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to improved environmental stewardship and sustainable agricultural practices. Key strategies include participatory planning, local knowledge integration, and inclusive decision-making processes. These approaches enhance resource management, boost productivity, and ensure the long-term viability of horticultural projects. Furthermore, community participation in horticulture promotes social cohesion and empowers marginalized groups by providing economic opportunities and fostering resilience against climate change. This paper highlights successful case studies where community-driven horticultural initiatives have led to significant environmental and socio-economic benefits. The findings underscore the necessity of fostering strong community networks and partnerships with governmental and non-governmental organizations to support sustainable horticultural development. By actively involving community members in the planning and implementation stages, horticultural projects can be tailored to meet local needs and preferences, thereby enhancing their sustainability and effectiveness. This research advocates for policies that encourage community participation and provide the necessary support and resources for communities to actively engage in horticultural activities. In conclusion, community engagement is not merely an auxiliary component but a fundamental driver of sustainable horticultural development, essential for achieving environmental sustainability and social well-being. PubDate: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82262 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Somashekar K S, Moinuddin, Ningaraj Belagalla, Srinatha; T. N., G J Abhishek, Vikas Kumar, Anjali Tiwari Pages: 405 - 419 Abstract: Precision agriculture (PA) represents a transformative approach to farming, employing advanced technologies to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. This review article provides an in depth analysis of the latest innovations in PA techniques, their diverse applications, and future directions. Precision agriculture is revolutionizing the agricultural landscape by integrating sophisticated tools such as GPS, remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. These technologies enable farmers to monitor and manage variability in crop production meticulously, optimize the use of inputs, and enhance overall farm management practices. The key innovations in PA include the development and application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), which facilitate accurate mapping and variable rate technology (VRT) for site specific input management. Remote sensing technologies, encompassing both satellite imagery and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), provide critical insights into crop health, soil conditions, and weather patterns, allowing for proactive and informed decision making. The integration of IoT in agriculture involves deploying sensors and connected devices to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and other environmental parameters in real time. This integration supports precision irrigation, climate monitoring, and efficient resource utilization. Big data analytics further enhances PA by processing vast amounts of data to generate actionable insights, enabling predictive analytics and decision support systems (DSS) that aid in optimizing farming operations. The article explores the applications of these advanced techniques in crop management, resource use optimization, and environmental stewardship. Examples include variable rate application of fertilizers, precision irrigation systems, and automated machinery such as drones and robotic harvesters. These innovations lead to significant improvements in crop yields, resource efficiency, and sustainability. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges associated with the adoption and implementation of PA technologies. These challenges include data management complexities, high initial costs, limited accessibility, and the need for technical expertise. The article discusses potential solutions such as cloud computing, machine learning algorithms, government subsidies, collaborative models, and comprehensive training programs to mitigate these barriers, the review highlights the integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and enhanced connectivity through 5G networks as pivotal developments that will further revolutionize precision agriculture. AI and machine learning will enhance predictive modeling and automated decision making, while blockchain will ensure transparency and traceability in supply chains. Enhanced connectivity will facilitate real time monitoring and collaborative platforms, driving efficiency and innovation in farming practices. PubDate: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82263 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Romit Olakiya, Yogeshkumar A. Lad Pages: 420 - 427 Abstract: The Indian agriculture sector heavily relies on quality seeds for optimal crop productivity. The Indian seed industry plays a crucial role in providing high-quality