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- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 92: No More Purification: A Straightforward
and Green Process for the Production of Melamine–Vanillylamine-Based
Benzoxazine-Rich Resins for Access to Various Composite Materials
Authors: Lisa Guinebaud, Huihui Qiao, Erwann Guenin, Adama Konate, Frederic Delbecq
First page: 92
Abstract: A rapid microwave-assisted process minimizing waste was set up to produce bio-based benzoxazine-like monomers produced from vanillylamine and melamine. Without excessive purification, different viscous liquid precursors had a remarkable ability to form four strong and transparent different solid cross-linked thermosets, displaying lower curing temperatures under 130 °C. The long and strong adhesive performance of the cured materials was observed using glass slides or aluminum surfaces and they could become a good alternative to adhesive epoxy resin for metal surfaces. At the higher temperatures, these solids could act as efficient flame-retardants proven by thermogravimetric measurements. The best candidates gave a limiting oxidation index value of 41.9. In order to improve the intrinsic surface hydrophobicity of the phenolic resins, slight amounts of silica and iron oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in the polymer matrix, and finally mechanical resistance was pointed out. The most promising of our melamine-based resin was loaded with aluminum pigment to furnish a silver-colored paste ready for being cured to afford a robust solid, which does not undergo contraction or deformation.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-20
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030092
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 93: The Fossil, the Green, and the
In-Between: Life Cycle Assessment of Manufacturing Composites with Varying
Bio-Based Content
Authors: Ulrike Kirschnick, Bharath Ravindran, Manfred Sieberer, Ewald Fauster, Michael Feuchter
First page: 93
Abstract: Bio-based composites offer potential environmental benefits over fossil-based materials, but limited research exists on manufacturing processes with varying material combinations. This study performs a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment of five composite types to evaluate the role of fully and partially bio-based composites, focusing on the manufacturing stage. The composite materials include glass or flax fiber-based reinforcements embedded in polymer matrices based on a fossil epoxy, a partially bio-based epoxy, or epoxidized linseed oil, fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin infusion. Flax fibers in a partially bio-based epoxy achieve the lowest environmental impacts in most categories when assessed at equal geometry. Glass fiber composites exhibit a higher fiber volume content and material properties and thus demonstrate competitive environmental performance at equal absolute and normalized tensile strength. Composites using epoxidized linseed oil are the least advantageous, with the manufacturing stage contributing a majority of the environmental impacts due to their comparatively long curing times. These results are based on methodological choices and technical constraints which are discussed together with benchmarking against previous studies. While partially bio-based materials can provide a middle ground for enhancing composite environmental performance, the further optimization of bio-based material functionality regarding material properties and processability is pivotal to exploit the full potential of bio-based composites.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-20
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030093
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 94: Free Vibration and Buckling Analysis of
Functionally Graded Hybrid Reinforced Laminated Composite Plates Under
Thermal Conditions
Authors: Reeta Gulia, Aman Garg, Vaishali Sahu, Li Li
First page: 94
Abstract: The present work aims to carry out free vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded hybrid reinforced laminated composite plates under thermal conditions. Finite element-based solutions are presented within the framework of recently proposed higher-order zigzag theory. Different variations of concentration of graphene platelets and fibers within the plate across its thickness are considered. First, the plate polymer is assumed to be reinforced using graphene platelets and then with fibers. The multiscale material properties of hybrid reinforced plates are obtained using the Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model. The nature of the distribution of graphene platelets and fibers across the thickness of the plate widely governs the free vibration behavior of functionally graded hybrid reinforced composite plates. The number of layers and shape factors also affect the free vibration behavior of functionally graded hybrid reinforced composite plates.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030094
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 95: Numerical Analysis of the Cyclic
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Incorporating Rubber
Authors: Mohammed A. M. Ahmed, Heba A. Mohamed, Hilal Hassan, Ayman El-Zohairy, Mohamed Emara
First page: 95
Abstract: A numerical analysis of rubberized reinforced concrete columns’ performance under cyclic loading is presented in this study. Three different concrete blends (M1, M2, and M3) were chosen based on the volume of fine aggregate replaced by varying percentages of crumb rubber (CR) (0%, 10%, and 15%). Under cyclic loads, three groups of rubberized reinforced concrete (RRC) columns with circular, square, and rectangular cross-sections and heights of 1.5 m and 2.0 m were analyzed using the finite element software ABAQUS. The proposed model effectively predicts the behavior of rubberized reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading. Additionally, these columns demonstrate improved performance in lateral displacement, displacement ductility, and damping ratio, with only a slight reduction in lateral load capacity. For the circular columns with a height of 1.5 m, the displacement ductility increased by 47.8% and 89.0% when the fine aggregates were replaced with 10% and 15% CR, respectively. Similarly, for square columns of the same height, the displacement ductility increased by 18.7% and 26.7% with 10% and 15% CR, respectively. The rectangular specimens exhibited enhancements of 34.74% and 58.95%, respectively. Although the analyzed rubberized reinforced concrete columns experienced slight reductions in the lateral load capacity compared to the non-CR columns, the cyclic damage resistance was notably improved.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030095
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 96: Compressive and Tensile Behavior of
Hexagonal Hourglass Cellular Composite Panels
Authors: Sofia Shaibakovich, Anna Dontsova, Darya Nemova, Vyacheslav Olshevskiy, Vitaly Sergeev, Jiandong Huang
First page: 96
Abstract: This study investigates the properties of structures with an ordered cellular internal configuration. Certain forms of the ordered internal structure contribute to the manifestation of auxetic properties. In this study, a hexagonal hourglass cell shape was chosen. The samples were 3D-printed with PLA and ABS filaments. The panels were subjected to out-of-plane compression. The Poisson ratio of the panels under compression was −0.06 for PLA samples and −0.05 for ABS samples. Tension tests were performed using two types of samples: type 1 with monolithic shoulders and type 2 with cellular shoulders. The average tensile strength of the type 1 samples was 0.482 ± 0.006 kN, whereas that of the type 2 samples was 0.416 ± 0.028 kN, which was 13.7% lower. The elongation at failure in the type 2 samples was 35% higher than that in the type 1 samples (1.85 ± 0.14 mm and 1.37 ± 0.08 mm, respectively). The higher deformation capacity of type 2 samples may be explained by the presence of an auxetic mesh over the entire sample. Auxetic properties are useful in numerous engineering fields. For civil engineering purposes, the blast-proof abilities of such structures are important. Thus, in future research, it is planned to create samples of fine-grain concrete with similar cellular structure.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030096
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 97: A Model of a “Smart”
Thermoresponsive Composite with Convertible Surface Geometry Controlled by
the Magnetocaloric Effect
Authors: Abdulkarim A. Amirov, Maksim A. Koliushenkov, Dibir M. Yusupov, Eldar K. Murliev, Alisa M. Chirkova, Alexander P. Kamantsev
First page: 97
Abstract: A model of a “smart” composite based on a thermosensitive PNIPAM polymer deposited on a FeRh substrate with a modified periodic microstructure was proposed. The initial parameters of the model were determined from the properties of the actual composite sample and its components. Cooling of the sample using a magnetic field was shown by two independent methods, and at ~37 °C, it was −5.5 °C when a magnetic field of 1.8 T was applied. Based on experimental data, models of traditional and modified PNIPAM/FeRh composites were constructed. Calculations show that surface modification allows for an increase in the activation time for a polymer layer that is 20 µm thick from ~20 ms for a conventional composite to ~60 ms for a modified composite. Modification of the surface in the form of wells can be used to more effectively implement the idea of loading and releasing drugs for potential biomedical applications.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030097
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 98: Electrical Properties of
Semiconductor/Conductor Composites: Polypyrrole-Coated Tungsten
Microparticles
Authors: Jaroslav Stejskal, Marek Jurča, Miroslava Trchová, Jan Prokeš
First page: 98
Abstract: Tungsten microparticles were coated with globular or nanotubular polypyrrole in situ during the oxidation of pyrrole in aqueous medium with ammonium peroxydisulfate or iron(III) chloride, respectively. The resulting core–shell composites with various contents of tungsten were obtained as powders composed of metal particles embedded in a semiconducting polymer matrix. The coating of tungsten with polypyrrole was analysed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The resistivity of composite powders was determined by the four-point van der Pauw method as a function of pressure applied up to 10 MPa. The degree of compression was also recorded and its relation to electrical properties is discussed on the basis of the percolation concept. The electrical properties of composites are afforded by polypyrrole matrix and they are independent of tungsten content. As the conducting tungsten particles are separated by polypyrrole shells, they cannot produce conducting pathways and behave similarly as a nonconducting filler.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-22
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030098
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 99: Development of Self-Healing Porcelain
Using UV-Curable Resin: A Biomimetic Approach with Dual-Layer Structure
Authors: Rui Tsutsumi, Mitsunori Yada, Hiromichi Ichinose, Yushi Oishi, Takayuki Narita
First page: 99
Abstract: This study presents a novel self-healing mechanism for porcelain ceramics using UV-curable resin to address the inherent brittleness of ceramic materials. A biomimetic double-layered structure was designed, consisting of a high-density outer layer for mechanical strength and a highly porous inner layer for resin storage. The porous layer, achieved through nylon microparticle addition and subsequent volatilization during sintering, reached a porosity of 67%. As confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and EDS analysis, UV-curable acrylic resin was successfully incorporated into the porous structure. Three-point bending tests demonstrated efficient healing with a recovery rate of 56% after 5 min of UV irradiation. Both cured resin weight and post-healing bending strength increased logarithmically with UV irradiation time. The bending strength after healing was strongly dependent on the cured resin weight and polymerization depth within the specimen, as evidenced by the correlation between increased polymerization area and higher bending strength. This approach offers a promising solution for developing more reliable and durable ceramic materials, which will be particularly beneficial for aerospace and medical applications where maintenance cost reduction and extended product life are crucial.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-23
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030099
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 100: Uncertainty-Based Design: Finite
Element and Explainable Machine Learning Modeling of Carbon–Carbon
Composites for Ultra-High Temperature Solar Receivers
Authors: Vahid Daghigh, Hamid Daghigh, Michael W. Keller
First page: 100
Abstract: Design under uncertainty has significantly grown in research developments during the past decade. Additionally, machine learning (ML) and explainable ML (XML) have offered various opportunities to provide reliable predictable models. The current article investigates the use of finite element modeling (FEM), ML and XML predictions, and uncertain-based design of carbon-carbon (C-C) composites for use in ultra-high temperatures. A C-C composite concentrating solar power (CSP) as a microvascular receiver is considered as a case study. These C-C composites are fiber composites with directly integrated carbonized microchannels to form a lightweight, high-absorptivity material that includes an embedded microvascular network of channels. The topology of these microchannels is engineered to optimize heat transfer to a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) heat transfer fluid. The mechanical characterization of C-C composites is highly challenging. Thus, designing every component made of C-C composites for ultra-high temperature applications needs an uncertainty-based analysis. As a part of a comprehensive project on the development of a novel carbonized microvascular C-C composite, this paper explores C-C composite sensitivity analysis, FEM, ML prediction, and XML analysis. The resulting composite can then be carbonized and coated with an oxidation-resistant coating to form a thermally efficient and mechanically robust C-C composite. An ANSYS 3-D-FE model was used to analyze the CSP’s stress/strain. To consider the variability in the mechanical and thermal properties of C-C composites, various mechanical properties are considered as the ANSYS FEM’s input. A synthetic dataset from 730 ANSYS runs was produced to feed into the ML and XML algorithms for uncertainty analysis and prediction. The ML and XML algorithms could accurately predict the CSP stresses/strains.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-23
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030100
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 101: Mechanical and Impact Strength
Properties of Polymer-Modified Concrete Supported with Machine Learning
Method: Microstructure Analysis (SEM) Coupled with EDS
Authors: Saleh Ahmad Laqsum, Han Zhu, Sadi Ibrahim Haruna, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Ali Al-shawafi
First page: 101
Abstract: This study investigated the mechanical and impact resistance properties of U-shaped polymer-modified concrete (PMC) incorporated with epoxy (EP) and polyacrylate (PA) binders. The polymer-modified concrete mixtures were prepared with varying binder contents (0 to 30%) at intervals of 10% for each EP and PA binder. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to study the microstructure of the polymer-modified concrete mixtures. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to predict failure crack strength (N2). The results indicate that EP binders enhance impact resistance but decrease compressive strength, whereas PA binders slightly improve both mechanical and impact properties. Introducing the EP binder into the PCM mixtures reduces the compressive strength by 4.91%, 15.09%, and 33.02% for EP10, EP20, and EP30, respectively, compared to the reference specimen, whereas the impact strength at the initial crack strength was improved by 127.64%, 221.95%, and 17.07% for EP 10, EP 20, and EP 30, respectively. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting N2, achieving R² values of 0.9892 and 0.9664 during training and testing, respectively.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-24
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030101
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 102: Validation of a FEM-Based Method to
Predict Crack Initiation from Arbitrary-Shaped Notches
Authors: Matthias Rettl, Christoph Waly, Martin Pletz, Clara Schuecker
First page: 102
Abstract: In this paper, specimens that contain cavities are tested and the critical force for crack initiation is compared to predictions made by the Coupled Criterion (CC). First, the material parameters Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, fracture toughness, and critical stress are calibrated with tensile tests of three specimen shapes. Then, the critical force and crack initiation position are predicted for three other specimen shapes, called validation specimens. The predictions made by CC use stresses and incremental energy release rates that are computed by the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Scaling Law based Meta Model (SLMM+AC). The predictions are validated against the tensile test results of the validation specimens. A Monte Carlo approach is used to compute prediction intervals for the critical force to make a statement about the quality of the predictions. The position of the crack initiation was predicted accurately, but the predicted critical loads deviated from the measured load up to 25%.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-24
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030102
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 103: Investigation of the Discrepancy
Between Optically and Gravimetrically Calculated Fiber Volume Fraction in
Flax-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Authors: Christoph Maier, Alexander Beckmann, Armin Wittmann, Klaus Peter Koch, Georg Fischer
First page: 103
Abstract: The fiber volume fraction significantly influences the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites. However, accurate measurements can be particularly challenging in natural-fiber-reinforced polymers. This study compared indirect methods using gravimetric and volumetric measurements with a U-Net-based direct method using micro-CT images for flax-fiber-reinforced polymers made via compression molding at 2.33–13.5 bar. A notable discrepancy was observed between the direct and indirect methods, with the latter yielding a fiber volume fraction approximately 25% lower than what could be determined optically. This difference arose from the matrix being absorbed by the fibers, resulting in a mixed region between dry fiber and pure matrix, further explained using a four-phase model. Our findings indicate that the volume fraction depended on the applied pressure. Specifically, we established a linear relationship between the fiber volume fraction and the pressure up to 9.4 bar, beyond which the fiber volume fraction plateaued. Furthermore, we examined the impact of void distribution in relation to pressure. At lower pressures, voids were distributed irregularly throughout the composite, whereas at higher pressures, the overall number of voids decreased, and they tended to concentrate primarily in the center.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-24
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030103
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 104: Effects of Alkaline and Carboxilated
Graphene Oxide (CGO) Treatment on Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical
Properties of Jute Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Hironmoy Chowdhury, Atik Saha, Mahbub Hasan, Julfikar Haider
First page: 104
