Authors:Raj Deep, Takuma Akazawa, Toshiyuki Yoshida, Yasuhisa Fujita First page: 207 Abstract: The fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) was monitored and studied in situ by controlling the plasma parameters of the direct current (DC) arc plasma system, such as the current density and chamber pressure. The optical emission signature of nitrogen was spectroscopically studied using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) techniques, and it showed a dependency on the nitrogen concentration in the ZnO nanoparticles in relation to the output of the ZnO NPs-based homojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The synthesized NPs had a good crystalline quality and hexagonal wurtzite structure, and they were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The photoluminescence properties of the ZnO NPs and the optical and electrical parameters of the LEDs were also analyzed and correlated. The results indicate that the nitrogen dopants act as acceptors in the ZnO NPs and are favored in low plasma temperatures during fabrication. We anticipate that the results can provide an effective way to realize reliable nitrogen-doped p-type ZnO and tremendously encourage the development of low-dimensional ZnO homojunction LEDs. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.3390/j6020016 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Matthew T.J. Halma, Jessica Rose, Theresa Lawrie First page: 220 Abstract: Pharmacovigilance databases are showing evidence of injury in the context of the modified COVID-19 mRNA products. According to recent publications, adverse event reports linked to the mRNA COVID-19 injections largely point to the spike protein as an aetiological agent of adverse events, but we propose that the platform itself may be culpable. To assess the safety of current and future mRNA vaccines, further analysis is needed on the risks due to the platform itself, and not specifically the expressed antigen. If harm can be exclusively and conclusively attributed to the spike protein, then it is possible that future mRNA vaccines expressing other antigens will be safe. If harms are attributable to the platform itself, then regardless of the toxicity, or lack thereof, of the antigen to be expressed, the platform may be inherently unsafe, pending modification. In this work, we examine previous studies of RNA-based delivery by a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and break down the possible aetiological elements of harm. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.3390/j6020017 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Sarwan Ali, Babatunde Bello, Murray Patterson First page: 236 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has generated a renewed interest in the larger family of Coronaviridae, which causes a variety of different respiratory infections in a variety of different hosts. Understanding the mechanisms behind the ability of a family of viruses to spill over into different hosts is an ongoing study. In this work, we studied the relationship between specific amino acid sites and the solvent accessibility of the surface (or spike) protein of different Coronaviridae. Since host specificity hinges on the portion(s) of the protein that interfaces with the host cell membrane, there could be a relationship between information gain in specific amino acid sites and solvent accessibility. We found a connection between sites with high information gain and solvent accessibility within several major subgenera of Coronaviridae. Such a connection could be used to study other lesser-known families of viruses, which is desirable because information gain is much easier to compute when the number of sequences is large, as we show. Finally, we produced a visualization of the sequences within each major subgenus and discussed several regions of interest, as well as focused on some pairs of Coronaviridae hosts of interest. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.3390/j6020018 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Pavel Anatolyevich Nikolaychuk First page: 248 Abstract: The spectrophotometric methods of determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredients meloxicam and nimesulide were reviewed and a simple UV-spectrophotometric method for the determination of these active pharmaceutical ingredients in industrial equipment cleaning validation samples was proposed. The methods were based on extraction of the residual quantities of meloxicam and nimesulide from the manufacturing equipment surface by the concentrated sodium carbonate solution and the subsequent UV-spectrophotometric determination of the basic forms of the drugs at the wavelength of 362 nm for meloxicam and at 397 nm for nimesulide. The calibration graphs were linear in the range from 5 to 25 mg/L of both nimesulide and meloxicam, the molar attenuation coefficients were 6100 m2/mol for nimesulide and 9100 m2/mol for meloxicam, the limit of detection was 0.8 mg/L for nimesulide and 1.9 mg/L for meloxicam and the limit of quantification was 2.5 mg/L for nimesulide and 5.8 mg/L for meloxicam. The methods were selective with respect to the common excipients, showed a good accuracy (the relative uncertainty did not exceed 7%) and precision (the relative standard deviation did not exceed 4%), did not require lengthy sample preparation or sophisticated laboratory equipment and were suitable for the routine analysis of cleaning validation samples. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.3390/j6020019 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Amal Al-Ghorayeb, Walid Al-Shaar, Adel Elkordi, Ghaleb Faour, Mohamad Al-Shaar, Youssef Attalah First page: 267 Abstract: Urbanization has led to the degradation of green areas and natural resources, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and natural benefits. Sustainable urban development (SUD) practices aim to balance urbanization with preserving and protecting green land and natural resources to achieve greater sustainability. This study evaluated land suitability for SUD in the Nabatiyeh area of Lebanon using a multi-criteria decision analysis technique, the analytical hierarchy process, combined with a geographic information system. The elevations and slopes were the most important criteria, followed by the distances from urban agglomeration and industrial areas, accessibility, and land cover types, with corresponding weights of 34% and 36%, 12%, 9%, 6%, and 3%, respectively. The study created a suitability map for future SUD. This identification assists urban planners and policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the development of urban areas. The study’s findings highlight the efficiency of combining multi-criteria decision analysis with geospatial techniques for urban planning and environmental management in promoting sustainable development and protecting the environment. Future research could explore the possibility of integrating administrative reforms to promote SUD, including improving governance, enhancing the efficiency of governmental agencies responsible for urban development, building scientific capacities, and increasing officials’ accountability. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/j6020020 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Alexander K. Saraev, Nikita Yu. Bobrov, Arseny A. Shlykov First page: 286 Abstract: In the controlled source radiomagnetotelluric (CSRMT) sounding method, a horizontal magnetic dipole, HMD (vertical loop) or a horizontal electric dipole, and HED (grounded line) are used as sources. When working with HMD, the source is usually tuned to resonance to increase the current in the loop. However, the disadvantage of this approach is the narrow frequency range realized in the CSRMT method (1–12 kHz) and the short operating distance from the source (600–800 m). The need to tune the source to resonance at each selected frequency reduces the efficiency of the survey. In the case of using HED for sounding, measurements are performed in a wider frequency range of 1 to 1000 kHz, and along with the signal of the base frequency, its subharmonics are measured. In this case, emitted signal measurements are possible at a distance of up to 3–4 km from the source. At the same time, the disadvantage of using HED is that it requires grounding, the arrangement of which requires additional time when working on frozen ground or dry stony soil. We consider the possibilities of generation and registration of signals of subharmonics of base frequencies when applying the CSRMT method with loop sources—HMD and VMD (horizontal loop). A matching unit (MU) based on a step-up transformer was developed, which increases the output voltage of the CSRMT transmitter. In a field test with base frequencies of 20, 40, and 80 kHz, the signal amplitudes increased by a factor of two to four for subharmonics at frequencies of 60–200 kHz and by up to 10–13 times for subharmonics at frequencies of 200–500 kHz due to transformation of signal spectrum provided by MU. The possibility of using odd subharmonics of base frequencies for inversion has been demonstrated in the results of field experiments with different sources (HED, HMD, and VMD). This expands the frequency range of the method when working with loop sources and increases the survey’s effectiveness. The use of loop sources in the CSRMT method is especially advantageous for winter work in Arctic regions. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/j6020021 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Rizos N. Krikkis First page: 302 Abstract: The multiple steady states of Ag/Bi2212-composite high-Tc superconducting leads modeling current delivery to a superconducting magnet have been numerically calculated. The model is based on longitudinal conduction combined with convective heat dissipation from a helium gas stream along the conductor. Because of the nonlinearities introduced by the voltage–current relationship and the temperature-dependent material properties, up to three solutions have been identified within the range of parameters considered. Linear stability analysis reveals that two of them are stable, i.e., the superconducting and the normal branches, while the remaining one is unstable. The limit points separating the stable from the unstable steady states form the blow-up threshold, beyond which any further increase in the operating current results in a thermal runway. Interesting findings are that for low filling ratios no bounded solution exists when the length of the lead exceeds the lower limit point, while very high maximum temperatures may be encountered along the normal solution branch. The effect of various parameters such as the conduction–convection parameter, the applied current, and the reduction in coolant flow (LOFA) on the bifurcation structure and their stabilization effect on the blow-up threshold are also evaluated. Apart from the steady and unsteady operating modes, the multiplicity analysis is also used to identify the range of the design and operating variables where safe operation, with a sufficient margin from the onset of instabilities, may beestablished, thus facilitating the protection of the leads and the device connected to it. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.3390/j6020022 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
Authors:Gupta, Jayaraman, Sidhu, Malviya, Chatterjee, Chhikara, Singh, Chanda First page: 32 Abstract: Foot-related problems are prevalent across the globe, and this issue is aggravated by the presence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic-foot-related issues include extreme foot pain, plantar corns, and diabetic foot ulcers. To assess these conditions, accurate characterization of plantar pressure is required. In this work, an in-shoe, low-cost, and multi-material pressure measuring insole, based on a piezoresistive material, was developed. The device has a high number of sensors, and was tested on 25 healthy volunteers and 25 patients with different degrees of diabetes. The working range of the device was observed to be 5 kPa to 900 kPa, with an average hysteresis error of 3.25%. Plantar pressure was found to increase from healthy to diabetic volunteers, in terms of both standing and walking. In the case of the diabetic group, the-high pressure contact area was found to strongly and positively correlate (R2 = 0.78) with the peak plantar pressure. During the heel strike phase, the diabetic volunteers showed high plantar pressure on the medial heel region. In regard to the toe-off phase, the central forefoot was found to be a prevalent site for high plantar pressure across the diabetic volunteers. The developed device is expected not only to assist in the prediction of diabetic ulceration or re-ulceration, but also to provide strategies and suggestions for foot pressure alleviation and pain mitigation. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/j6010003 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Sergey Goncharov, Andrey Nechesov First page: 48 Abstract: A lot of libraries for neural networks are written for Turing-complete programming languages such as Python, C++, PHP, and Java. However, at the moment, there are no suitable libraries implemented for a p-complete logical programming language L. This paper investigates the issues of polynomial-computable representation neural networks for this language, where the basic elements are hereditarily finite list elements, and programs are defined using special terms and formulas of mathematical logic. Such a representation has been shown to exist for multilayer feedforward fully connected neural networks with sigmoidal activation functions. To prove this fact, special p-iterative terms are constructed that simulate the operation of a neural network. This result plays an important role in the application of the p-complete logical programming language L to artificial intelligence algorithms. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.3390/j6010004 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Alexander Robitzsch First page: 58 Abstract: The two-parameter logistic (2PL) item response model is likely the most frequently applied item response model for analyzing dichotomous data. Linking errors quantify the variability in means or standard deviations due to the choice of items. Previous research presented analytical work for linking errors in the one-parameter logistic model. In this article, we present linking errors for the 2PL model using the general theory of M-estimation. Linking errors are derived in the case of log-mean-mean linking for linking two groups. The performance of the newly proposed formulas is evaluated in a simulation study. Furthermore, the linking error estimation in the 2PL model is also treated in more complex settings, such as chain linking, trend estimation, fixed item parameter calibration, and concurrent calibration. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/j6010005 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Reza Maleki, Libing Fu, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, Francisco Eduardo Gontijo Guimarães, Otávio Cabral-Marques, Gustavo Cabral-Miranda, Mohammad Sadraeian First page: 85 Abstract: Pulchellin is a plant biotoxin categorized as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIPs) which potentially kills cells at very low concentrations. Biotoxins serve as targeting immunotoxins (IT), consisting of antibodies conjugated to toxins. ITs have two independent protein components, a human antibody and a toxin with a bacterial or plant source; therefore, they pose unique setbacks in immunogenicity. To overcome this issue, the engineering of epitopes is one of the beneficial methods to elicit an immunological response. Here, we predicted the tertiary structure of the pulchellin A-chain (PAC) using five common powerful servers and adopted the best model after refining. Then, predicted structure using four distinct computational approaches identified conformational B-cell epitopes. This approach identified some amino acids as a potential for lowering immunogenicity by point mutation. All mutations were then applied to generate a model of pulchellin containing all mutations (so-called PAM). Mutants’ immunogenicity was assessed and compared to the wild type as well as other mutant characteristics, including stability and compactness, were computationally examined in addition to immunogenicity. The findings revealed a reduction in immunogenicity in all mutants and significantly in N146V and R149A. Furthermore, all mutants demonstrated remarkable stability and validity in Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations. During docking and simulations, the most homologous toxin to pulchellin, Abrin-A was applied as a control. In addition, the toxin candidate containing all mutations (PAM) disclosed a high level of stability, making it a potential model for experimental deployment. In conclusion, by eliminating B-cell epitopes, our computational approach provides a potential less immunogenic IT based on PAC. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.3390/j6010006 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Haruhito Hiiro, Kentaro Otsuka, Shogo Hamaguchi, Iyuki Namekata, Hikaru Tanaka First page: 104 Abstract: The negative chronotropic effects of eight Vaughan Williams Class I antiarrhythmic drugs were examined in guinea pig right atrial tissue preparations. The drugs decreased the spontaneous beating rate at concentrations overlapping with their therapeutic blood levels. Cibenzoline, aprindine, flecainide, and propafenone showed stronger effects; 10 µM of each drug decreased the beating rate to about 75% of initial values. Disopyramide, mexiletine, pilsicainide, and ranolazine showed weaker effects; 10 µM of each drug decreased the beating rate to about 90% of initial values. The potency of drugs correlated with the reported IC50 values to block the L-type Ca2+ channel current rather than the Na+ and K+ channel currents. The reported IC50 values for the blockade of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (If) and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger current were much higher than those for the blockade of the L-type Ca2+ channel current. These results indicate that the negative chronotropic effects of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs can be largely explained by their blockade of the L-type Ca2+ channel. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/j6010008 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Wilfred A. Chisamile, Mubo A. Sonibare, John F. Kamanula First page: 115 Abstract: Local communities in Mzimba District, Malawi, have limited access to healthcare services and often rely on traditional medical practice and medicinal plants (MPs) for most of their medical care. However, phytomedicines’ use has not been well documented. This study aimed to identify and document medicinal plants and the associated ethnobotanical knowledge. Ethnobotanical data were collected in seven localities (19 villages) in the T/A Mbelwa, Mzimba, from May to June 2021. Forty traditional healers, herbalists, and farmers selected purposively and by snowball sampling were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, field observations, group discussions, and guided field walks. Quantitative indices, viz. relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), relative importance (RI) values, informant consensus factors (ICFs), and fidelity levels (FLs), were used to analyze the data. Eighty MPs belonging to 43 families and 77 genera were recorded. The Leguminosae family showed the highest number of species (16), followed by Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, and Phyllanthaceae. Trees (35 species) and roots (62%) accounted for the most significant habit and part, respectively. Washing (29%) was the most common preparation method. The most cited plant was Zanthoxylum chalybeum (RFC = 0.80, UV = 0.28, RI = 1.66), followed by Cassia abbreviata (RFC = 0.68, UV = 0.35, RI = 1.50). Respiratory disorders showed the highest ICF (0.53), followed by general and unspecified disorders (0.31). Z. chalybeum, C. abbreviata, and Oldfieldia dactylophylla showed maximum FLs (100%) for treating malaria and dysentery. Phytochemical, bioassay, toxicity, and conservation studies are needed to assess medicinal plants’ safety, efficacy, and quality as steps toward discovering new promising therapeutic leads without neglecting conservation programs for their sustainable utilization. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/j6010009 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Stylianos Vasileios Kontomaris, Georgios Chliveros, Anna Malamou First page: 140 Abstract: Solving nonlinear oscillations is a challenging task due to the mathematical complexity of the related differential equations. In many cases, determining the oscillation’s period requires the solution of complicated integrals using numerical methods. To avoid the complexity, there are many empirical equations in the literature that can be used instead of rigorous mathematical analysis to provide an acceptable approximation. In this paper, a recently developed method, He’s formulation, is applied to find the period in many different cases of nonlinear oscillators. The cases are those of the Duffing equation, the Helmholtz nonlinear oscillator, the simple pendulum and the case of a vertical oscillation under the influence of a nonlinear elastic force. The results of the method are accurate; thus, He’s formulation is a strong tool for solving nonlinear oscillations. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.3390/j6010010 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Jack Howard, Alexander Rodriguez, Neel Haldolaarachchige, Kalani Hettiarachchilage First page: 152 Abstract: Recent attempts at searching for new materials have revealed a large class of materials that show topological behaviors with unusual physical properties and potential applications leading to enthralling discoveries both theoretically and experimentally. We computationally predict new three-dimensional topological compounds of space group 139(I/4mmm). After conducting a full volume optimization process by allowing the rearrangement of atomic positions and lattice parameters, the first-principles calculation with a generalized gradient approximation is utilized to identify multiple Dirac-type crossings around X and P symmetric points near Fermi energy. Importantly, the band inversion at point P is recognized. Further, we investigate the compound for topological crystalline insulating behavior by conducting surface state calculation and by investigating gapping behavior by increasing lattice parameters. Additionally, we perform formation energy, elastic properties, and phonon modes calculations to verify the structural, mechanical, and dynamical stability of the compounds. Therefore, we suggest compounds for further investigation and experimental realization. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.3390/j6010011 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Vikram Venkata Puram, Anish Sethi, Olga Epstein, Malik Ghannam, Kevin Brown, James Ashe, Brent Berry First page: 164 Abstract: Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has killed over 1.5 million people worldwide. A constellation of multisystem involvement with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported. COVID-19 has been shown to affect the human nervous system, however, both the extent and severity of involvement have yet to be fully elucidated. In this manuscript, we aimed to better understand the effect of COVID-19 on neuro-respiratory status by studying COVID-19 patients who presented with central apnea. Methodology: We analyzed patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, laboratory results, and imaging results of three patients with symptomatic, PCR-proven COVID-19 and episodes of central apnea. Results: Of the three patients included in this study, two patients developed new central apnea, and one patient developed an exacerbation of underlying central apnea despite COVID-19 treatments with systemic steroids and remdesivir. All occurred, on average, 15 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. At 1-year follow-up, all patients experienced complete resolution of apneic breathing. Conclusions: Physicians should be vigilant for the presentation of COVID-19 with central apnea. Central apnea may be a complication in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. More research is warranted to further understand this association. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.3390/j6010012 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Christopher Onyemaechi Ezike, Chinwe Uwadiegwu, Aderonke N. Agbo First page: 172 Abstract: The acute toxicity of the detergent Nittol® 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 0.0 mg NTL/L of clean water on Heterobrunchus bidorsalis, 5.5 ± 0.3 g, 6.4 ± 0.5 cm were investigated, using semi-static bioassay, for 96 h in 50 L capacity plastic test bowls. The fingerlings of the same brood stock and age were collected from Onose Farms Limited, Ughelli, Delta State to the University Research Laboratory, Enugu Lat. 7.4 N; 8°7′5 and long 6°8′ E. 7°6′ W. The test fish were acclimatized for 14 days, and fed at 3% body weight once daily, on a 40% CP commercial diet. Feeding was