seeds to farmers. Hybrid seeds are preferred over open-pollinated varieties, and quality seeds not only increase yield but also reduce production costs. The majority of farmers in Rajkot District are middle-aged, with varied education levels and predominantly low incomes. Experienced middle-aged farmers dominate the region, with small and semi-medium landholdings. Different crops are grown across the Kharif, Rabi, and summer seasons, highlighting diverse cropping patterns. The survey in Rajkot District reveals diverse irrigation sources, with various preferences for cumin seed brands among farmers. Factors influencing cumin seed purchases include performance, branding, quality, growth, and price. Retailers' suggestions, demonstrations, and farmers' meetings are the most effective marketing tools. Overall, 61.84% of respondents rated their experience as good, suggesting satisfaction with products and services, but there is room for improvement. PubDate: 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82264 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Nirankar, Joydip Mandal, Alina Parveen, Anil Kumar Singh, Shivam Kumar Singh, Braj Kishor Pages: 428 - 435 Abstract: Present experiment entitled “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in cv. Bidhan Chilli-4" was conducted at experimental farm of Horticulture and Post-harvest Technology, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Palli Shikhsha Bhavana Visva Bharati West Bengal during rabi season of 2020. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatments. The concentrations of treatments were T1 =NAA 25 ppm, T2 = NAA 50 ppm, T3 = NAA 75 ppm, T4 = GA3 5 ppm, T5 = GA3 15 ppm, T6 = GA3 30 ppm, T7 = CCC 200 ppm), T8= CCC 400 ppm, T9 = CCC 600 ppm and T10 Control. The result of the study revealed that maximum plant height (30.96, 44.40, 54.06 and 67.01cm at 30,60, 90 and 120 DAT respectively), number of branches per plant (8.96, 13.43, 18.00 and 23.53 at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT respectively), plant spread (19.50, 30.96, 40. 10 and 54.73 cm at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT respectively), flowers per plant ( 400.20), fruits per plant (144.33), fruit length ( 9.63 cm), breadth of fruit (1.93 cm ), yield per plant ( 399.43 g), yield per plot ( 98.74 kg/ plot) , yield per hectare (134.53 q/ha), ascorbic Acid (190.76mg/100g), capsaicin ( 0.38 %) capsanthin content (296.109 ASTA Unit), Oleoresin content (11.57%) and minimum days required to 50% flowering (41.68 DAT), were recorded in treatment T3- NAA (75 ppm). Therefore, it is recommended to employ the NAA 75 ppm to chilli growing farmers to enhance growth and maximize yield. PubDate: 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82265 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:S.B. Mounika, Srinivasappa K. N., Venkatesha M., Syed Ali Pages: 436 - 443 Abstract: Kalmegh has wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications. The active ingredient andrographolide is important bioprotectant. Organically grown medicinal plants fetch premium price in the market. Hence the need to explore different manures along with microbial consortia to improve its yield is essential. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with thirteen treatments. Different organic manures and combinations with neem cake were taken as treatments with three replications. Significantly higher plant height was observed in treatment - 100% RDF through vermicompost. Maximum plant spread was recorded in the treatment - 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through neem cake + microbial consortia. Application of sheep manure + neem cake resulted in higher number of branches plant-1, higher number of leaves plant-1, highest fresh weight, highest dry weight, highest root to shoot ratio, highest fresh herbage yield and highest B:C ratio. So, sheep manure + neem cake was found best compared to other manures and combinations. PubDate: 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82266 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Shaik Roshini, P. Radhika, Ch. Srilatha, A. Meena Pages: 444 - 451 Abstract: This study aims to analyse the storage capacities, space utilization, and inventory management practices of five depots in the South-1 zone: Hyderabad, Khammam, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Kurnool. The primary objective is to understand how effectively these depots manage their stock levels and space utilization, thereby providing insights for optimizing inventory management. Data collection focused on the storage areas, net storage available, and space utilization percentages, followed by an analysis of production, transportation, and storage processes. The study revealed that Hyderabad and Guntur have the largest storage capacities, with space utilization rates of 63% and 61%, respectively. Vijayawada, despite having a smaller storage area, demonstrated the highest space utilization efficiency at 67%. Khammam and Kurnool showed moderate utilization rates of 57% and 59%. Key findings highlight that efficient inventory management practices, including the first-in-first-out (FIFO) principle and meticulous handling during transportation, play a critical role in optimizing storage space and maintaining appropriate stock levels. The research concludes that depots with higher space utilization rates, such as Vijayawada, exemplify how efficient inventory management can enhance overall performance, even within limited storage areas. This study underscores the importance of effective inventory management in achieving optimal storage utilization and meeting customer demands. PubDate: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82267 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Ajit Kumar Singh, Anjali Tiwari, Milind D. Joshi, Vikas Kumar, Wajid Hasan, Veerendra Kumar Verma Pages: 452 - 463 Abstract: Small-scale farming plays a crucial role in the global agricultural landscape, contributing significantly to food security, rural livelihoods, and ecological sustainability. However, the economic viability of small-scale farming is increasingly challenged by the forces of globalization, market volatility, and changing consumer preferences. This article explores the economic viability of small-scale farming in a globalized market, with a specific focus on the world, Asia, and India. Through a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary data, including case studies, statistical reports, and policy documents, the article examines the key factors influencing the economic viability of small-scale farming, such as market access, agricultural policies, technological innovations, and sustainable practices. The findings reveal that while small-scale farming faces numerous challenges, it also presents opportunities for enhancing economic viability through targeted interventions, such as improving market linkages, promoting sustainable intensification, and leveraging traditional knowledge. The article concludes by proposing a framework for strengthening the economic viability of small-scale farming in a globalized market, emphasizing the need for inclusive policies, institutional support, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders. PubDate: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82268 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Dhruv Patil, Prajapati Mahesh. R, Akshay Dedaniya Pages: 464 - 469 Abstract: Aquaculture, especially shrimp farming, is rapidly expanding and crucial for meeting global seafood demand. In 2022, shrimp production hit 9.4 million tons. This industry provides significant employment and income, notably in India, where it supports over 14 million people. However, shrimp farming has environmental impacts, including mangrove degradation and freshwater depletion. In Andhra Pradesh, converting paddy fields to shrimp farms has led to soil salinization and reduced freshwater availability. The study "Assessing the Influence of Shrimp Farming on Rice Growers and Analyzing Policy Implications in Navsari District of Gujarat" examined rice growers' socioeconomic profiles, shrimp farming's impact on them, and policy implications. Data from 60 farmers revealed that most shrimp farmers are aged 31-40, own small land parcels, and have secondary education. Sixty-five percent reported increased soil and groundwater salinity, affecting crop productivity and environmental health. Policy analysis highlighted issues with subsidy access and untreated water discharge. Effective training schemes exist, but larger farms often neglect effluent treatment, causing environmental harm. Improved subsidy access, stricter effluent regulations, and sustainable practices are needed to balance economic benefits with environmental protection. PubDate: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82269 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:C. Sinega, R. Agila, M.Nirmala Devi, S. Kanaka, R.Gangai Selvi Pages: 470 - 476 Abstract: Aim: This study examines the performance of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, with a focus on identifying the key factors influencing their effectiveness. Methodology: Using an ex post facto research design in 2024, four FPOs operational for over three years were purposively selected, and a sample size of 120 members was chosen through simple random sampling. Data collection involved a comprehensive interview schedule assessing 14 personal, psychological, and socio-economic variables. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS software. Results: In the study examining the performance of FPOs in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, 14 personal, psychological, and socio-economic variables were analyzed for their influence on FPO performance. Eight variables showed a significant positive correlation with FPO performance such as education, farming experience, annual income, innovativeness, information source utilization, group cohesiveness, decision-making behavior, and attitude towards FPOs having the highest correlation. Conversely, two variables exhibited a negative correlation, with occupation showing a significant negative correlated. Four variables showed a positively correlated but not significant such as age, economic motivation, social participation and capacity building services, while farm size was also negatively correlated but not significantly. The model's R² value was 61.9%, indicating that these 14 variables collectively explain a substantial portion of the variation in FPO performance. This highlights the critical role of fostering positive attitudes, effective decision-making and other positively correlated factors to enhance FPOs performance. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of fostering positive attitudes and effective decision-making within FPOs to enhance their performance. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve these aspects within FPOs to ensure their success and sustainability. PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82270 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Dwarka, Shobharam Thakur, Anil Kumar, Kailash Kumar, Shradha Parmar, Deepali Vishwakarma, Nisha Chadar Pages: 477 - 484 Abstract: Mustard crops tend to be more vulnerable to various insect pests compared to other oilseed crops. This increased susceptibility is due to several factors, including the crop growth habits, environmental conditions, and the range of pests that specifically target mustard plants. One of the major causes of reduced production is the introduction of insects, such as L. erysimi (K.), B. brassica (L.), Athelia lugens proxima (K.), Pieris brassicae (L.), B. picta (K), Spodoptera litura (F.), Chromatomyia horticola (G.) Thrips tabaci and Bemesia tabaci (G.). Among them, Lipaphis erysimi K., is the most destructive pest in India and is present in many other nations. It is also discovered that the most favored crop for sucking complexes. Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects with a pearl-like shape and two cornicles, or honey tubes extending from the 5th or 6th abdominal segment. They go through four instars or nymphal stages before reaching adulthood. The abdomen of winged female aphids is a dark green color marked by dark lateral stripes between the body sections and dark veins on the wings. Aphids in males are typically olive-green to brown. The infestations usually begin in December and persist until March, thriving at temperatures of 20°C or lower. Cloudy and cold weather conditions further promote their growth. Aphids can produce about 45 generations annually. PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82271 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Manoj Kumar Chouhan, Netram Meena, Juhi Agrawal, Trilok Gupta Pages: 485 - 502 Abstract: The construction industry continually seeks sustainable materials to enhance the durability of structures while minimizing environmental impact. Ceramic waste, a by-product of the ceramic manufacturing process, presents a promising alternative. Traditionally used for tiles, sanitary ware, and bricks, ceramic materials are valued for their high strength, aesthetic appeal, and thermal insulation properties. The study indicates that ceramic waste enhances the durability of construction materials due to its inherent properties, such as low water absorption and high abrasion resistance. Additionally, utilizing ceramic waste addresses environmental concerns associated with landfill disposal, which include soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of landfill space. Incorporating ceramic waste into construction materials not only offers environmental benefits by reducing landfill waste and conserving natural resources but also provides economic advantages through cost-effective waste management and material production. This research explores the incorporation of ceramic waste into construction materials, emphasizing the enhanced durability properties like water absorption, Chloride test, UPV test, Electrical resistivity test, freezing and thawing test, drying shrinkage test and sulphate attack test of concrete and mortar mix while highlighting the dual benefits of improved material performance. The results of water absorption increases with ceramic amount increment, resistance to chloride ion rises to 20% replacement, drying shrinkage and electrical resistivity decreases with increase in amount of ceramic waste, freezing and thawing & sulphate attack showed that ceramic waste material used as aggregate increases, mass loss reduces due to freezing and thawing cycles and the amount of ceramic waste material used increases, compressive strength increases up to a certain limit when immersion in sulphuric acid solution. PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82272 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Nivedita Shettigar, Sumalini Katragadda, Bindiganavile Sampath Vivek, Sudha Krishnan Nair, P. Lakshmi Soujanya Pages: 503 - 507 Abstract: Present investigation was conducted in 144 maize hybrids of CIMMYT, Hyderabad along with 6 checks at ICRISAT, Hyderabad. The genotypes were evaluated for six quantitative traits: plant height, ear height, anthesis days, silking days, ear per plant and grain yield. Correlation among the traits came to a conclusion that anthesis days and silking are positively correlated with grain yield genotypically and plant height, ear height and ear