Abstract: Sustainable and eco-friendly materials are vital for structural and energy storage applications. Synthetic fiber composites have long been utilized, but their high manufacturing cost and negative environmental impacts are concerning. This study aims to enhance the mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity of jute fiber–reinforced epoxy composites by hand-lay-up technique with fiber surface modification with alkali (KOH) and carboxilated graphene oxide (CGO). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed fiber surface modification and the presence of CGO particles over the fiber surface. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the thermal stability and crystallinity of the samples. The electrical conductivity was measured by an electrometer, and the mechanical properties were assessed through tensile and flexural strength tests. Alkaline and CGO-treated jute fiber epoxy composites exhibited remarkable enhancement in mechanical properties, which were attributed to improved fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. Electrical conductivity also improved significantly. However, a trade-off between mechanical and electrical properties, particularly due to the susceptibility of cellulose to alkaline treatment, warrants optimizing the performance of the composites. The developed composites would be suitable for industrial applications where improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity are required.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-24
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030104
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 105: Electrochemical Performance of
ZnCo2O4: Versatility in Applications
Authors: Soyama Sitole, Mawethu Pascoe Bilibana, Natasha Ross
First page: 105
Abstract: Zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4) is a ternary metal oxide found in spinel with promising properties for various applications. Optimizing its catalytic activity requires an understanding of its electrochemical behavior. The electrochemical properties of ZnCo2O4 have significantly improved due to recent developments in nanostructuring, doping, surface modification, hybridization, structural engineering, and electrochemical activation. These improvements have inspired and motivated researchers by presenting the latest developments in the field. The spinel structure, coupled with the redox properties of cobalt ions, semiconducting characteristics, and electrocatalytic potential, positions ZnCo2O4 as a versatile material for several electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. This review explores these advancements; the notable properties of ZnCo2O4; and its applications in sensors, batteries, photovoltaics, and supercapacitors.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-25
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030105
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 106: Stochastic Free Vibration Behavior of
Multi-Layered Helicoidal Laminated Composite Shells Under Thermal
Conditions
Authors: Aman Garg, Li Li, Mohamed-Ouejdi Belarbi, Weiguang Zheng, Roshan Raman
First page: 106
Abstract: The present work aims to quantify the influence of uncertainties in the ply orientation of multi-layered bio-inspired helicoidal laminated composite conical, hemispherical, and toroidal shells under thermal conditions. Any change in the ply orientation affects the free vibration behavior of the laminates. The present investigation focuses on the different levels of uncertainties in the ply orientation on the free vibration behavior of the shell. Moreover, the study also focuses on the sensitivity of the uncertainties in ply orientations on the free vibration behavior of the shells, which is also quantified. To quantify the stochastic free vibration behavior of the shells, the Gaussian process regression (GPR) machine learning algorithm-based surrogate model is developed to predict the frequencies of the shells. The surrogate is created in the framework of higher-order shear deformation theory. The uncertainties in the ply orientations are introduced using bootstrapping. The present results are compared with the stochastic frequencies obtained using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) to determine the model’s accuracy. The study highlights the influence of the temperature, type of shell, and end conditions on the stochastic free vibration behavior of bio-inspired laminated shells.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-25
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030106
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 107: Experimental Investigation of the
Effect of Seawater on Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites via Mechanical
Characterization
Authors: Senai Yalçınkaya, Dudu Mertgenç Yoldaş, Mehmet Fatih Yoldaş
First page: 107
Abstract: Since composite materials are light and corrosion-resistant, they have replaced many traditional materials in the aviation and marine industries. Composite materials have the advantages of a much higher strength–weight ratio, lower maintenance requirements, and the ability to form complex shapes, such as bodies, compared to carbon steel. In this study, the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced (CFRP) composite materials were investigated in marine applications in which composite materials had been used. In this study, 0/90 oriented twill weave eight-ply GFRP and eight-ply CFRP composite materials were used, incorporating the hand lay-up method and hot-pressing method. Seawater was taken from the Aegean Sea, Izmir Province (Balçova/İnciraltı), and had an average temperature of 22.43 °C. This seawater was kept in different containers for 30 days and 60 days (a total of 1440 h of keeping in seawater) with the intent to test the GFRP and CFRP composite samples separately. The produced CFRP and GFRP sheets were then cut with a wet (circular) saw in accordance with the standard procedure in the Composite Research and Testing Laboratory of the Dokuz Eylul University Department of Mechanical Engineering. Moisture retention percentages and Charpy impact tests were carried out. Then, three-point bending tests were carried out according to TS EN ISO 14125. The damage in the material was examined using a ZEISS Stereo Discovery.V12 imaging microscope (Oberkochen, Germany). The mechanical properties of CFRP- and GFRP-reinforced composite samples before and after aging were investigated using the Charpy impact test and three-point bending test. Then, the effects of the seawater environment on the mechanical properties of the CFRP and GFRP composite materials were evaluated by comparing the results. The aim was to better understand what kind of damage would occur in GFRP and CFRP composite materials given the effects of seawater and at what stages changes would occur in the mechanical properties of these materials. Moisture retention rates (%) in the tested samples after the Charpy impact test were 2.56% in GFRP and 0.47% in CFRP after 30 days. In the tested samples after the three-point bending test, these values were 1.41% in GFRP and 0.31% in CFRP after 30 days. Subsequent to the Charpy impact tests, the fracture toughness values of the CFRP samples tested at the 30 J impact energy level before aging in seawater conditions for 30 days or 60 days were found to be increased by 15.79% and 21.08%, respectively. The fracture toughness values of the GFRP tested at the 30 J impact energy level in dry conditions and kept in seawater for 30 days or 60 days were found to be 27.69% and 29.23%, respectively. The energy absorbed during the impact tests by the GFRP samples was higher than in the CFRP samples. This showed that the GFRP samples were more brittle. Subsequent to the three-point bending tests, the CFRP composite samples kept in seawater for periods of 30 days and 60 days showed changes in the modulus of elasticity of 7.48% and 7.46%, respectively, compared to the dry samples. The GFRP composite samples kept in seawater for periods of 30 days and 60 days showed changes in the modulus of elasticity of 7.015% and 11.53%, respectively, compared to the dry samples. The change in the modulus of elasticity was less in the CFRP samples than in GFRP. All of these results showed that the mechanical properties of CFRP were better than those of GFRP.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-25
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030107
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 108: Impermeability, Strength and
Microstructure of Concrete Modified by Nano-Silica and Expansive Agent
Authors: Pinmo Zeng, Mohammed A. A. M. Abbas, Xinyi Ran, Peipeng Li
First page: 108
Abstract: The impermeability of concrete is very important to its durability and service life, which could be affected by nanomaterial and mineral admixture additions. This paper tends to enhance the impermeability, strength, and microstructure of concrete using nano-silica (NS) and U-type expansive agent (UEA). The slump flow, compressive strength, chloride ion resistance, water penetration and absorption, hydration, and microstructure of concrete are investigated under different NS and UEA contents. The results indicate that an appropriate NS content of 2% contributes to dense pore structure and the generation of more hydration product for impermeability-enhanced concrete, which results in a compressive strength of 43.53 MPa and chloride ion and water penetration resistance improvements of 21% and 35%, respectively. The slump flow and compressive strength of concrete decrease slightly in the presence of UEA utilization, while the chloride ion and water penetration resistances are firstly enhanced and then weakened with the increase in UEA contents. In the case of 9% UEA, the concrete achieves a compressive strength of 31.54 MPa, a chloride ion penetration coefficient of 9.34 × 10−12 m2/s, and a relative permeability coefficient of 2.56 cm/s.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-25
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030108
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 109: Toughening of Composite Interfaces for
Damage Resistance with Nanoparticle Interleaves
Authors: Nithya Subramanian, Chiara Bisagni
First page: 109
Abstract: Composite interfaces, particularly in joints, play a critical role in the damage resistance and durability of structures for aeronautics applications. This study investigates the use of carbon nanotube (CNT) interleaves for the co-cured joining of composite parts and its effects on fracture toughness and damage progression at the co-cured interface. CNT dispersed in a thermoset resin and partially cured into thin film interleaves at three weight concentrations (0.5% wt., 1% wt., and 2% wt.) of two discrete thicknesses (200 µ and 500 µ) were investigated. The fracture toughness of the co-cured interface with CNT interleaves in mode I and mode II loading conditions was determined through double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests, respectively. The results reveal that despite the occurrence of a stick–slip damage progression in mode I, the crack arrest mechanisms and forces are surprisingly predictable based on interleaf thickness. At CNT concentrations above 1% wt., there was no significant enhancement of toughening, and interleaf thickness controlled the crack arrest loads. Damage delay also occurred at the interface due to the activation of multiscale toughening mechanisms. Toughening in mode II was dominated by CNT pullout resistance and, therefore, yielded up to six-fold improvement in critical fracture toughness. These insights offer significant potential for designing joints with nanocomposites for aerospace applications, incorporating inherent toughening and damage delay mechanisms.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-26
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030109
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 110: Leveraging Delayed Strength Gains in
Supplementary Cementitious Material Concretes: Rethinking Mix Design for
Enhanced Cost Efficiency and Sustainability
Authors: Wanderson Santos de de Jesus, Thalles Murilo Santos de Almeida, Suânia Fabiele Moitinho da Silva, Marcelo Tramontin Souza, Eduarda Silva Leal, Ramon Santos Souza, Laio Andrade Sacramento, Ivan Bezerra Allaman, José Renato de Castro Pessôa
First page: 110
Abstract: Engineers commonly use the 28-day characteristic strength of concrete for project calculations, but this may not reflect the full-strength potential, especially in concretes with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). SCMs, known for their slow reactivity, often delay optimal strength beyond 28 days, requiring higher cement content to speed up early strength development, thus increasing production costs. This study examined the relationship between concrete age and mechanical strength across eight cement types, including tests for axial compression, water absorption, void index, and specific mass. The findings showed that pozzolan and slag cements gained significant long-term strength due to slow pozzolanic reactions. Conversely, limestone filler mixes had lower initial strength and slower progress, likely due to increased porosity from fine fillers. A correlation was found between higher pozzolan content and improved durability, including reduced water absorption and void index. Cost analysis indicated that optimizing cement mix designs for targeted strength levels could reduce production costs, especially for concretes with high SCM content. Using long-term characteristic strength rather than the traditional 28-day strength resulted in approximately 14% savings, particularly for slag- and pozzolan-based cements. The savings were less significant for other cement types, emphasizing the importance of adjusting mix designs based on both performance and financial considerations.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-26
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030110
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 111: Fabrication of SiC–Aluminum
Composites via Binder Jetting 3D Printing and Infiltration: A Feasibility
Study
Authors: Fahim Khan, Jackson Sanders, Md Shakil Arman, Mostafa Meraj Pasha, Stephen Kachur, Zhijian Pei
First page: 111
Abstract: The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing SiC–aluminum composites by the binder jetting 3D printing of SiC preforms and spontaneous infiltration by aluminum. SiC preforms fabricated using binder jetting 3D printing were subjected to several post-processing steps (including curing, depowdering, debinding, and sintering). Sintering was conducted at 1700 °C, and aluminum infiltrating was conducted at 1000 °C, with both carried out in a controlled nitrogen environment under a pressure of 25 psi. The bulk density of the sintered SiC preforms was increased by 14% after infiltration. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of aluminum in the SiC matrix. This paper is the first to report fabricating SiC–aluminum composites by binder jetting and infiltrating, providing a new approach to producing these composites with potential applications in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030111
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 112: A Novel Bilinear Traction-Separation
Law for Fatigue Damage Accumulation of Adhesive Joints in Fiber-Reinforced
Composite Material Under Step/Variable-Amplitude Loading
Authors: Abinash Patro, Ala Tabiei
First page: 112
Abstract: Adhesive joints in real-world conditions often experience variable or step loading rather than constant-amplitude fatigue. This study addresses this gap by examining the influence of load sequence and block loading on fatigue damage in adhesive joints of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. A novel bilinear traction-separation law based on the Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) rule is introduced to predict fatigue failure under step/variable loads, accounting for load history, sequence, and interaction effects. This model was validated using a double-lap joint model under step/variable loading across four experimental scenarios. The proposed model outperformed existing fatigue damage-accumulation models, significantly reducing the Relative Error of Prediction (REP). Notably, the proposed model significantly reduced the Relative Error of Prediction (REP), achieving reductions from 81.10% to as low as 0.013% in certain cases. The proposed bilinear law exhibited an accelerated damage accumulation rate per cycle for low-to-high loading situations and a decelerated rate for high-to-low loading scenarios, aligning more closely with experimental observations. The proposed model offers practical benefits by improving fatigue life predictions, enabling optimized FRP composite designs, and minimizing overengineering. These advancements are particularly relevant in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and wind energy, where structural durability and safety are paramount. This research represents a significant step forward in the fatigue analysis of composite adhesive joints, paving the way for more reliable engineering solutions.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030112
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 113: Luminescent P2O5-MoO3-Bi2O3-K2O
Glasses and Glass-Ceramics on Their Basis: Insights from Experimental and
Computational Studies
Authors: Yurii Hizhnyi, Viktor Borysiuk, Vitalii Chornii, Andrzej Suchocki, Kateryna Terebilenko, Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy, Serhii Nedilko
First page: 113
Abstract: This paper presents the results of complementary experimental (electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence (PL), and FTIR spectroscopy) and computational (molecular dynamics and DFT-based electronic structural) studies of oxide glasses of xP2O5-yMoO3-zBi2O3-(1-x-y-z)K2O systems and glass-ceramics based on these (crystal @glass), where the KBi(MoO4)2 complex oxide is the crystal component (KBi(MoO4)2 @glass). The behavior of the observed PL characteristics is analyzed in synergy with the results of the calculations of their atomic structures and changes in the oxygen environment of bismuth atoms during the transition crystal → interphase → glass. It is shown that the optical absorption and PL characteristics of such systems are largely determined by the content of Bi2O3 and MoO3 oxides in the initial charge and by the content of bismuth ions in different charge states that exist in the produced glass and glass-ceramics. It was found that the blue PL (spectral range 375–550 nm) of both the glasses and the glass-ceramics originated from radiative transitions 3P1 → 1S0 in Bi3+ bismuth ions. The yellow-red PL (range 550–850 nm) was mainly associated with the luminescence of bismuth ions in lower charge states, Bi2+, Bi+, and Bi0. The thickness of the interphase layers of glass-ceramics was estimated to be 1.5–2.0 nm. It was found that the changes in the spectra of optical absorption and the PL/PL excitation of the glass-ceramics occurred due to the decrease in the number of oxygen atoms in the nearest surrounding bismuth ions in the interphase region. These changes can be used for the spectral probing of the formation and presence of interphase layers.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030113
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 114: Sustainable Cooling, Layer by Layer,
Shaping Magnetic Regenerators via Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Vaibhav Sharma, Krishbold Bhandari, Radhika Barua
First page: 114
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing magnetic heat pumping technology by enabling the design and production of highly optimized, customizable components that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate innovation in thermal management systems. This review highlights recent advances in AM for magnetocaloric materials, emphasizing its role in fabricating heat exchange structures with complex geometries and unique microstructures to enhance thermal and magnetic performance. Key AM techniques, including material extrusion, binder jetting, laser powder bed fusion, and directed energy deposition, are compared, with an in-depth discussion of critical challenges such as achieving precise material composition, controlling porosity, and maintaining phase stability. Finally, the review offers guidelines for future research to overcome these challenges. These innovations are essential for transitioning from laboratory demonstrations to real-world applications, paving the way for sustainable cooling solutions that could replace traditional gas compression systems on an industrial scale.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030114
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 115: Toward Eco-Friendly Rubber: Utilizing
Paper Waste-Derived Calcium Carbonate to Replace Carbon Black in Natural
Rubber Composites
Authors: Colin Schouw, Pilar Bernal-Ortega, Rafal Anyszka, Anton Bijl, Eyerusalem Gucho, Anke Blume
First page: 115