suspended 24 h before and during the range finding and acute tests. The whole set-up was replicated three times, and no death was recorded during the acclimatization period and in the control. A total of 180 fingerlings were used, and 10 fingerlings were assigned to each replicate. The test set-up was monitored daily for water quality parameters, opercular ventilation, tail fin beat frequency, and mortality. Dose and time-dependent behavioural patterns exhibited by the test fish, during the exposure periods include rapid swimming, air gulping, loss of balance, and a period of convulsion before death. Significant elevation in pH and temperature, reduction of DO compared to the control (p < 0.05) in the water quality, and dose-dependent early elevation of the tail and fin movements declined towards the end of the experiment. The 96 h LC50 was determined to be 1.41 mg/L, indicating that the detergent NTL is toxic to the test fish. The haematological parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated ranges of RBC 5.20 ± 0.07–8.00 ± 0.02 × 106 mm3, HB 7.53 ± 0.50–10.72 ± 0.14 g/dl, PCV 13.20 ± 0.8.50–18.00 ± 0.43 % below their elevated respective controls of 10.50 ± 0.01 × 10 6 mm3, 11.00 ± 0.01 g/dl, and 23.48 ± 0.2.6 %. The white blood cells (WBC) recorded a significant (p < 0.05) increase in ranges of 23.72 ± 0.14–51.80 ± 1.9 × 103 mm3 above the control value of 11.00 ± 0.01 × 103 mm3 Therefore, values greater than the safe amount of 0.014 mg/L should not be allowed in the receiving culture waters for Heterobrunchus bidorsalis fingerlings. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-03-11 DOI: 10.3390/j6010013 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Christof Koplin, Eric Schwarzer-Fischer, Eveline Zschippang, Yannick Marian Löw, Martin Czekalla, Arthur Seibel, Anna Rörich, Joachim Georgii, Felix Güttler, Sinef Yarar-Schlickewei, Andreas Kailer First page: 180 Abstract: When finger joints become immobile due to an accident during sports or a widespread disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, customised finger joint implants are to be created. In an automated process chain, implants will be produced from ceramic or metallic materials. Artificial intelligence-supported software is used to calculate three-dimensional models of the finger bones from two-dimensional X-ray images. Then, the individual implant design is derived from the finger model and 3D printed. The 3D printing process and the structures used are evaluated via model tests and the final implant design via a reliability calculation in a way to ensure that this is also possible via an AI process in the future. Using additive manufacturing with silicon nitride-based ceramics, model specimens and implants are produced via the lithography-based ceramic vat photopolymerisation process with full geometry or elements of triple periodic minimal surfaces structure. The model specimens are tested experimentally, and the loads are matched with a characteristic strength assuming a Weibull distribution of defects in the volume to generate and match failure probabilities. Calculated fracture forces of the silicon nitride-based ceramic structure was validated by comparison of simulation and tests, and the calculation can be used as a quality index for training of artificial intelligence in the future. The proposed method for individualized finger implant design and manufacturing may allow for correction of potential malpositions of the fingers in the future. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.3390/j6010014 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Viet Tran, Giles Barrington, Zach Aandahl, Amelia Lawrence, Senudi Wijewardena, Brian Doyle, Louise Cooley First page: 198 Abstract: Rapid antigen testing (RAT) is a cost-effective and time-efficient method of identifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and therefore a critical part of infection control strategies. There is no published evidence evaluating the use of RAT during the Omicron wave of the COVID-19 pandemic for asymptomatic patients or its performance between waves. All patients presenting to an Emergency Department over a two-week period without COVID-19 symptoms were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using both the Abbott Panbio RAT as well as the gold standard reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Abbott Panbio RAT sensitivity was 13% (95% CI 0.028, 0.336) for asymptomatic patients. The use of this test in asymptomatic patients during the Omicron wave had a statistically significant reduction in sensitivity compared with two reports of the same test in previous waves (13% vs. 86%, p < 0.0001; 13% vs. 83%, p < 0.0001). As SARS-CoV-2 continues to mutate, the sensitivity of RATs are altered and needs to be continually re-evaluated for each variant of concern if they are to be used as part of an infection control strategy. Citation: J PubDate: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/j6010015 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2023)
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