per plant are positively correlated with grain yield phenotypically. Hence selection on five traits plays a vital role in increasing the grain yield. Clustering of genotypes based on the six traits divide the germplasm into two clusters. Each cluster has 85 and 65 genotypes respectively. Clustering the genotypes based the quantitative traits helps in understanding the relatedness between the genotypes. PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82273 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Anand B. A, Kathyayini H S., Divya J Pages: 508 - 517 Abstract: This research presents the development of a microcontroller-based weight measurement system tailored for liquid agricultural products. The system addresses the limitations of traditional manual weighing methods by incorporating a load cell, ADC, microcontroller, LCD, and Bluetooth module. The load cell converts weight into an electrical signal, processed by the microcontroller and displayed on the LCD. Calibration ensures accurate weight measurements. The system's portability, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendly interface make it a promising solution for agricultural applications. Quantitative aspects include the precise weight measurement enabled by the load cell and ADC, with calibration enhancing accuracy. Qualitative aspects encompass the system's ease of use, portability, and potential for integration into broader agricultural management systems. Future enhancements include additional sensors for comprehensive product analysis, cellular communication for remote data transmission, and data logging capabilities. This research contributes to the automation and efficiency of liquid weight measurement in agriculture, potentially improving resource utilization and crop yields. PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82274 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Kandala Divya, K. Sumalini, M.V. Nagesh Kumar, K. Lakshmi Prasanna Pages: 518 - 528 Abstract: Aim: Combining ability studies in popcorn to identify superior parents for commercial hybrid breeding. Study Design: line x tester mating fashion. Place and Duration of Study: MRC, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar Hyderabad, between 2023-2024. Methodology: Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) is a popular snack item both in India and other countries, the genetic base of popcorn germplasm is very narrow, and they resulted in few popcorn hybrids. In this study, a set of 44 popcorn hybrids obtained by crossing 22 inbred lines with two testers in line x tester fashion were evaluated along with parents and two standard checks i.e. Amber popcorn and BPCH-6. Results: Combining ability analysis implied significant differences among parents, crosses, parent’s v/s crosses for all the traits indicating variation in the selected lines of popcorn. For grain yield, lines PC 1, PC 116, PC 6-1, PC 12-2, PC 25, PC 201-1 and tester CML 451 were identified as good general combiners, whereas crosses, PC 1 x CML 451, PC 25-1 x CML 451, PC 71-1 x CML 451 and PC 5 x CML 286 showed high desirable sca effects for grain yield. The popping expansion trait in crosses viz., PC 22 x CML 451, PC 5 x CML 286, PC 72-2 x CML 451 displayed desirable sca effects. In addition to these hybrids PC 5 x CML 286 exhibited positive significant sca values along with high per se performance for both the traits. Conclusion: The lines which show desirable performance for yield and popping traits will be utilized in further development of popcorn hybrids. PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82275 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Mahesh Pathak, Milind D. Joshi, Sunil Kumar, Shakuli Kashyap, Wajid Hasan Pages: 529 - 549 Abstract: Agriculture plays a crucial role in poverty alleviation and rural development worldwide, particularly in developing regions like Asia and India. This article examines the multifaceted ways in which agriculture contributes to these goals, including income generation, food security, employment creation, and social rural empowerment. It highlights the challenges faced by smallholder farmers, such as limited access to resources, technology, and markets, and discusses strategies to overcome these barriers. The article also explores the potential of sustainable agricultural practices, value chain development, and policy interventions in fostering inclusive growth and reducing rural poverty. Case studies from various countries illustrate successful approaches and lessons learned. The analysis emphasizes the need for holistic, context-specific solutions that leverage the synergies between agriculture, poverty reduction, and rural development. By investing in agriculture and empowering rural and urban communities, nations can make significant strides towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and creating a more equitable and prosperous future for all. PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82276 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:P. Bindu Priya, T. Pradeep, K. Sumalini, D. Vishnuvardhan Reddy Pages: 550 - 561 Abstract: In the present