Abstract: The growing concerns for the environmental impact of resource depletion and carbon emissions has led to the current study of using novel, sustainable materials in natural rubber compounds. The principal goal of this study was to reduce the usage of the non-renewable filler carbon black (CB). For this purpose, two waste-derived calcium carbonates were introduced in natural rubber compounds as a partial replacement for CB. To enhance their performance, the compounds were modified using alpha-lipoic acid and a titanate as in situ coupling agents. The effect of these renewable fillers and coupling agents on the in-rubber properties was analyzed using various characterization methods. Remarkably, by replacing 10 phr of carbon black with a calcium carbonate filler and introducing the alpha-lipoic acid coupling agent, a compound was obtained with performance levels similar to the CB-filled reference compound. These findings contribute valuable insights into the replacement of carbon black with renewable calcium carbonate fillers.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030115
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 116: A Feasible Single-Solvent Nucleation
and Growth Protocol for the Well-Defined Organization of Simple Porphyrins
on Different Glass Composites
Authors: Emmanouil Nikoloudakis, Ioannis Konidakis, Emmanuel Stratakis
First page: 116
Abstract: Herein we report the nucleation and growth of porphyrin molecular chromophores using a single-solvent deposition protocol. Various glass substrates were investigated, aiming to investigate their impact on the organization of tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPP) towards well-defined architectures. A variety of aggregation morphologies were obtained upon optimizing several parameters, including the solvent and the temperature of evaporation. This work demonstrates for the first time that single-solvent evaporation results in nanostructures, avoiding the necessity of mixed-solvent reprecipitation. Additionally, we showed that simple symmetrical porphyrins do not need the presence of self-assembling peptides, ions or amphiphiles to induce the capability of forming well-defined structures. The results presented herein open new avenues for the development of complex and highly ordered architectures from simple building blocks towards advanced materials with tailored properties.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-01
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030116
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 117: Thermal Properties of
MWCNT-rGO-MgO-Incorporated Alkali-Activated Engineered Composites
Authors: Mohammad A. Hossain, Khandaker M. A. Hossain
First page: 117
Abstract: This study evaluates the influence of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) on the thermal conductivity of alkali-activated engineered composites (AAECs). Thirty-two ambient-cured AAECs consisting of two types of powdered-form reagents/activators (type 1—calcium hydroxide: sodium meta silicate = 1:2.5; type 2—calcium hydroxide: sodium sulfate 2.5:1), two dosages of MgO (0 and 0.5%) of MgO, three percentages (0, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of MWCNTs/rGO, and binary (45% ground granulated blast furnace slag ‘GGBFS’ and 55% Class C fly ash ‘FA-C’) and ternary combinations (40% GGBFS, 25% FA-C and 35% class F fly ash ‘FA-F’) of industrial-waste-based source materials, silica sand, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber were developed using the ‘one-part dry mix’ technique. Problems associated with the dispersion and agglomeration of nanomaterials during production were avoided through the use of defined ultra-sonication with a high-shear mixing protocol. The impact of the combination of source materials, activators, and MgO/MWCNT/rGO dosages and their combinations on the thermal properties of AAECs is evaluated and discussed based on temperature–time history and thermal conductivity/diffusivity properties along with micro-structural characteristics. It was found that the change in temperature of the AAECs decreased during testing with the addition of MWCNTs/rGO/MgO. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of AAECs increased with the increase in MWCNT/rGO/MgO contents due to the formation of additional crystalline reaction products, improved matrix connectivity, and high conductivity of nanomaterials. MWCNT AAECs showed the highest thermal conductivity of 0.91–1.26 W/mK with 49% enhancement compared to control AAECs followed by rGO AAECs. The study confirmed the viability of producing MgO/MWCNT/rGO-incorporated AAECs with enhanced thermal properties.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-03
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030117
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 118: Investigation of Short Carbon
Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites Blades for Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines: Mechanical Strength and Energy Efficiency of Fused Filament
Fabrication-Printed Blades
Authors: Lotfi Ben Said, Sarhan Karray, Wissem Zghal, Hamdi Hentati, Badreddine Ayadi, Alaa Chabir, Muapper Alhadri
First page: 118
Abstract: The use of 3D printing is expanding in manufacturing wind turbine blades for renewable energy. This study examines the relationship between geometric parameters, mechanical strength, and aerodynamic performance in blades made from short carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (SCFR-PLA) composites. To achieve this, it includes a comparative evaluation of innovative blade designs and materials, aiming to enhance both the energy efficiency and mechanical durability of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). The numerical model of the wind turbine blade is validated against experimental results, which employed a NACA geometry and ABS polymer. Building upon this validation, a design of experiments (DOE) analysis is employed to explore the influence of fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters on the mechanical properties of SCFR-PLA composites. A novel blade design, referred to as HAWTSav, is numerically evaluated using 3D-printed SCFR-PLA composites. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency and structural integrity of the HAWTSav blade. A comparative analysis is then performed, contrasting the performance of the conventional NACA blade in ABS with the HAWTSav blade in SCFR-PLA composites. The findings highlight the potential of SCFR-PLA composites in the development of efficient and durable wind turbine blades, highlighting their applicability, particularly in small-scale wind energy systems.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-04
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030118
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 119: Tensile Strength Predictive Modeling
of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Explainable
Gradient Boosting Models
Authors: Celal Cakiroglu, Farnaz Ahadian, Gebrail Bekdaş, Zong Woo Geem
First page: 119
Abstract: Natural fiber composites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their environmental benefits and unique mechanical properties. These materials combine natural fibers with polymer matrices to create sustainable alternatives to traditional synthetic composites. In addition to natural fiber reinforcement, the usage of recycled aggregates in concrete has been proposed as a remedy to combat the rapidly increasing amount of construction and demolition waste in recent years. However, the accurate prediction of the structural performance metrics, such as tensile strength, remains a challenge for concrete composites reinforced with natural fibers and containing recycled aggregates. This study aims to develop predictive models of natural-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete based on experimental results collected from the literature. The models have been trained on a dataset consisting of 482 data points. Each data point consists of the amounts of cement, fine and coarse aggregate, water-to-binder ratio, percentages of recycled coarse aggregate and natural fiber, and the fiber length. The output feature of the dataset is the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and extra trees regressor models were trained to predict the tensile strength of the specimens. For optimum performance, the hyperparameters of these models were optimized using the blended search strategy (BlendSearch) and cost-related frugal optimization (CFO). The tensile strength could be predicted with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.95 by the XGBoost model. To make the predictive models accessible, an online graphical user interface was also made available on the Streamlit platform. A feature importance analysis was carried out using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) approach.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-04
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030119
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 120: Enhancing Phase Change Characteristics
of Hybrid Nanocomposites for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Jidhesh Perumalsamy, Swami B. M. Punniakodi, Chandrasekaran Selvam, Ramalingam Senthil
First page: 120
Abstract: Thermal energy storage systems store intermittent solar energy to supply heat during non-solar hours. However, they often exhibit poor thermal conductivity, hindering efficient energy storage and release. The purpose of this study is to enhance the phase change characteristics of a paraffin wax-based latent heat energy storage system using a hybrid nanocomposite while increasing its thermal conductivity. Present heat storage systems integrate nanomaterials into a phase change material (paraffin wax) for faster energy storage and release in the form of heat. Steatite and copper oxide are chosen as nanomaterial additives in this experimental investigation. The charging and discharging characteristics of latent heat energy storage systems are studied using four different cases involving pure paraffin wax (case 1), paraffin wax with 10 wt% steatite (case 2), paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3), and 5 wt% steatite with 5 wt% copper oxide (case 4). The charging and discharging rates were studied. The solidification rate of the nanocomposite improved with the addition of nanomaterials. The paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3) outperformed the other cases, showing the best heat transfer ability and achieving an overall fusion time of 90 min. Case 3 was found to be the most thermally effective among the other cases. A significant finding of this study is the enhanced thermal performance of paraffin wax-based LHS systems using CuO and steatite nanocomposites, which hold great potential for practical applications. These include solar thermal systems, where efficient energy storage is critical, and industrial heat recovery systems, where optimizing heat transfer and storage can significantly improve energy utilization and sustainability.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-04
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030120
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 121: Metal–Organic Framework-Based
Composites for Dual Functionalities: Advances in Microwave Absorption and
Flame Retardancy
Authors: Jinhu Hu, Jialin Jiang, Qianlong Li, Jin Cao, Xiuhong Sun, Siqi Huo, Ye-Tang Pan, Mingliang Ma
First page: 121
Abstract: With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for developing novel multifunctional composite materials due to their unique structural characteristics and customizable functions. This work presents a comprehensive assessment of the most recent research findings on MOF-based EMA-flame retardant dual-functional composites. The fundamental mechanisms of EMA and flame retardancy are covered, including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. The development of composites based on Fe-MOF, Co-MOF, Ni-MOF, and polymetallic MOF in terms of EMA and flame retardancy is highlighted. These materials offer exceptional EMA performance and strong flame retardancy effects thanks to their unique structural designs and component regulations. In addition, some materials have great infrared stealth, thermal insulation, hydrophobic, and mechanical qualities. Ultimately, the problems of MOF-based dual-functional composites and their development possibilities are reviewed, giving valuable references for the development of new multifunctional composite materials.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030121
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 122: Alumina–Nano-Nickel Composite
Coatings on Al6061 Substrate Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Souaad Hamoudi, Nacer Bezzi, Farid Bensebaa, Philippe Delaporte
First page: 122
Abstract: Ceramic–nano-metallic composite coatings of Al2O3–nano-Ni on an aluminum substrate (Al6061) were obtained using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three composite coatings with different ratios of nano-Ni, i.e., 25, 50, and 75%, were obtained. The phase composition of the resulting composite coatings was examined using XRD; this confirmed the existence of alumina and nickel in the composite coatings. The surface morphology and microstructure of the composite coatings were analyzed with SEM, while the chemical composition and phase content were determined through energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness indenter results revealed a high hardness 420 HV for the Ni 25% composite coating However the hardness decreased with an increase in the Ni nanoparticle ratio, reaching a value of 360 HV for the Ni 75% composite coating. Reflectance measurements were conducted using a UV–visible spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (UV2600), and the composite coating with a Ni ratio of 75% exhibited the lowest reflectance of UV–visible light at <0.035. These results are promising for subsequent investigations into the absorbance of Al2O3–nano-Ni composite coatings within the sunlight irradiation wavelength range.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030122
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 123: Rapid and Highly Selective Dopamine
Sensing with CuInSe2-Modified Nanocomposite
Authors: Jing Li, Guangzhong Xie, Luwei Dai, Min Yang, Yuanjie Su
First page: 123
Abstract: As an important neurotransmitter, the concentration of dopamine (DA) reflects certain physiological conditions and DA-related diseases. Rapid monitoring of DA levels is of great significance in regulating body health. However, regular electrochemical DA sensors suffer from poor sensitivity, low selectivity and interference immunity, as well as a complex preparation process. Herein, we developed an accessible and cost-effective electrochemical sensor with a copper indium selenide (CuInSe2 or CIS)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for DA discrimination. This DA sensor was developed using a facile one-step hydrothermal method without high-temperature quenching. Benefitting from the inherent merits of CIS and the conversion of Cu2+ and Cu+ during the catalytic reaction, the sensor attained both excellent sensitivity (2.511 μA·µM−1·cm−1) and selectivity among multiple substances interfering with DA. This work demonstrates the potential to improve the analytical performance of traditional electrochemical sensors.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030123
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 124: Sustainable Composites from Sugarcane
Bagasse Fibers and Bio-Based Epoxy with Insights into Wear Performance,
Thermal Stability, and Machine Learning Predictive Modeling
Authors: Mahima Samanth, Pavan Hiremath, G. Divya Deepak, Nithesh Naik, Arunkumar H S, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, R. C. Shivamurthy
First page: 124
Abstract: The global push for sustainable materials has intensified the research on natural fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigates the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers, combined with a bio-based epoxy matrix, as a sustainable alternative for high-performance composites. A comprehensive approach was adopted, including wear testing, thermal and structural characterization, and machine learning predictive modeling. Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers exhibited the lowest wear rate (0.245 mg/m) and the highest thermal stability (T20% = 260 °C, char yield = 1.3 mg), highlighting the role of optimized surface modifications. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed that pre-treated fibers achieved the highest crystallinity index of 62%, underscoring the importance of structural alignment in fiber-matrix bonding. Machine learning insights using a Random Forest model identified fiber treatment as the most significant parameter influencing wear performance, with accurate predictions validated through experimental results. This work demonstrates the transformative potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers in sustainable polymer composites, offering a pathway for environmentally friendly, lightweight, and durable material solutions. These findings integrate experimental rigor with computational insights, paving the way for advancements in natural fiber-based composite technologies.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030124
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 125: Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance
of Nickel-Cobalt-Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Direct
Alcohol Fuel Cells
Authors: Wael M. Mohammed, Mahmoud A. Mohamed, Mohamed O. Abdel-Hamed, Esam E. Abdel-Hady
First page: 125
Abstract: This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated tri-metallic catalysts composed of nickel, cobalt, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) embedded in carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The synthesis included electrospinning and subsequent carbonization as well as optimization of parameters to achieve uniform nanofiber morphology and high surface area. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the incorporation of TiO2 significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for ethanol and methanol oxidation, with current densities increasing from 57.8 mA/cm2 to 74.2 mA/cm2 for ethanol and from 38.69 mA/cm2 to 60.39 mA/cm2 for methanol as the TiO2 content increased. The catalysts showed excellent stability, with the TiO2-enriched sample (T2) showing superior performance during longer cycling tests. Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the stability of the catalysts and the dynamics of the charge carriers. Impedance spectroscopy indicated reduced charge transfer resistance, confirming enhanced activities. These findings suggest that the synthesized non-precious electrocatalysts can serve as effective alternatives to platinum-based materials, offering a promising pathway for the development of cost-efficient and durable fuel cells. Research highlights non-precious metal catalysts for sustainable fuel cell technologies.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030125
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 126: Carbon Composite Derived from Spent
Bleaching Earth for Rubbery Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Nur Fatihah Binti Tamin, Yin Fong Yeong, Joni Agustian, Lilis Hermida, Lih Xuan Liew
First page: 126
Abstract: The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber industry also contains harmful pollutants that require effective treatment. This study proposes a sustainable solution by converting SBE into carbon composites (CCs) for treating rubber industry wastewater. Characterization of CCs using XRD, BET, FESEM, and FTIR revealed its porous structure, high surface area, and functional groups, contributing to excellent adsorption properties. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized treatment conditions, determining 90.56 min of contact time and 0.75 g of adsorbent weight as optimal for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal. Quadratic models showed R2 values of 0.8828 for COD removal and 0.8336 for turbidity reduction, with numerical optimization achieving 90.30% COD reduction and 49.02% turbidity removal. Verification experiments confirmed model reliability with minimal deviation (0.37%). These findings demonstrate the potential of SBE-derived CCs as an eco-friendly solution for environmental challenges in the palm oil and rubber industries.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030126
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 127: Polymer Nanocomposite
Ablatives—Part III
Authors: Koo, Wagner, Pilato, Wu
First page: 127
Abstract: Previous reviews by authors indicate the continuing development and improvement of thermal protective systems through the introduction of polymer nanocomposites into polymer matrix composites. These materials perform as thermal protective systems for a variety of aerospace applications, such as thermal protection systems (TPSs), solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzles, internal insulation of SRMs, leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, and missile launch structures. A summary of the most recent global technical research is presented. Polymeric resin systems continue to emphasize phenolic resins and other materials. New high-temperature organic resins based on phthalonitrile and polysiloxane are described and extend the increased temperature range of resin matrix systems. An important technical development relates to the transformation of the resin matrix, primarily phenolic resin, into an aerogel or a nanoporous material that penetrates uniformly within the reinforcing fiber configuration with a corresponding particle size of <100 nm. Furthermore, many of the current papers consider the use of low-density carbon fiber or quartz fiber in the use of low-density felts with high porosity to mimic NASA’s successful use of rigid low-density carbon/phenolic known as phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA). The resulting aerogel composition with low-density non-wovens or felts possesses durability and low density and is extremely effective in providing insulation and preventing heat transfer with low thermal conductivity within the aerogel-modified thermal protective system, resulting in multiple features, such as low-density TPSs, increased thermal stability, improved mechanical properties, especially compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity, improved thermal insulation, reduced ablation recession rate and mass loss, and lower backside temperature. The utility of these TPS materials is being expanded by considering them for infrastructures and ballistics besides aerospace applications.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030127
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 128: Development and Validation of a
Desktop 3D Printing System with Thermo-Mechanical In Situ Consolidation
for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Hannes Oberlercher, Marius Laux, Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira, Sergio T. Amancio-Filho
First page: 128
Abstract: A controlled laminate consolidation is one of the most essential approaches in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics components. With the use of specific consolidation models, almost the entire strength potential of the material can be exploited. However, a controlled thermo-mechanical in situ consolidation (TMIC) strategy in the fused filament fabricated (FFF) process of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC) has not been considered so far and leads to deconsolidation defects in the 3D-printed material. These defects in terms of micro and macro volumetric flaws in the joining zone indicate a poor process parameter selection and inadequate thermo-mechanical consolidation. These imperfections lead to a reduction in the fiber volume content and a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties. In this work, a self-developed test rig is presented, which is able to influence and monitor the consolidation during the additive manufacturing (AM) process with a TMIC unit in a controlled manner. To evaluate the test rig, the mechanical construction and the implemented sensors were tested for full functionality. Subsequently, test specimens were fabricated for mechanical characterization using three-point bending (3PB) tests and microstructural analysis. Based on these results, the influence of TMIC, with its dependent process parameters (consolidation force, temperature, printing speed), is presented. A perspective on the future development of controlled consolidation in AM of CFRPC is shown.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030128
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 129: Computational Approach for Optimizing
Resin Flow Behavior in Resin Transfer Molding with Variations in Injection
Pressure, Fiber Permeability, and Resin Sorption
Authors: Pavan Hiremath, Krishnamurthy D. Ambiger, P. K. Jayashree, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, G. Divya Deepak, B. R. N. Murthy, Suhas Kowshik, Nithesh Naik
First page: 129
Abstract: Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a key process for manufacturing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites, in which resin infiltration dynamics play a critical role in process efficiency and defect minimization. This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of resin flow in biaxial noncrimp carbon fiber reinforcement using FormuLITE 2500A/2401B epoxy. A model based on Darcy’s law and resin sorption effects was developed to investigate the influence of injection pressure (15–25 kPa), permeability (350 × 10−12 m2 to 0.035 × 10−12 m2), porosity (0.78–0.58), viscosity (0.28–0.48 Pa·s), and injection radius (0.001–0.003 m) on flow-front progression. The results show that a higher injection pressure increased the infiltration depth by 30% at 250 s, while a 100× reduction in permeability reduced infiltration by 75%. The increased viscosity slowed the resin flow by ~18%, and the lower porosity reduced the flow-front progression by 15%. The experimental validation demonstrated a relative error of <5% between the numerical predictions and the measured data. This study provides critical insights into RTM process optimization for uniform fiber impregnation and defect minimization.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-11
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030129
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 130: Proving Partial Miscibility in
Poly(L-lactic acid)/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blends Using the
Spherulite Observation Method
Authors: Rokibul Hasan Rumon, Chisato Nara, Kai Xu, Atsuhiro Fujimori
First page: 130
Abstract: Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is generally recognized as a phase-separated system. The interactions between these polymer species were examined via spherulite observation. The PLLA/EVA blend was concluded to be a partially miscible system. The onset temperature for the crystallization of PLLA, as the crystalline polymer, systematically changed when PLLA was blended with EVA at various ratios. The glass transition behavior of EVA was almost absent in the thermogram when the PLLA:EVA blend ratio was greater than 2:1. The spherulite size distribution of PLLA became finer as the PLLA:EVA ratio was changed from 3:1 to 2:1 to 1:1, and observing spherulites was difficult when the blend ratio was 1:2. Because the nucleation position was different each time during the repeated melting/crystallization of spherulites, this system exhibited homogeneous nucleation. In addition, in a plot of the spherulite size versus the crystallization time, the inclination angle changed between the PLLA/EVA = 3:1 and 2:1 blends, and the critical ratio at which the crystallization behavior changed was estimated.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-11
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030130
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 131: A Year-Long Comparison of Dentin Bond
Strength Using the Co-Curing Technique and Conventional Adhesive
Application
Authors: Josipa Vukelja Bosnić, Eva Klarić, Ivan Sever, Zrinka Tarle
First page: 131
Abstract: Objective: One of the suggested methods for lowering polymerization shrinkage and improving the marginal sealing of restorations is the simultaneous light polymerization of the adhesive system and the first layer of the composite material, i.e., the co-curing method. This study investigates how different adhesive polymerization techniques, adhesive systems, tooth section depths, tooth types, and sample aging affect dentin bond strength. Methodology: This experiment tests three adhesive systems, G-Premio Bond (GC), Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray), and Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), using two polymerization techniques, namely, separate composite polymerization and simultaneous curing of the composite (“co-curing”). A total of 480 dentin samples are prepared and assigned to 24 groups (3 adhesives × 2 curing methods × 4 aging times). The shear bond strength is measured after one month, three months, six months, and one year, using an UltraTester. The statistical analyses include an ANOVA and Weibull analysis. Results: The separate polymerization of the adhesive and composite shows a significantly higher bond strength than that achieved through co-curing. Significant differences (p < 0.001) exist among adhesives, with Clearfil SE Bond 2 showing the highest bond strength. The bond strength decreases over time. Occlusal dentin has a higher bond strength than radicular dentin. There is no statistically significant difference in the bond strength between the maxillary and mandibular third molars. After one and three months of aging, the experimental groups with the highest average bond strength do not show the highest level of material reliability. Conclusion: The co-curing technique consistently results in a lower bond strength across all the adhesive systems compared to conventional separate polymerization.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-12
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030131
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 132: Advancements in EBSD Techniques: A
Comprehensive Review on Characterization of Composites and Metals, Sample
Preparation, and Operational Parameters
Authors: Srinivas Doddapaneni, Sathish Kumar, Sathyashankara Sharma, Gowri Shankar, Manjunath Shettar, Nitesh Kumar, Ganesha Aroor, Syed Mansoor Ahmad
First page: 132
Abstract: This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important operational parameters inherent in EBSD setups. This review highlights the importance of customizing EBSD parameters for precise microstructural imaging and enhancing understanding of material behavior. While some studies have explored grain boundary characterization, stored energy, and crystallographic orientation using EBSD, there is a clear need for more comprehensive investigations to fully leverage its capabilities. Additionally, there is a significant gap in understanding the optimal choice of the reference plane in EBSD analysis, indicating the necessity for further research to improve EBSD analyses’ accuracy and efficacy. The review seeks to present a detailed and contemporary viewpoint on the many applications, sample preparation techniques, and optimal operational considerations that jointly increase the adaptability and efficacy of EBSD in materials science research by relying on the relevant literature.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030132
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 133: Hydrogels for Wound Dressings:
Applications in Burn Treatment and Chronic Wound Care
Authors: Adina Alberts, Elena-Theodora Moldoveanu, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
First page: 133
Abstract: Severe skin injuries such as burns and chronic wounds are a subject of interest in the medical field, as they require much attention. These types of wounds are susceptible to serious complications, which can worsen the health of patients and reduce their quality of life. Hydrogels have emerged as innovative wound dressings for treating acute and chronic wounds, including burns, diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. These polymeric networks provide a moist wound environment, promote cellular migration, and offer antimicrobial properties, being recognized as superior to conventional dressings. This review aims to explore recent advancements in hydrogel-based wound dressings, emphasizing the state-of-the-art technologies used for this purpose and the trend of achieving personalized therapeutic approaches. Despite the promising in vitro and in vivo findings described in this review, further clinical validation and large-scale manufacturing optimizations are required for widespread clinical adoption.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030133
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 134: Comparative Analysis of Bending and
Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Authors: Sumanta Das, Miroslav Gašparík, Anil Kumar Sethy, Peter Niemz, Manaswini Mahapatra, Rastislav Lagaňa, Nadežda Langová, Tomáš Kytka
First page: 134
Abstract: Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling shear performance of homogenous poplar (Populus nigra L.) CLT and hybrid CLT, with maple (Acer platanoides L.), in the outer layer and poplar in the core, compared to spruce (Picea abies (L.), H. Karst.) CLT. The CLT panels were prepared using one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Poplar CLT exhibited equal or better properties than spruce CLT. The outer maple layer in the hybrid CLT enhanced the global bending modulus (Emg) and bending strength (fm) by 74% and 37%, respectively, due to its higher modulus of elasticity better shear resistance by reducing the cross-layer stress concentrations and rolling shear failure. Additionally, both the adhesive types and wood species significantly influenced the fm, Emg, and rolling shear strength (fr) independently, while their interaction effect was found to be non-significant. The experimental bending stiffness was higher than the theoretical values. The shear analogy method provided the most accurate results for bending and shear strengths, while bending stiffness was best predicted by the modified gamma method, with minor variations. The finite-element models (FEMs) also produced results with a deviation of only 10%.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030134
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 135: Effect of Yarn-Level Fibre
Hybridisation on Thermomechanical Behaviour of 3D Woven Orthogonal
Flax/E-Glass Composite Laminae
Authors: Nenglong Yang, Zhenmin Zou, Constantinos Soutis, Prasad Potluri, Kali Babu Katnam
First page: 135
Abstract: This study investigates the novel role of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties and thermal residual stress (TRS) fields in the resin at both micro- and meso-scales of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focus on macro-scale composite behaviour, this work integrates a two-scale homogenisation scheme. It combines microscale representative volume element (RVE) models and mesoscale repeating unit cell (RUC) models to capture the effects of hybridisation from the fibre to lamina scale. The analysis specifically examines the cooling phase from a curing temperature of 100 °C down to 20 °C, where TRS develops due to thermal expansion mismatches. Microstructures are generated employing a random sequential expansion algorithm for RVE models, while weave architecture is generated using the open-source software TexGen 3.13.1 for RUC models. Results demonstrate that yarn-level hybridisation provides a powerful strategy to balance mechanical performance, thermal stability, and residual stress control, revealing its potential for optimising composite design. Stress analysis indicates that under in-plane tensile loading, stress levels in matrix-rich regions remain below 1 MPa, while binder yarns exhibit significant stress concentration, reaching up to 8.71 MPa under shear loading. The study quantifies how varying fibre hybridisation ratios influence stiffness, thermal expansion, and stress concentrations—bridging the gap between microstructural design and macroscopic composite performance. These findings highlight the potential of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties of yarns and laminae. The study also demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing TRS in composite laminae post-manufacturing. Additionally, hybridisation allows for adjusting density requirements, making it suitable for applications where weight and thermal properties are critical.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030135
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 3 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 51: Straightforward Determination of the
Average Electron-Hole Distance in Charge-Transfer State Organic
Photovoltaic Donor/Acceptor Composites from Out-of-Phase Electron Spin
Echo Data
Authors: Anna G. Matveeva, Victoria N. Syryamina, Vyacheslav M. Nekrasov, Ekaterina A. Lukina, Ivan A. Molchanov, Vitalii I. Sysoev, Leonid V. Kulik
First page: 51
Abstract: Photoinduced charge separation at donor–acceptor composites (active layer material of organic solar cells) is an important step of photoelectric energy conversion. It results in the formation of the interfacial charge-transfer state (CTS), which is a Coulombically bound electron-hole pair. We developed the mathematical procedure of direct quantification of the electron-hole distance on the basis of time-domain pulse electron paramagnetic resonance data, obtained in an electron spin echo (ESE) experiment. For an ensemble of CTSs characterized by a distribution of electron-hole distances, this procedure derives the average electron-hole distance without numerical simulation of the experimental data, which is a superposition of the oscillating functions, corresponding to CTSs with a certain electron-hole distance. This procedure was tested on model distance distributions, yielding very accurate results. The data for highly efficient organic photovoltaic composite PM6/Y6 were also analyzed; the average electron-hole distance within the CTS and its dependence on temperature were determined. This procedure can be useful for tracing small changes in CTS structure during optimization of the donor–acceptor composite morphology, which is tightly related to the photovoltaic efficiency of the composite.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-21
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020051
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 52: Does Silane Application Affect Bond
Strength Between Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Feldspathic Porcelain'
Authors: Pakpilai Thiranukoon, Awiruth Klaisiri, Tool Sriamporn, Somporn Swasdison, Niyom Thamrongananskul
First page: 52
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strengths of six self-adhesive resin cements (SACs) on porcelain surfaces and to compare the effectiveness with and without silane application. One hundred and twenty feldspathic porcelain specimens were prepared, etched with 9.5% HF, and divided into two main groups: (i) without silane, and (ii) with silane application. Each main group was further divided into six subgroups, testing six various SACs. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and the de-bonded surfaces were examined with a stereomicroscope. The statistical analysis was tested with two-way ANOVA and post hoc with Tukey’s. The results showed that Panavia SA Luting Multi had the highest shear bond strength, especially with silane application, while G-Cem One exhibited the lowest in the absence of silane. The addition of silane application significantly improved the shear bond strengths of G-Cem One, Panavia SA Luting Multi, and RelyX Unicem compared to situations without silane application. The adhesive and mixed failure modes were found to depend on the brand of SACs. No cohesive failure was detected. The study concludes that Panavia SA Luting Multi achieves superior shear bond strength on feldspathic porcelain when used with a separate silane agent. The etched feldspathic porcelain surface primed with silane coupling agent is recommended for optimal bond strength when using with SACs such as G-Cem One, Panavia SA Luting Multi, or RelyX Unicem.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-23
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020052
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 53: Analysis of Structural and Magnetic
Phase Transitions in Multiferroic Y-Type Hexaferrite Systems by Means of
Transverse Magnetic Susceptibility
Authors: Pablo Hernández-Gómez, Óscar Bernardo, José María Muñoz
First page: 53
Abstract: Transverse magnetic susceptibility is an excellent tool to study singularity points as anisotropy and switching fields in different bulk and nanostructured systems, as well as phase transitions. This technique has been carried out on polycrystalline Y-type hexaferrites, with compositions Ba2−xSrxCo2Fe12O22, (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 2.0), and Ba2−xSrxZn2Fe12O22, (1.3 ≤ x ≤ 1.7), promising candidates to exhibit multiferroic properties due to their noncollinear spin structure. In the Co2Y system, different behavior is observed depending on the Sr substitution rate, with a secondary maximum observed for samples with x ≥ 1.0 and different shapes in the measurement temperature range analyzed. In the Zn2Y system, several peaks related to the phase transitions that take place are observed, with certain variations depending on the degree of Ba substitution and the applied field in a more or less extended region around the ambient temperature. This type of measurement is a valuable tool to determine the bias field and temperature range of spin transitions.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-23