challenging scenario of climate change, it is essential to breed maize cultivars that withstand stress especially abiotic stresses in a broader sense. Diversification of existing germplasm is invariable to harness the actual potential of maize hybrids which are bred for specific agroecosystems. Double crosses interact less with environment compared to single crosses and their broad parentage enables better performance under varied situations of cultivation. In the present study, impact of mating systems ie., self pollination, sib mating and open pollination was studied in a high yielding double cross of maize so as to identify robust and diverse recombinants. The double cross, (BML-32 x BML-6) x (BML-10 x BML-7) was imposed with the three types of mating systems for three consecutive seasons and the resultant S3 (F4) populations were evaluated for trait interrelationssips. It was observed that sib mating established stronger and highest number of positive correlations with seven and twelve additional positive correlations than self and open pollinations respectively among the yield and its attributing traits in its progenies. Therefore deploying sib mating cycles during line development may result in more effective selection processes. Results of path analysis, however, did not significantly vary with the mating type though sib mating showed lowest residual effect. PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82277 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Greeshma Vallala, J. Aravind Kumar, Y. Chandra Mohan, Santosha Rathod Pages: 562 - 572 Abstract: Aim: The present investigation was undertaken with 49 genotypes to study variability and genetic parameters in addition to character association and path effects of yield, yield attributing and quality traits. Design: Simple lattice design with two replications. Place of study: Forty-nine genotypes were sown at IIRR Farm at ICRISAT, Hyderabad during Kharif season 2023. Methodology: The data was collected for all the genotypes and evaluated for variability, correlation and path coefficient studies. Results: High range of variation and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, productive tillers plant-1, test weight, LB ratio, water uptake, kernel length after cooking, zinc content and iron content. Correlation revealed that the grain yield was positively correlated with days to 50% flowering, productive tillers plant-1, LB ratio and iron content, meanwhile plant height, test weight, head rice recovery, kernel length, kernel breadth, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, amylose content, kernel length after cooking, elongation ratio and zinc content were found to be negatively correlated. Path analysis identified that iron content exerted the highest direct positive effect on grain yield plant-1 followed by kernel length and productive tillers plant-1, indicating that selection for these characters is likely to bring about on overall improvement in grain yield directly. Conclusion: The study found adequate genetic variability, with high heritability and additive gene action in certain traits. The prime selection indices include days to 50% flowering, productive tillers plant-1, LB ratio, kernel length, and iron content. These parameters should be given priority in rice breeding programs for high grain yield and quality traits. PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82278 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:M. M. Pandya, R. R. Acharya, N. A. Patel, K. B. Kathiria, A. S. Bhanvadia, D. P. Gohil, J. N. Patel, V. I. Joshi Pages: 573 - 584 Abstract: In brinjal, consumer preference hinges on multifaceted criteria encompassing nutritional content, visual appeal, and culinary attributes, while farmers prioritize factors such as yield potential and market suitability. In response to this dual demand spectrum, the cultivar "Anand Raj" was meticulously developed, and tailored to excel in the unique agro-climatic conditions prevalent in middle Gujarat. Anand Raj, emerged from the controlled cross breeding program involving AB 07-2 x GOB 1 utilizing the pedigree method of plant breeding at the Main Vegetable Research Station of Anand Agricultural University, Anand, spanning the years 2017 to 2021. Anand Raj showcased a mean fruit yield of 425.77 q/ha, exhibiting 25.47, 20.90, 24.33, 25.69 and 32.00% higher fruit yield in whole Gujarat while evaluating under PET, SSVT and LSVT. Based on mean fruit yield data, Anand raj (513.18q/ha) exhibited 26.88, 31.65, 47.55, 35.76 and 32.00 higher fruit yield at Anand during the kharif season compared to the controls GAOB 2, GNRB 1, GRB 5, Swarna Mani Black and GOB 1, respectively. Fruits of this variety have Strong Fruit: Glossiness at harvest maturity and shows lower susceptibility to diseases and pests. This variety presents a promising option for middle Gujarat, offering improved yields and market preference. PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82279 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Sasikanth R, Ravichandran S Pages: 585 - 597 Abstract: Aim: This study conducts a meticulous evaluation of the functional and