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020053
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 54: Determining the Elastic Constants and
Thickness of the Interphase in Fiberglass Plastic Composites from
Micromechanical and Macromechanical Tests
Authors: Alexander Smirnov, Evgeniya Smirnova, Dmitry Vichuzhanin, Yulia Khudorozhkova, Irina Spirina, Vladislav Kanakin, Olga Muizemnek
First page: 54
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe a methodology for determining the elastic constants and thickness of the interphase between matrix and fiber in fiberglass plastic composites from macro- and micromechanical testing. Macromechanical testing is tension of unidirectional fiberglass plastics along and across the fiber direction. Micromechanical testing is tension of glass fibers and instrumented microindentation into the matrix and the fiberglass. The interphase thickness is determined by dynamic force microscopy on thin sections without a height difference. The measured interphase thickness is 621 nm. Based on the interphase thickness, a mesomechanical finite element model of a fiberglass monolayer is constructed. As a result, it is found that the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 12.7 GPa, 0.07. It is established that the elastic properties of the interphase differ significantly from those of the matrix. The paper also explores the possibility of determining the interphase thickness through computational experiments. It turns out that by knowing the actual elastic properties of the matrix and the fiber, as well as the fiberglass monolayer, it is feasible to calculate the interphase and its elastic properties with acceptable engineering accuracy. The deviation of the calculated interphase thickness from the experimentally measured one is 6%.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-23
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020054
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 55: Hierarchical Free Vibration Analysis of
Variable-Angle Tow Shells Using Unified Formulation
Authors: Domenico Andrea Iannotta, Gaetano Giunta, Levent Kirkayak, Marco Montemurro
First page: 55
Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of shell structures presenting variable-angle tow laminations. The choice of placing fibers along curvilinear patterns allows for a broader structural design space, which is advantageous in several engineering contexts, provided that more complex numerical analyses are managed. In this regard, Carrera’s unified formulation has been widely used for studying variable-angle tow plates and shells. This article aims to expand this formulation through the derivation of the complete formulation for a generic shell reference surface. The principle of virtual displacements is used as a variational statement for obtaining, in a weak sense, the stiffness and mass matrices within the finite element solution method. The free vibration problem of singly and doubly curved variable-angle tow shells is then addressed. The proposed approach is compared to Abaqus three-dimensional reference solutions and classical theories to investigate the effectiveness of the developed models in predicting the vibrational frequencies and modes. The results demonstrate a good agreement between the proposed approach and reference solutions.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-24
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020055
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 56: Optimization of the Properties of
Eco-Concrete Dispersedly Reinforced with Hemp and Flax Natural Fibers
Authors: Alexey N. Beskopylny, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Sergei A. Stel’makh, Andrei Chernilnik, Diana Elshaeva, Oxana Ananova, Liya D. Mailyan, Viktor A. Muradyan
First page: 56
Abstract: Dispersed reinforcement of concrete with various types of plant fibers is currently a fairly popular area in the field of construction materials science. The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that the issue has not been studied on a large scale in comparison with concrete reinforced with artificial fibers, and the fact that these types of concrete meet the requirements of the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of using hemp fiber (HF) and flax fiber (FF) for the dispersed reinforcement of concrete, and to compare their efficiency and practical applicability in the construction industry. Before use, HF and FF were treated with a NaOH solution and stearic acid to increase their resistance to the aggressive alkaline environment of concrete. A total of 15 concrete compositions were made. The percentage of dispersed reinforcement for both types of fibers varied from 0.2% to 1.4%, with a step of 0.2%. The standard methods of mechanical testing and microscopy for investigation the properties of fresh and hardened concrete were applied. The optimum amount of HF in concrete was 0.6%, which provided an increase in compressive and flexural strength of 7.46% and 28.68%, respectively, and a decrease in water absorption of 13.58%. The optimum percentage of FF concrete reinforcement was 0.8%, which allowed an increase in compressive and flexural strength of 4.90% and 15.99%, respectively, and a decrease in water absorption of 10.23%. The results obtained during the experiment prove the possibility and effectiveness of the practical application of hemp and flax fibers in concrete composite technology.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-25
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020056
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 57: Study on Dynamic Response of Damping
Type Composite Floor Slabs Considering Interlayer Interaction Influences
Authors: Liangming Sun, Ting Xu, Feng Tian, Yijie Zhang, Hanbing Zhao, Aziz Hasan Mahmood
First page: 57
Abstract: In order to explore the vibration mechanism of vibration damping composite floor slabs and further enrich the theory of floor slab vibration calculation, the free vibration characteristics of vibration damped composite floor slabs and the dynamic response of vibration damped composite floor slabs under multi-source excitation is analyzed using first type Chebyshev polynomials to construct the displacement function and derive an analytical solution. The three-dimensional laminated theory is employed, considering the interlayer interaction. Based on the proposed method, the influences of loading types, positions, magnitudes, and frequencies on the vertical vibration of floor slabs are calculated. The study illustrates that, under the action of multi-source excitation, the displacement and acceleration responses calculated by the method proposed in this paper are always greater than those calculated by the single-plate theoretical solution. The dynamic responses of the vibration damping composite floor slab decrease with the increase of the thickness and elastic modulus of the vibration damping layer. Under different thicknesses of the vibration damping layer, the peak accelerations of the vibration damping composite floor slabs increase linearly with the growth of the load amplitude. In addition, the load movement path has a significant effect on the vibration response of the floor slab. When the moving load moves along the short side of the floor, the displacement response of the floor is generally greater than that along the long side of the floor.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-26
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020057
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 58: Composite Forms in the
RЕЕ2O3–ZrO2–TiO2 System for Minor Actinides (Am,
Cm) and REE Immobilization
Authors: Sergey V. Yudintsev, Michael I. Ojovan, Olga I. Stefanovsky
First page: 58
Abstract: The choice of efficient methods for the immobilization of high-level waste (HLW) resulting from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is an important scientific and practical task. The current policy of managing HLW within a closed nuclear fuel cycle envisages its vitrification into borosilicate (B-Si) or alumina–phosphate (Al-P) glasses. These wasteforms have rather limited waste loading and can potentially impair their retaining properties on devitrification. The optimal solution for HLW immobilization could be separating radionuclides into groups using dedicated capacious durable matrices. The phases of the Nd2O3–ZrO2–TiO2 system in this respect are promising hosts for the REE (rare earth elements: Nd, Ce, La, Pr, Sm, Gd, Y) –MA (MA: Am, Cm) fraction of HLW. In this manuscript, we present data on the composition of the samples analyzed, their durability in hot water, their behavior under irradiation, and their industrial manufacturing methods.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-26
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020058
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 59: Mechanical Properties and Vibrational
Behavior of 3D-Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide and
Polyamide-6 Composites with Different Infill Types
Authors: Vasileios Papageorgiou, Konstantinos Tsongas, Michel Theodor Mansour, Dimitrios Tzetzis, Gabriel Mansour
First page: 59
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to investigate the performance of two carbon fiber-reinforced composite polymers used to manufacture end-use parts via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. The materials under investigation were carbon fiber-reinforced Polyamide-6 (PA6-CF15) and carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS-CF15). To evaluate their mechanical properties and vibrational behavior, specimens were fabricated with four distinct infill patterns: grid, gyroid, triangle and hexagon. In particular, the vibrational behavior of the 3D-printed composites was determined by conducting cyclic compression testing, as well as modal tests. Additionally, the mechanical behavior of the reinforced polymers was determined by conducting both uniaxial tensile and compression tests, as well as three-point bending tests. The results of the mechanical experiments revealed that the grid pattern exhibited the best overall performance, while the gyroid pattern exhibited the greatest strength-to-weight ratio, making it the most durable infill for use with composite filaments. In vibration experiments, PA6-CF15 structures exhibited higher damping ratios than PPS-CF15, indicating superior damping capacity. Among the infill patterns, the hexagon pattern provided the greatest vibration isolation performance.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-28
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020059
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 60: Titanium Dioxide/Graphene Oxide
Nanocomposite-Based Humidity Sensors with Improved Performance
Authors: Ammar Al-Hamry, Igor A. Pašti, Olfa Kanoun
First page: 60
Abstract: Accurate relative humidity (RH) measurement is critical in many applications, from process control and material preservation to ensuring human comfort and well-being. This study presents high-performance humidity sensors based on titanium oxide nanoparticles/graphene oxide (TiO2/GO) composites, which demonstrate excellent sensing capabilities compared to pure GO-based sensors. The multilayer structure of the TiO2/GO composites enables the enhanced adsorption of water molecules and improved dynamic properties while providing dual-mode sensing capability through both resistive and capacitive measurements. Sensors with different TiO2/GO ratios were systematically investigated to optimize performance over different humidity ranges. The TiO2/GO sensor achieved remarkable sensitivity (8.66 × 104 Ω/%RH), a fast response time (0.61 s), and fast recovery (0.87 s) with minimal hysteresis (4.09%). In particular, the sensors demonstrated excellent mechanical stability, maintaining reliable performance under bending conditions, together with excellent cyclic stability and long-term durability. Temperature dependence studies showed consistent performance under controlled temperature conditions, with the potential for temperature-compensated measurements. These results highlight TiO2/GO nanocomposites as promising candidates for next-generation humidity sensing applications, offering enhanced sensitivity, mechanical flexibility, and operational stability. The dual-mode sensing capability combined with mechanical durability opens up new possibilities for flexible and wearable humidity-sensing devices.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-27
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020060
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 61: Correlation Between Soft Magnetic
Properties and Microstructure According to Heat Treatment in FeCo-2V
Electrical Steel
Authors: Harang Lee, Jihye Park, Hyunkyung Lee, Haein Choi-Yim
First page: 61
Abstract: Fe-Co alloy has the highest saturation magnetic flux density among soft magnetic materials, and Fe50Co50 has the maximum permeability of Fe-Co alloys. However, Fe-Co alloy is difficult to use in applications due to its brittleness. Various attempts have been made to improve its mechanical properties for applications, but its magnetic properties have not been retained. This research focuses on improving the magnetic properties of Fe-Co electrical steels at various heat treatment temperatures with the addition of 2 at.% vanadium. To reveal the ordered body-centered cubic phase, which has good soft magnetic properties, the thermal properties of the steels were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. The microstructure of the electrical steels after heat treatment was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and the tendencies of their magnetic properties, measured by a DC B-H loop tracer and a vibrating sample magnetometer, were explored in connection with the microstructure. The decrease in coercivity up to 800 °C was due to stress relief and grain growth, and its increase at 850 °C is believed to be due to the pinning effect of the V-rich phase in the grain boundary. The optimal heat treatment temperature was found to be 800 °C because the steel had reasonable magnetic saturation (2.28 T) and hysteresis loss (0.47 W/kg), the highest magnetic flux density at 5000 A/m, and the lowest coercivity (56.7 A/m).
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-30
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020061
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 62: Influence of Synthesis Conditions on
the Structure, Composition, and Electromagnetic Properties of FeCoSm/C
Nanocomposites
Authors: Dmitriy Muratov, Lev Kozhitov, Irina Zaporotskova, Alena Popkova, Evgeniy Korovin, Sergey Boroznin, Natalia Boroznina
First page: 62
Abstract: New materials are actively being developed for use in various fields of electronics, as they can significantly improve the performance of electronic devices and prevent adverse effects. Such materials include nanocomposites, which include nanoparticles of magnetic metals and alloys in a non-magnetic polymer or carbon matrix. For the first time, we synthesized FeCoSm/C nanocomposites and studied the effect of synthesis conditions on their structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the heating processes of nanocomposite precursors allowed optimizing the mode of IR processing of precursors. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) showed that nanoparticles of a solid-metal solution based on the FeCo structure are formed, and at temperatures above 700 °C, the formation of SmCo5-x alloy nanoparticles is also possible. As the synthesis temperature increases, the average size of nanoparticles of alloys containing Sm increases. The effect of the metal ratio in the precursor on the structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties of FeCoSm/C nanocomposites is analyzed. It has been established that the most promising of all the studied materials are those obtained at a temperature of 700 °C with a metal ratio of Fe:Co:Sm = 50:40:10.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-01
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020062
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 63: Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters
for Enhanced Mechanical Strength: Effects of Glass Fiber Reinforcement and
Fill Ratio Using RSM and ANOVA
Authors: Hussein Hadi Jawad, Naser Kordani, Abbasali Bagheri, Hamed Aghajani Derazkola
First page: 63
Abstract: This research aimed to provide valuable insights for future studies and enhance manufacturing processes by investigating the effect of incorporating fibers into 3D printing to improve the mechanical properties of fabricated components. The experimental design was carried out using Design-Expert software, employing the Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology. Seventeen experiments were conducted, with predefined input parameters, layer height, filler ratio, and printing speed, analyzed through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Design-Expert version 12. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that the filler ratio had the most significant effect on fracture strength. The influence of different printing parameters printing speed, layer height, and filler ratio on the mechanical properties and print quality was systematically investigated. The results indicated that the filler ratio was the most critical factor, with a 100% fill ratio yielding the highest tensile strength. Conversely, a 50% fill ratio significantly reduced production costs, but at the expense of mechanical performance. Thus, if strength is the primary requirement, a higher fill ratio is recommended. The effect of printing speed was found to be less significant compared to layer height and filler ratio. The maximum recorded tensile strength was 540.65 N, achieved with a layer height of 0.5 mm, a 100% fill ratio, and a printing speed of 8 mm/s. In contrast, the lowest recorded tensile strength was 389.93 N, observed with a layer height of 0.4 mm, a 50% fill ratio, and a printing speed of 4 mm/s. After applying a transformation function, the data showed good alignment with the normal distribution on the probability plot, indicating that the assumption of normality was satisfied. Additionally, the incorporation of glass fibers significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the printed samples.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-01
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020063
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 64: Microwave Synthesis of Luminescent
Recycled Glass Containing Dy2O3 and Sm2O3
Authors: Achanai Buasri, Apichaya Boonpanya, Arraya Yangderm, Thanaporn Kensopha, Vorrada Loryuenyong
First page: 64
Abstract: This research studied the recycling of borosilicate glass wastes from damaged laboratory glassware. The luminescent glasses were prepared by doping glass waste powder with rare earth ions, namely, dysprosium ions (Dy3+) and samarium ions (Sm3+), as well as co-doping with Dy3+ and Sm3+ at a concentration of 2% by weight. The sintering process was conducted in a microwave oven for a duration of 15 min. The photoluminescence spectra of the doped glasses were obtained under excitation at 401 nm and 388 nm. The results showed that the emission characteristics depended on the doping concentrations of Dy3+ and Sm3+ and the excitation wavelengths. Upon excitation at 401 nm, the co-doped glasses exhibited the maximum emission peak of Sm3+ at 601 nm (yellowish and orange region in the CIE chromaticity diagram) due to the energy transition from 4G5/2 to 6H7/2. When excited at 388 nm, however, the emission spectra of the co-doped glasses were similar to the characteristic emission peaks of Dy3+ (white region in the CIE chromaticity diagram), but the peak position exhibits a red shift. This could be attributed to an increase in the amount of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) by co-doping.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-01
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020064
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 65: Antibacterial UV-Curable Gel with
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Regenerative Medicine in the Field of
Orthopedics
Authors: Julia A. Burunkova, Valeria V. Semykina, Vera E. Sitnikova, Dmitry M. Dolgintsev, Faliya F. Zaripova, Alina A. Ponomareva, Diana R. Mizina, Attila Csick, Sandor Kokenyesi, Anton Zhilenkov
First page: 65
Abstract: The development and analysis of the properties of a new material based on UV-curable acrylate monomers with silicon-containing hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide nanoparticles as an antibacterial component and gelatin was carried out. Using this material in orthopedics and dentistry is very convenient because it covers any surface geometry of metal implants and hardens under ultraviolet light. In this work, sorption properties, changes in porosity, and mechanical properties of the material were investigated. The conditions for obtaining hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and the presence of silicon oxide nanoparticles and organic for the shell in an aqueous medium were studied for the pH of the medium, the sequence of administration and concentration of the material components, as well as antibacterial properties. This polymer material is partially resorbable. That supports not only the growth of bone cells but also serves as a protective layer. It reduces friction between organic tissues and a metal implant and can be a solution to the problem of the aseptic instability of metal implants. The material can also be used to repair damaged bones and cartilage tissues, especially in cases where the application and curing procedure is performed using laparoscopic methods. In this work, the authors propose a simple and quite cheap method for obtaining material based on photopolymerizable acrylates and natural gelatin with nanoparticles of HA, zinc oxide, and silicon oxide. The method allows one to obtain a composite material with different nanoparticles in a polymer matrix which retain the requisite properties needed such as active-sized HA, antibacterial ZnO, and structure-forming and stability-improving SiO2 nanoparticles.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-01
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020065
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 66: A Study on the Relationship Between the
Pore Characteristics of High-Performance Self-Compacting Concrete (HPSCC)
Based on Fractal Theory and the Function of the Water–Binder Ratio
(W/C)
Authors: Guihong Xu, Mingwei He, Li He, Yongsheng Chen, Li Duan, Weiguo Jiao
First page: 66
Abstract: The mechanical properties of High-Performance Self-Compacting Concrete (HPSCC) are strongly influenced by its pore structure, but the impact of varying water–binder ratios (W/C) on this relationship remains unclear. To address this, the present study investigates HPSCC with W/C ratios ranging from 0.19 to 0.23, aiming to elucidate the connection between pore structure, fractal characteristics, and mechanical performance. Through a combination of compressive strength testing, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations, this study reveals key insights. First, compressive strength initially increases with a decreasing W/C ratio but plateaus beyond W/C = 0.21, identifying an optimal range for balancing strength and workability. Second, the pore structure of HPSCC is characterized by cylindrical, ink-bottle, and planar interstitial pores, with significant fractal characteristics. Notably, the fractal dimension decreases as the W/C ratio increases, indicating reduced pore complexity and improved homogeneity. Finally, a strong linear correlation (R2 > 0.9) between the W/C ratio, fractal dimension, and compressive strength provides a predictive tool for assessing HPSCC performance. This study concludes that the internal pore structure is a critical determinant of HPSCC strength, and the identified optimal W/C ratio range offers guidance for mixture designs. Additionally, fractal dimension analysis emerges as a novel method to evaluate HPSCC’s microstructural quality, enabling predictions of long-term performance and durability. These findings contribute to the scientific basis for designing high-performance concrete materials with improved mechanical properties and durability.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-02
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020066
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 67: Development of Doum Palm Fiber-Based
Building Insulation Composites with Citric Acid/Glycerol Eco-Friendly
Binder
Authors: Hicham Elmoudnia, Younoussa Millogo, Paulina Faria, Rachid Jalal, Mohamed Waqif, Latifa Saâdi
First page: 67
Abstract: This study focuses on the development of an insulation biocomposite using Doum palm (Chamaerops humilis) fibers reinforced with a natural binder based on citric acid and glycerol. The main objective is to optimize the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the biocomposite as a function of fiber preparation (short or powdered fibers) and binder content (20%, 30% and 40%), and relate them to the bonding of the fibers and the binder. The obtained results suggest that the addition of the binder greatly enhances the density, compressive strength and Young’s modulus of biocomposites. More specifically, the addition of 20% by weight of the citric acid/glycerol binder improves the bond between fibers, whether they are short fibers or powders. This leads to an increase in the mechanical properties, with Young’s modulus reaching (212.1) MPa and compressive strength at (24.3) MPa. On the other hand, the results show that these biocomposites also have acceptable thermal insulation performance, achieving a thermal conductivity of (0.102) W/(m·K), making them suitable for a variety of applications in sustainable buildings and for refurbishment.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-02
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020067
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 68: Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen
Generation from Methanol Solutions via In Situ Ni/Pt Co-Deposition on TiO2
Authors: Mst. Farhana Afrin, Mai Furukawa, Ikki Tateishi, Hideyuki Katsumata, Monir Uzzaman, Satoshi Kaneco
First page: 68
Abstract: TiO2 is widely utilized as an excellent photocatalyst in energy production. However, its rapid electron and hole recombination confers poor photocatalytic activity. Cocatalysts are essential for increasing photocatalytic efficacy by introducing improved electron transmission and enlarging the active site. Herein, the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous methanol solution to generate hydrogen was studied with the simultaneous in situ deposition of metals (M = Ag, Cu, Ni, Pd, and Pt) on the TiO2 surface. Adding methanol to water and incorporating a bimetallic cocatalyst enhanced hydrogen production by reducing the electron–hole pair recombination. The studied metal ions could be reduced by the conduction band electrons of TiO2 for the in situ simultaneous deposition of metal. The larger work function value of the studied metals favored the Schottky junction formation, which contributed to increasing photocatalytic efficiency. Among these simultaneous metal-deposited photocatalysts, maximal photocatalytic hydrogen production was achieved with NiPt/TiO2. The optimal component was 0.01 wt.% Ni/1.0 wt.% Pt for TiO2. The hydrogen evolution with NiPt/TiO2 was approximately 341 and 1.3 times better than that with pure TiO2 and Pt/TiO2, respectively. A potential reaction pathway for photocatalytic hydrogen production from an aqueous methanol solution over NiPt/TiO2 photocatalyst has also been proposed.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-02
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020068
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 69: Thermal, Mechanical, and
Microstructural Properties of Novel Light Expanded Clay Aggregate
(LECA)-Based Geopolymer Concretes
Authors: Tinkara Marija Podnar, Gregor Kravanja
First page: 69
Abstract: The construction sector’s reliance on traditional cement significantly contributes to CO2 emissions, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigates fine (0–4 mm), rounded, uncoated, porous-surfaced lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA)-based geopolymers, which combine the low-carbon benefits of geopolymers with LECA’s lightweight and insulating properties. Geopolymers were synthesized using lignite-rich fly ash with varying ratios of LECA to aggregate. Mechanical testing revealed that the reference mixture without LECA (REF-GEO) achieved the highest compressive strength of 37.89 ± 0.75 MPa and flexural strength of 7.62 ± 0.11 MPa, while complete substitution of the aggregate with LECA (LECA-100%) reduced the compressive strength to 17.31 ± 0.88 MPa and flexural strength to 3.41 ± 0.11 MPa. The density of the samples decreased from 2.06 g/cm3 for REF-GEO to 1.31 g/cm3 for LECA-100%, and thermal conductivity dropped significantly from 1.15 ± 0.07 W/mK to 0.38 ± 0.01 W/mK. Microstructural analysis using XRD and SEM-EDX highlighted changes in the material’s internal structure and the increase in porosity with higher LECA content. Water vapor permeability increases over time, particularly in samples with higher LECA content. These findings suggest that LECA-based geopolymers are suitable for low-load or non-structural elements. They are ideal for sustainable, energy-efficient construction that requires lightweight, insulating, and breathable materials.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020069
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 70: Physicochemical Studies of Opoka as a
Raw Material Component of Sodium Silicate Mixture for Subsequent Synthesis
of Foam Glass Material Based on It
Authors: Bibol Zhakipbayev, Alexandr Kolesnikov, Samal Syrlybekkyzy, Leila Seidaliyeva, Akmaral Koishina, Lyailim Taizhanova
First page: 70
Abstract: The present article presents the results of physical and chemical studies of opoka. In particular, the opoka was subjected to chemical analysis, X-ray phase, differential thermal analysis, scanning microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive elemental microanalysis. The opoka was studied with the aim of using it as an available raw material for obtaining a sodium silicate mixture and, in the future, developing an energy-saving technology for obtaining a building heat-insulating and sound-insulating foam glass material based on it, using synthesis. As a result of the studies, the chemical composition of the opoka was determined, which is 69–80% represented by silica. The elemental composition of the opoka was established, which is represented by 94.25% oxides of Si, Al, and Fe. The presence of such oxides makes it an ideal raw material component of a silicate-sodium mixture for the subsequent synthesis of foam glass material from it. Experimental exploratory studies on the synthesis of foam glass based on opoka have been carried out. The experimentally obtained sample of foam glass material consists of 93.37% Si, Al, Mg, and Na oxides, has a porous structure with a pore size of 2–5 microns, an average density of 375 kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 0.063 W/(m °C) at 25 °C, and noise absorption of 51.6 Db.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020070
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 71: Advancements in Free-Standing
Ferroelectric Films: Paving the Way for Transparent Flexible Electronics
Authors: Riya Pathak, Gopinathan Anoop, Shibnath Samanta
First page: 71
Abstract: Free-standing ferroelectric films have emerged as a transformative technology in the field of flexible electronics, offering unique properties that enable a wide range of applications, including sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices. This review paper explores recent advancements in the fabrication, characterization, and application of free-standing ferroelectric films, highlighting innovative techniques such as multilayer structures and van der Waals epitaxy that enhance their performance while maintaining mechanical flexibility. We discuss the critical role of these films in next-generation devices, emphasizing their potential for integration into multifunctional systems that combine energy harvesting and sensing capabilities. Additionally, we address challenges related to leakage currents, polarization stability, and scalability that must be overcome to facilitate commercialization. By synthesizing current research findings and identifying future directions, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in free-standing ferroelectric films and their impact on the development of sustainable and efficient flexible electronic technologies.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-05
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020071
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 72: A Bayesian Network Framework to Predict
Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Tien-Dung Nguyen, Rachid Cherif, Pierre-Yves Mahieux, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga
First page: 72
Abstract: In recent years, the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has become a major concern when promoting sustainable development in construction. However, the design of concrete mixes and the prediction of their compressive strength becomes difficult due to the heterogeneity of recycled aggregates (RA). Artificial-intelligence (AI) approaches for the prediction of RAC compressive strength (fc) need a sizable database to have the ability to generalize models. Additionally, not all AI methods may update input values in the model to improve the performance of the algorithms or to identify some model parameters. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a new method based on Bayesian Networks (BNs) to predict the fc of RAC, as well as to identify some parameters of the RAC formulation to achieve a given fc target. The BN approach utilizes the available data from three input variables: water-to-cement ratio, aggregate-to-cement ratio, and RA replacement ratio to calculate the prior and posterior probability of fc. The outcomes demonstrate how BNs may be used to forecast both forward and backward, related to the fc of RAC, and the parameters of the concrete formulation.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-05
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020072
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 73: Zn-Ferrite and Hematite Dispersed by
SBA-15 Silica Grains: Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity for
Advanced Oxidation Process on Amoxicillin
Authors: Aya Jezzini, Anne Davidson, Gilles Wallez, Jean-Marc Grenèche, Tayssir Hamieh, Joumana Toufaily
First page: 73
Abstract: Nanoparticles of ZnFe2O4 and hematite with varied sizes and distributions were synthesized using the two-solvent method (cyclohexane, water) on SBA-15 silica batches. Calcination is performed in air at 700 °C (2 °C/min) with rapid quenching produced catalysts with distinct nanoparticle configurations, namely, internal zinc ferrite and external hematite. The choice of precursor was critical, and nitrate salts yielded only zinc ferrite nanoparticles, while chloride salts produced a mixture of hematite and zinc ferrite. The photocatalytic activity of these materials was evaluated under visible light irradiation from an LED lamp, using O2 from air as an oxidizing agent without the addition of H2O2. Samples enriched with external hematite nanoparticles from chloride precursors achieved the highest activity, decomposing 30% of AMX in 225 min. In contrast, nitrate-derived samples with predominantly internal zinc ferrite nanoparticles exhibited lower catalytic activity. Characterization via TEM, XRD, N2 sorption, and Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the structural and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Mössbauer spectra, particularly at 12K and under a magnetic field, demonstrated the presence of hematite nanoparticles, distinguishing them from isolated Fe (III) cations. Zinc ferrite nanoparticles exhibited specific magnetic ordering, with Fe ions occupying tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The results demonstrate the critical role of nanoparticle, composition, and positioning in optimizing photocatalytic efficiency for water decomposition.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-05
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020073
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 74: Establishing Benchmark Properties for
3D-Printed Concrete: A Study of Printability, Strength, and Durability
Authors: Alise Sapata, Māris Šinka, Genādijs Šahmenko, Lidija Korat Bensa, Lucija Hanžič, Katarina Šter, Sandris Ručevskis, Diāna Bajāre, Freek P. Bos
First page: 74
Abstract: This study investigates the fresh state and hardened state mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed concrete. The mechanical tests focused on its anisotropic behavior in response to different load orientations. Compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths were evaluated relative to the print layers orientation. Results showed that compressive strength varied significantly, achieving 85% of cast sample strength when the load was applied parallel to the print layers ([u] direction), 71% when the load was applied perpendicular to the print object’s side plane ([v] direction), while only reaching 59% when applied perpendicular to the top plane ([w] direction). Similar trends were observed for flexural strength, with average values reaching 75% of cast sample strength when the load was applied perpendicular to the print layers ([v.u] and [w.u] directions), but decreasing to 53% when the load was applied parallel to print layers ([u.w] direction), underscoring the weaknesses at interlayer interfaces. The splitting tensile strength remained relatively consistent across print orientations, reaching 90% of the cast sample strength. Durability assessment tests revealed that 3D-printed concrete exhibits reduced resistance to environmental factors, particularly at the layer interfaces where the cold joint was formed, which are prone to moisture penetration and crack formation. These findings contribute valuable insights into the mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed concrete, emphasizing the importance of print orientation and interlayer bonding in its performance. This understanding helps guide the optimal use of 3D-printed elements in real-life applications by aligning load or exposure to environmental factors with the material’s strength and durability characteristics.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-07
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020074
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 75: Numerical Analysis and Life Cycle
Assessment of Type V Hydrogen Pressure Vessels
Authors: Mohd Shahneel Saharudin, Syafawati Hasbi, Santosh Kumar Sahu, Quanjin Ma, Muhammad Younas
First page: 75
Abstract: The growing concern about greenhouse gas emissions and global warming has heightened the focus on sustainability across industrial sectors. As a result, hydrogen energy has emerged as a versatile and promising solution for various engineering applications. Among its storage options, Type V composite pressure vessels are particularly attractive because they eliminate the need for a polymer liner during manufacturing, significantly reducing material usage and enhancing their environmental benefit. However, limited research has explored the pressure performance and life cycle assessment of these vessels. To address this gap, this study investigates the pressure performance and carbon emissions of a Type V hydrogen pressure vessel using four composite materials: Kevlar/Epoxy, Basalt/Epoxy, E-Glass/Epoxy, and Carbon T-700/Epoxy. The results reveal that Carbon T-700/Epoxy is the most suitable material for high-pressure hydrogen storage due to its superior mechanical properties, including the highest burst pressure, maximum stress capacity, and minimal deformation under loading. Conversely, the LCA results, supported by insights from a large language model (LLM), show that Basalt/Epoxy provides a more sustainable option, exhibiting notably lower global warming potential (GWP) and acidification potential (AP). These findings highlight the trade-offs between mechanical performance and environmental impact, offering valuable insights for sustainable hydrogen storage design.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-07
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020075
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 76: Influence of Heat Treatment on
Microstructure and Wear Properties of TiC/FC250 Composites
Authors: Yujin Lim, Jaeseong Choi, Seungchan Cho, Junghwan Kim, Sangmin Shin, Ilguk Jo
First page: 76