financial performances of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in Tamil Nadu, unveiling insights into their functional dynamics and assessing their economic sustainability Research Gap: In the limited literature on FPOs, the focus predominantly revolves around income and turnover metrics. This highlights a notable absence of comprehensive evaluation methods, emphasizing the need for thorough assessments of FPO performance. Additionally, there is a scarcity of studies specifically addressing the financial performance of selected FPOs in distinct regions. Study Location: The study is geographically focused on Tamil Nadu, with a specific emphasis on Farmer Producer Organizations specializing in millet and oilseed. Sample Size: The study encompasses thirty FPOs, with 15 focusing on millet and another 15 specializing in oilseed. Data Collection: A meticulous process, including stakeholder discussions and quantitative analyses, was employed to create a performance rating tool for FPOs. Adapted from GIZ India's 2020 tool for functional measures, this approach ensures standardized scoring. Data Analysis: Ratio analysis was employed to analyze the financial performance of the selected FPOs. Conclusion: FPOs in millet and oilseed clusters received positive scores due to strong governance, compliance, member engagement and efficient operations. Most millet-based FPOs have healthy short-term finances, but three face liquidity issues. Similarly, in the oilseed cluster, most FPOs fare well in the short term, except for one with liquidity concerns. To ensure sustainability, strategies should focus on financial ratio optimization, debt management and improving profit margins and Earnings per share. PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82280 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Sruthi G, Prameela M, Vidya Sagar B, Aruna kumari J Pages: 598 - 607 Abstract: Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), known for growing on decaying deciduous trees, are particularly notable for their health benefits. In Telangana state, the climate and agricultural waste provide optimal conditions for mushroom cultivation, which can boost the local economy and nutrition. The present investigation was taken up in Completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 3 replications to evaluate the performance of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) on seventeen different agro-based waste extract media and maintained at two different temperatures viz., 20°C and 24°C under in vitro conditions. Results revealed that at 20°C, the maximum mycelium growth of L. edodes was recorded in treatment T 17 (PDA) (75.33 mm, 90.00 mm) on 7 DAI (Days After Inoculation) and 14 DAI respectively, while minimum mycelium growth was recorded in T 8 (Sawdust + Paddy Straw) (22.00 mm, 35.00 mm). Similarly at 24°C treatment T 17 (PDA) and T 12 (Eucalyptus Bark + Wheat Grains and Sorghum Grains) recorded the maximum mycelium growth (90.00 mm, 90.00 mm) and T 8 (Sawdust + Paddy Straw) recorded minimum mycelium growth (30.33 mm, 42.97 mm) on 7 DAI and 14 DAI respectively. The Principal Component Analysis of recorded values of the mycelial growth was shown in the form of eigen values, the highest eigen values were recorded for L. edodes mycelial growth on 7 DAI and 14 DAI at 24°C indicating the significant influence of temperature and media. PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82281 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Navdeep Kaur, Jujhar Singh Pages: 608 - 614 Abstract: The present investigation was carried out at the laboratory of floriculture and experimental farm of Mata Gujri college, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 i.e., Sodium azide @1500ppm, T2 i.e., Sodium azide @2500ppm, T3 i.e., Sodium azide @3500ppm, T4 i.e., Sodium azide @4500ppm, T5 i.e., Diethyl sulphate @1500ppm, T6 i.e., Diethyl sulphate @2500ppm, T7 i.e., Diethyl sulphate @3500ppm, T8 i.e., Diethyl sulphate @4500ppm and T9 i.e., control. Observations were recorded for vegetative among all treatments maximum plant height (24.84cm), number of leaves per stem (8.95), number of stems per plant (7.48), stem length (22.85cm), leaf length (9.48cm), plant spread (24.89cm2) and diameter of main stem (9.39mm) were found maximum in T1 i.e., Sodium azide @1500ppm. Best vegetative parameters were recorded in Sodium azide @1500ppm Therefore, Sodium azide @1500ppm is best dosage for Calendula officinalis cv. Calypso orange. From the present study it can be concluded that the lowest concentration of Sodium Azide (1500ppm) reported the best performance of vegetative parameters such as plant height, number of leaves per stem, number of stems per plant, stem length, leaf length, plant spread, and diameter of main stem. From the results, it can be concluded that Sodium Azide @1500ppm is best dosage for Calendula officinalis cv. Calypso orange. PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82282 Issue No:Vol. 30, No. 8 (2024)
Open Access journal
Siderophore producing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) shows both antifungal and plant growth promoting activity.