Abstract: Metal matrix composites (MMCs) produced through the unique liquid pressing infiltration (LPI) process exhibit significant industrial potential. In this study, TiC/FC250 metal matrix composites were fabricated using the liquid pressing infiltration process, and the effects of austempering and quenching–tempering heat treatments on the microstructure and wear characteristics were investigated in comparison to as-cast specimens of both the FC250 gray cast iron matrix material and the TiC/FC250 metal matrix composites without heat treatment. The results indicated that the quenching–tempering heat treatment effectively enhanced the dry sliding friction and wear characteristics compared to the as-cast condition. The heat-treated specimens, under optimal conditions, demonstrated superior properties compared to other heat treatments and the matrix material. Although the metal matrix composites were successfully produced via the liquid pressing infiltration process and optimal heat treatment, some graphite morphology transformed from a flake to a spherical shape due to the high temperature and slow cooling rate during the process. With the quenching–tempering heat treatment, the wear resistance increased by approximately 41.53% in the matrix material and by 53.38% in the metal matrix composites compared to the as-cast specimens. The TiC/FC250 metal matrix composite heat-treated under optimal conditions exhibited an approximate 58.28% reduction in the friction coefficient compared to the FC250 gray cast iron.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-08
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020076
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 77: Effect of Turmeric Staining and
Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different
Dental Composite Resins
Authors: Mitsu Patel, Jimin Lee, Marc Hayashi, Reuben H. Kim, Mijoo Kim
First page: 77
Abstract: This study investigated the susceptibility of nine composite resins to turmeric staining, evaluated bleaching efficacy for color recovery, and assessed surface hardness throughout these processes. Disc-shaped specimens (8 mm × 2 mm, n = 3/group) were subjected to daily 20 min turmeric solution immersion for two weeks, followed by two weeks of daily 3 h applications of 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching. Color measurements included spectrophotometric analysis for ΔE values (threshold ΔE > 3.3 for clinical significance) and VITA Classic shade assessment at baseline, post-staining, and post-bleaching intervals. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester. Results showed significant color changes in all materials except HA after turmeric exposure, with FS exhibiting the highest staining susceptibility (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69) and HA showing minimal change (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85). VITA Classic shade evaluation revealed varying patterns; some materials maintained their initial shade designation despite significant ΔE changes (FS, CM), while others showed substantial shade shifts with successful recovery post-bleaching (HA, OM). Bleaching effectiveness varied across materials, with PO, VEP, and FS demonstrating substantial recovery in ΔE values, although FS retained clinically noticeable discoloration post-bleaching (ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89). Surface hardness analysis revealed three distinct groups: high (80–90 HV: FS, CA, VPO), intermediate (55–70 HV: VEP, OM), and low (40–47 HV: PO, AE, HA, CM). For patients with high exposure to chromogenic foods, such as turmeric, material selection requires careful consideration of staining susceptibility, with HA and OM demonstrating superior color stability and recovery characteristics in this study.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-08
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020077
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 78: Effects of Polyphosphoric Acid on
Physical, Rheological, and Chemical Properties of
Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS)-Modified Asphalt Binder
Authors: Amjad H. Albayati, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan, Aliaa F. Al-ani, Yu Wang, Ahmed M. Mohammed, Mustafa M. Moudhafar
First page: 78
Abstract: High temperatures combined with heavy traffic load necessitate asphalt binder modification to enhance its performance and durability. This research examines the effects of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) on the physical, rheological, and chemical properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt binders. Asphalt binders were prepared by adding 3% SBS and varying PPA dosages of 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% by weight of asphalt cement. The experiment investigated the physical properties (penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and specific gravity), the rheological properties (the performance grading (PG), multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS)), and the microstructure and chemical composition of the modified asphalt binder. The results demonstrated impressive improvements in rutting resistance and stiffness. Adding 3% SBS and 0.9% PPA increased the rutting factor (G*/sin δ) by 165% and the high-temperature PG from 74.2 °C to 93.6 °C compared to the virgin asphalt binder. However, the optimum fatigue resistance was obtained by adding 0.3% PPA to the SBS asphalt binder. The microstructure and composition analysis revealed that using SBS and PPA together enhanced binder homogeneity and reduced voids. Lastly, an Overall Desirability (OD) analysis suggested the 3% SBS and 0.3% PPA to be the most effectively balanced formulation for the demand of high temperature and heavy traffic conditions. However, further field studies are recommended to validate the results under real-world conditions.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-09
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020078
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 79: Experimental Assessment of the Strength
and Microstructural Properties of Fly Ash-Containing Basalt
Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Sustainable Concrete
Authors: Ala Abu Taqa, Usama A. Ebead, Mohamed O. Mohsen, Mervat O. Aburumman, Ahmed Senouci, Walid Maherzi, Deya Qtiashat
First page: 79
Abstract: This study investigates the influence of basalt fiber on the rheological, mechanical, and microstructural properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating fly ash and microsilica as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Various SCC mixes were prepared, incorporating five different volume fractions of basalt fiber (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%), along with a control mix. The rheological properties of fresh SCC were evaluated using slump flow and V-funnel flow tests. Subsequently, the mechanical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength, were measured after 28 days of curing. Additionally, microstructural analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on fractured specimen surfaces. The results indicated that the inclusion of basalt fiber adversely affected the flowability of fresh SCC mixes, with increased fiber volume. However, the hardened concrete exhibited significant improvements in mechanical properties with the addition of basalt fibers. The optimal performance was observed in the SCC70-85/0.10 mix specimens, which demonstrated a 69.90% improvement in flexural strength and a 23.47% increase in splitting tensile strength compared with the control specimen. SEM analysis further revealed enhanced microstructural density in the concrete matrix containing basalt fiber. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repetitions was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying basalt fiber concentrations on the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of SCC mixes. The ANOVA results indicated significant effects for both SCC grade and basalt fiber concentration, demonstrating that each factor independently affected the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of SCC. These findings suggest that the incorporation of basalt fibers holds promise for extending building lifespans and enhancing concrete quality, representing a valuable advancement in structural engineering applications.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-09
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020079
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 80: Metallic Multimaterials Fabricated by
Combining Additive Manufacturing and Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Mayank Kumar Yadav, Riddhi Shukla, Lixia Xi, Zhi Wang, Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth
First page: 80
Abstract: Nature has created a unique combination of materials, and the design and material compositions used in nature are not successfully employed for industrial applications. Metallic multimaterials (MMMs) are a unique class of materials that combine the properties of various metallic constituents (both matrix and reinforcement(s)) to improve the functionality, performance in real-time, and application spectrum. Accordingly, this study explores the fabrication perspective of MMMs by combining both additive manufacturing (AM) and powder metallurgical (PM) routes. Ti6Al4V structures were fabricated via the laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) process, and the reinforcement powders were added into the spark plasma sintering (SPS) mold where the Ti6Al4V structures were placed. Different reinforcement compositions including Mg, Al, Fe, Ni, and Cu were explored. Since the present study is focused on the variation of hardness, the hardness profile of the MMM composite was explored showing a sinusoidal trend. This study stands as a testimonial of fabricating MMM composites via a combination of AM and PM processes.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020080
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 81: Biobased Hydrophobic Solutions for
Natural Textiles—Moving Beyond PFAS
Authors: Petra Jerič, Blaž Likozar, Uroš Novak
First page: 81
Abstract: In order to achieve hydrophobic properties in textiles, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often used. These chemicals represent a class of synthetic compounds that have found wide application in numerous industries because of their advantageous properties, such as hydrophobicity, lipophobicity, chemical inertness, remarkable lubricity, non-stickiness, exceptional fire resistance, resistance to high temperatures, and high resistance to various weathering conditions. However, recent scientific research has demonstrated that these compounds possess persistent, accumulative, and highly mobile properties that make them an environmental hazard. Since the toxicity of PFAS is now recognized, ongoing research has been initiated to explore new substitutes. This comprehensive review focuses on the exploration of natural-based hydrophobic coatings for natural textiles, which include materials such as natural waxes, fatty acids, naturally occurring polymeric compounds (including proteins, carbohydrates, complex aromatic polymers, and polymers like natural rubber), and other naturally occurring substances. The role of each compound in the hydrophobic coating is also highlighted. This review aims to evaluate the potential of natural compounds as viable replacements for PFAS, focusing on their efficiency and durability.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020081
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 82: Graphene Oxide–Antibiotic
Coatings with Improved Resistance to Microbial Colonization for
Arthroplasty Implants
Authors: Iosub, Niculescu, Grumezescu, Dorcioman, Gherasim, Crăciun, Rădulescu, Grumezescu, Stan, Constantinescu, Holban, Rădulescu
First page: 82
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/ceftazidime (HAp/GO/CFZ) coatings obtained by the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique for arthroplasty implants. The coatings were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by model opportunistic pathogens, specifically Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, for 24, 48, and 72 hours. A significant reduction in the biofilm formation was demonstrated by coating surfaces, which led to a diminution of approximately 4 logs in the CFU/mL values compared to controls. These findings suggested that HAp/GO/CFZ coatings have the potential to prevent infections associated with arthroplasty implants, thereby improving patient outcomes and implant longevity.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-10
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020082
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 83: Polymer-Derived Carbon Matrix
Composites with Boron Nitride Nanotube Reinforcement
Authors: Okunzuwa Austine Ekuase, Qiang Wu, Jin Gyu Park, Jizhe Cai, Zhiyong Liang, Zhibin Yu
First page: 83
Abstract: This study explored the use of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as reinforcing fillers to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer-derived carbon matrix composites. BNNT-reinforced carbon matrix composites containing 0.5–5 wt% BNNTs were fabricated with pyrolysis conducted at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy revealed enhanced crystallinity and reduced defects in carbon matrix composites with BNNT addition. At 1200 °C pyrolysis temperature, sample shrinkage decreased from 28% in the control sample without BNNT addition to 12% with 5 wt% BNNTs, demonstrating BNNTs’ significant influence on the matrix. The density increased by 20.1% with 5 wt% BNNTs. Mechanical testing demonstrated an enhancement in the failure strain from 0.7% to 0.8% and an 87.8% increase in the work of fracture with 5 wt% BNNTs. Furthermore, the flexural strength and modulus improved by 68.7% and 55.6%, respectively, at this BNNT concentration. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature to 1500 °C further boosted the mechanical properties, with the flexural strength increasing by 283.7% and the flexural modulus by 528.6% when comparing samples containing 5 wt% BNNTs to those without BNNT reinforcement. Samples processed at 1500 °C with 5 wt% BNNT composition exhibited optimal performance.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-11
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020083
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 84: Kinetic Analysis of the Cracking
Behavior in Methanol-Treated Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Functionalized
Graphene Composites
Authors: Yang, Chang, Zhang, Yang, Lee
First page: 84
Abstract: Structural degradation in liquid environments can hinder the applications of polymer composites as structural materials. In this work, we study the impacts of methanol on surface cracking and the propagation of pre-formed cracks in UV-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate)/functionalized graphene (PMMA/FG) composites, followed by the uptake of three different crack-generated solvents, namely 1-butanol, cyclohexanol, and 2EA, respectively. The density of surface cracks increases with the increase in the uptake of the crack-generated solvent. The dependence of the nominal diffusivity for the surface cracking on temperature follows an Arrhenius-like law. The methanol in the composites enhances the uptake of the crack-generated solvent, accompanied by the desorption of methanol, and accelerates the initiation and propagation of surface cracks. The activation energy for the initiation of surface cracks shows an increasing dependence on the Hansen solubility distance from methanol. The progression of the pre-formed crack length with time follows a parabolic law. The nominal diffusivity of the crack-generated solvent for the propagation of the single-crack is greater in the healing zone than in the crack-free zone; the corresponding activation energies exhibit an opposite trend. Increasing the fraction of functionalized graphene and decreasing the UV-irradiation dose cause increases in the energy barriers that need to be overcome for the surface cracking and propagation of preexisting cracks.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-11
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020084
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 85: Highly Stable and
Temperature-Independent Humidity Sensor Based on PEO/PVA Polymer Composite
Authors: H. M. Zeeshan Yousaf, Mazhar Javed, Muhammad Mehran Bashir, Rayyan Ali Shaukat, Hasan Mahmood
First page: 85
Abstract: Traditional humidity sensors frequently face challenges, especially in environments with fluctuating temperatures, which can compromise their efficiency, stability, and reliability. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to fabricate low-cost and high-performance temperature-independent humidity sensors. In this work, for the first time, highly stable and reliable temperature-independent humidity sensors have been proposed based on a PEO/PVA polymer composite. Four sensors were fabricated containing weight ratios of PEO/PVA as 50:50%, 40:60%, 60:40%, and 70:30%, respectively. All of the fabricated sensors were electrically characterized at three different temperatures, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, to investigate the impedance response. The proposed sensor based on a PEO/PVA (40:60%) composite presents a remarkable and optimized temperature-independent performance in the range of 0–60%RH. Apart from this, the response and recovery time (9 s/16 s) of the temperature-independent humidity sensor based on PEO/PVA (40:60%) were investigated. Finally, the sensor showed long-term stability for 90 days, ensuring the reliability of the proposed device. These remarkable performances of the proposed sensor based on PEO/PVA with a weight ratio of (40:60)% can open a new gateway for low-range temperature-independent humidity sensors for various real-time applications.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-12
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020085
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 86: Non-Destructive Evaluation of
Impact-Damaged Sandwich Composites: Influence of Fiber Type
Authors: Jaime Santos, Paulo N. B. Reis, Mario Santos, Ana M. Amaro
First page: 86
Abstract: This study deals with the evaluation of impact-damaged sandwich composites using different fiber types (carbon, glass, and Kevlar), where the outer layers, or “skins”, were made from the same type of fiber, while the inner layer, or “core”, consisted of a different fiber type, with the aim of improving the damage resistance and tolerance of composite materials. To achieve this goal, the following research question was formulated: can the type of core fiber used in sandwich composites primarily determine their structural response under impact' To obtain a consolidated answer, various configurations manufactured were subjected to low-velocity impact tests to induce damage. The next step involved evaluating the extent and distribution of damage across various samples using ultrasonic C-scan techniques, along with assessing the impact bending stiffness (IBS) property, a widely recognized method for measuring the structural response of composites. It was observed that the different composite configurations presented distinct absorbed energy and, consequently, different damages, which was confirmed by the IBS and the C-scan methods. The glass–carbon–glass (GCG) sandwich composite demonstrated superior performance in mitigating damage compared to the other sandwich designs. The core material was verified as the main factor influencing the response of the sandwich composite.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-12
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020086
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 87: Thermodynamic Analysis on Complex
Oxides Formed by Aerodynamic Heating for Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramic
Matrix Composites
Authors: Mizuki Tsuganezawa, Yutaro Arai, Ryo Inoue
First page: 87
Abstract: The oxidation and recession of carbon-fiber-reinforced ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites (C/UHTCMCs) fabricated via reactive melt infiltration (RMI) using Zr-Ti alloys with three different compositions are evaluated via an arc-jet tunnel test at temperatures above 2000 °C for 60 s. Thermodynamic evaluations show that the recession of the UHTCMCs is prevented by the formation of a solid solution of ZrTiO4 on their exposed surface. Because an increase in the Zr content increases the melting temperature of ZrTiO4, the recession of the composites increases as the Zr content in the infiltrated alloys decreases. UHTCMCs fabricated with Zr-20at%Ti showed the least recession (<5%).
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020087
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 88: The Design and Characterization of an
Artificial Soil Substrate Made from Sand-Washing Slurry
Authors: Biqin Dong, Xu Wu, Penghui Wang, Rongxin Peng, Yanshuai Wang
First page: 88
Abstract: The global reserve of sand has significantly decreased, and sand washing is predominantly favored due to its simplicity and low operational costs, but this method poses significant environmental risks like landslides, making its reuse essential for sustainability. In view of this challenge, based on the composite preparation method, an innovative approach was proposed to prepare an artificial soil substrate from sand-washing slurry. The physical and vegetative feasibility performance, including strength, density, water absorption, retention, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH; and microstructural characteristics, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the artificial soil substrate with different proportions of cement and foaming agent were measured. Increasing the cement content to 30% of un-crushed artificial soil substrate specimens improved strength, whereas 40% reduced it due to the diminished pore-filling effect. Water absorption rates ranged from 29.22% to 36.68%, increasing with more foaming agent and decreasing with more cement, while the water retention time was 12–14 days, and incorporating foaming agent significantly increased water absorption. Leachate pH ranged from 11.99 to 12.18, and reduced to 7.82–8.28 with 5% phosphoric acid. The EC of the artificial soil substrate decreased by 88.64% to 93.59% after 10 wet–dry cycles, aligning with the standard. Artificial-soil-substrate-predominant products include calcite, quartz, and dolomite, with a pronounced silica content and soil substrate porosity ranging from 27.96% to 51.80%. From the microstructural test, calcium silicate hydrate gel, produced by cement hydration, effectively bound the sand-washing slurry, thereby improving strength.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-13
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020088
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 89: Energy Absorption Mechanisms of Riveted
and Assembled Double-Trapezoidal Auxetic Honeycomb Core Structures Under
Quasi-Static Loading
Authors: Zhenhua Tian, Shaoqing Shi, Yu Liao, Wenkang Wang, Lei Zhang, Yingjie Xiao
First page: 89
Abstract: Auxetic honeycomb structures, known for their exceptional mechanical properties, are widely used as sacrificial layers to protect critical targets from extreme explosive loads. However, conventional double arrowhead auxetic honeycomb-core structures (DA-AHSs) encounter significant interfacial connectivity challenges, and scaling auxetic honeycombs with alternative cellular microstructures introduces further complexity. To overcome these issues, riveted and assembled double-trapezoidal auxetic honeycomb-core structures (DT-AHSs) were developed as a replacement for DA-AHSs. The deformation modes and energy absorption mechanisms of DT-AHSs were analyzed through theoretical methods and quasi-static testing. The results show that DT-AHSs energy absorption primarily relies on the yield deformation of the longer inclined walls and rotational deformation of the shorter inclined walls. Additionally, the shorter walls support auxetic behavior by stabilizing the deformation of the longer walls. These findings provide a basis for further exploration of the protective potential of DT-AHSs.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-14
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020089
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 90: Composite Dust Toxicity Related to
Restoration Polishing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kamila Kucharska, Anna Lehmann, Martyna Ortarzewska, Jakub Jankowski, Kacper Nijakowski
First page: 90
Abstract: An integral part of daily dental practice is preparing and polishing placed composite restorations. When these procedures are performed, significant amounts of composite dust are released from the grinding material. This systematic review aims to enhance the existing body of knowledge, encourage further dialogue, and expand the understanding of composite dust and its related risks. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, twelve studies were included. Several studies highlight that composite dust contains nanoparticles capable of deep lung penetration, posing significant health risks to both dental staff and patients. Inhalation of composite dust can lead to respiratory diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Studies have shown that water cooling during composite grinding reduces dust emissions but does not eliminate them completely. Researchers suggest that thermal degradation of the composite material, not just filler particles, may be the source of the nanoparticles. In vitro studies have shown the toxicity of composite dust to bronchial and gingival epithelial cells, especially at high concentrations. Further research is needed on the health effects of composite dust and the development of effective methods to protect staff and patients.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-18
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020090
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 91: Application of DFT and Experimental
Tests for the Study of Compost Formation Between
Chitosan-1,3-dichloroketone with Uses for the Removal of Heavy Metals in
Wastewater
Authors: Joaquín Alejandro Hernández Fernández, Jose Alfonso Prieto Palomo, Rodrigo Ortega-Torod
First page: 91
Abstract: The environment presently contains greater amounts of heavy metals due to human activities, causing toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. This study evaluated a chitosan (CS) composite material combined with 1,3-dichlorocetone to extract heavy metals from affected waters, integrating experimental and computational analyses. The synthesis of chitosan, obtained from shrimp waste chitin, reached a yield of 85%. FTIR analysis confirmed key functional groups (NH2 and OH), and XRD showed high crystallinity with peaks at 2θ = 8° and 20°. The physicochemical properties evaluated included a moisture content of 7.3%, ash content of 2.4%, and a deacetylation degree of 73%, consistent with commercial standards. Chitosan exhibited significant solubility in 1.5% acetic acid, moderate solubility in water, and insolubility in NaOH, demonstrating its versatility for environmental applications. In adsorption tests, heavy metal concentrations were reduced by CS derivatives, with Cr and Pb dropping to 0.03 mg/L, and Cu and Zn to less than 0.05 mg/L. CS cross-linked with 1,3-dichlorocetone proved the most efficient, outperforming other derivatives such as glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin. Computational analysis evaluated key molecular interactions using DFT and the B3LYP/LANLD2Z method. The band gap energies (HOMO–LUMO) decreased to 0.09753 eV for Zn and 0.01485 eV for Pb, indicating high affinity, while Cd showed lower interaction (0.11076 eV). The total dipole moment increased remarkably for Zn (14.693 Debye) and Pb (7.449 Debye), in contrast to Cd (4.515 Debye). Other descriptors, such as chemical hardness (η), reflected a higher reactivity for Zn (0.04877 eV) and Pb (0.00743 eV), which favors adsorption. The correlation between experimental and computational results validates the efficiency and selectivity of CS/1,3-dichlorocetone for removing heavy metals, especially Pb and Zn. This material stands out for its adsorbent capacity, sustainability, and economic viability, positioning it as a promising solution for wastewater remediation.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9020091
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 2 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 36: Kinetic, Isothermal and Thermodynamic
Study on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium with Biocomposites
(Cellulose–PLA)
Authors: Candelaria Tejada-Tovar, Ángel Villabona-Ortiz, Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
First page: 36
Abstract: Currently, water is being polluted via various anthropogenic activities, resulting in wastewater contaminated with multiple pollutants, including heavy metals. Hexavalent chromium is a toxic heavy metal that poses significant health risks upon exposure. Biocomposites are materials that are partially composed of organic substances that enhance different properties of a composite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic behaviour of a cellulose-based biocomposite with polylactic acid (PLA) for the removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic water. The results indicated that the Freundlich and Elovich models provided the best fit for the isothermal and kinetic data, with R2 values of 0.671 and 0.973, respectively, suggesting that the adsorption process was chemical in nature and occurred on a heterogeneous, multilayer surface. Additionally, the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic, irreversible, and non-spontaneous. This study presents an innovative approach to the removal of metal ions using a cellulose–PLA biocomposite for wastewater treatment, offering kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic data applicable to the adsorption of other heavy metals.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-14
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010036
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 37: Comprehensive Analysis of Wear,
Friction, and Thermal Resistance in PVDF/Nanoclay Composites Using Taguchi
Methodology for Enhanced Tribological Performance
Authors: Pavan Hiremath, R. C. Shivamurthy, Giridhar B. Kamath, Nithesh Naik
First page: 37
Abstract: This study discusses the tribological characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/nanoclay composites, focusing on the effects of nanoclay content (0, 1, 2 and 3 wt.%), load, sliding speed, and sliding distance on the wear rate, friction coefficient, specific wear rate, and temperature. A Taguchi Design of Experiments technique was applied to optimize and assess these aspects. The results demonstrated that nanoclay addition considerably improved the wear resistance and frictional stability of the PVDF composites. Specifically, a nanoclay concentration of 3 wt.% gave the lowest wear rate (0.05 mg/m) with a 10 N load and 100 m sliding distance, lowering wear by roughly 23% compared to unreinforced PVDF. The friction coefficient was similarly lowered by 12% with 3 wt.% nanoclay, reaching a value of 0.38 at the highest load of 40 N. Interaction effects demonstrate that load and sliding distance are key elements impacting wear performance, with large loads and long distances virtually tripling the wear rate. ANOVA results quantify nanoclay’s contribution to a wear rate reduction of 51.29%, whereas load and sliding distance contributed 22.47% and 16.98%, respectively. Temperature increases due to frictional heating reached 10 °C under rigorous test conditions, although nanoclay treatment decreased this increase by an average of 15%. Characterization by XRD and FTIR verified the nanoclay dispersion inside the PVDF matrix, whereas the SEM images demonstrated smoother surfaces and fewer wear tracks in the nanoclay-reinforced samples. These findings illustrate the efficiency of nanoclay in increasing the wear resistance of PVDF, making these composites appropriate for high-performance applications. This research provides useful insights into enhancing PVDF/nanoclay composites, with possible uses in situations that demand endurance and thermal stability.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-14
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010037
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 38: Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of
Sabai Grass (Eulaliopsis binata) Fibers and Epoxy Resin Composite
Laminates Using Fly Ash as Filler Material
Authors: Shambhu Kumar, Ratnakar Das, Sambit Kumar Parida
First page: 38
Abstract: The integration of sabai grass fibers and fly ash in epoxy resin combines the strengths of both materials for developing a tailor-made composite laminate that balances performance, sustainability, and cost-efficiency. This innovative blend of natural fibers and industrial waste promotes environmental conservation. The laminates produced could also be used in diverse industrial and structural applications. This study investigated the mechanical properties of composite laminates reinforced with sabai grass fibers, fly ash filler, and epoxy resin as the matrix. In this work, the hand lay-up method was used to fabricate composites with two stacking configurations ((0°/0°/0°/0°) and (0°/90°/90°/0°)) and filler contents of 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.%. Various weight fractions of fly ash filler and sabai grass fiber were integrated into the epoxy resin to evaluate their impact on tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. The experimental results indicate that adding fly ash significantly improves the composite’s hardness to 27 HV in the composites containing 5 wt.% filler, while sabai grass fibers contribute to enhanced tensile strength and flexural strength. The composites with (0°/0°/0°/0°) fibers and 5 wt.% filler showed a higher tensile strength of 63.5 MPa and flexural strength of 118.5 MPa. The fractured sample was analyzed with the help of FESEM images. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of fly ash components suitable for forming a bond with epoxy. EDX was conducted to determine the elemental composition of the fly ash. FTIR analysis verified the removal of impurities such as dust, dirt, and lignin from the fiber surface following NaOH treatment.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-14
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010038
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 39: A Comparative Environmental and
Economic Analysis of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Recycling Processes
Using Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing
Authors: Christina Vogiantzi, Konstantinos Tserpes
First page: 39
Abstract: The recycling of carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) presents significant challenges due to their thermosetting matrix, which complicates end-of-life management and often results in energy-intensive disposal or significant waste accumulation. Despite advancements in recycling methods, knowledge gaps remain regarding their sustainability and economic viability. This study undertakes a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Life Cycle Costing analysis of four key recycling techniques: mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, solvolysis, and high-voltage fragmentation (HVF). By using the SimaPro software, this study identifies mechanical recycling and HVF as the most sustainable options, with the lowest cumulative energy demand (CED) of 5.82 MJ/kg and 4.97 MJ/kg and global warming potential (GWP) of 0.218 kg CO2eq and 0.0796 kg CO2eq, respectively. In contrast, pyrolysis imposes the highest environmental burdens, requiring 66.3 MJ/kg and emitting 2.84 kg CO2eq. Subcritical solvolysis shows more balanced environmental impacts compared to its supercritical counterpart. Cost analysis reveals that for mechanical recycling and pyrolysis, material costs are negligible or zero. In contrast, solvolysis and HVF incur material costs primarily due to the need for deionized water. Regarding energy costs, pyrolysis stands out as the most expensive method due to its high energy demands, followed closely by solvolysis with supercritical water.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-15
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010039
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 40: The Influence of Architecture on the
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Single-Polymer Composites
Authors: Yogeshvaran R. Nagarajan, Farukh Farukh, Karthikeyan Kandan
First page: 40
Abstract: This study investigates the tensile and flexural properties of self-reinforced polylactic acid (SrPLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SrPET) for prosthetic socket applications. These self-reinforced polymer (srP) composites utilize both a matrix and reinforcement made from the same material, resulting in an optimal matrix–interface bond that significantly enhances mechanical properties compared to traditional bulk polymers and composites. Prosthetic sockets serve as a critical interface between an amputee’s residuum and the prosthetic components, such as pylons and feet. Conventional socket materials, including monolithic high-density polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as advanced fillers reinforced with thermoset resins, often fall short in strength or affordability, particularly for amputees in low- to middle-income countries. In this study, we employed srP composites with various architectural stitch densities, aiming to achieve superior material properties. The results demonstrate that these materials exhibit higher strength and strain capabilities than many existing prosthetic materials. Notably, the low-density srPET composites achieved a tensile strength of 85.11 MPa and a strain of 19.7%, while high-density srPLA exhibited a failure strength of 36.65 MPa and a strain of 1.4%. Additionally, our findings reveal that the stiffness of both srPLA and srPET increases as the density of the reinforcement decreases. Overall, this study suggests that srP composites represent a viable and sustainable alternative for the manufacturing of prosthetic sockets, offering both enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-15
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010040
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 41: Review of Bioinspired Composites for
Thermal Energy Storage: Preparation, Microstructures and Properties
Authors: Min Yu, Mengyuan Wang, Changhao Xu, Wei Zhong, Haoqi Wu, Peng Lei, Zeya Huang, Renli Fu, Francesco Gucci, Dou Zhang
First page: 41
Abstract: Bioinspired composites for thermal energy storage have gained much attention all over the world. Bioinspired structures have several advantages as the skeleton for preparing thermal energy storage materials, including preventing leakage and improving thermal conductivity. Phase change materials (PCMs) play an important role in the development of energy storage materials because of their stable chemical/thermal properties and high latent heat storage capacity. However, their applications have been compromised, owing to low thermal conductivity and leakage. The plant-derived scaffolds (i.e., wood-derived SiC/Carbon) in the composites can not only provide higher thermal conductivity but also prevent leakage. In this paper, we review recent progress in the preparation, microstructures, properties and applications of bioinspired composites for thermal energy storage. Two methods are generally used for producing bioinspired composites, including the direct introduction of biomass-derived templates and the imitation of biological structures templates. Some of the key technologies for introducing PCMs into templates involves melting, vacuum impregnation, physical mixing, etc. Continuous and orderly channels inside the skeleton can improve the overall thermal conductivity, and the thermal conductivity of composites with biomass-derived, porous, silicon carbide skeleton can reach as high as 116 W/m*K. In addition, the tightly aligned microporous structure can cover the PCM well, resulting in good leakage resistance after up to 2500 hot and cold cycles. Currently, bioinspired composites for thermal energy storage hold the greatest promise for large-scale applications in the fields of building energy conservation and solar energy conversion/storage. This review provides guidance on the preparation methods, performance improvements and applications for the future research strategies of bioinspired composites for thermal energy storage.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-15
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010041
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 42: Advances in Conductive Polymer-Based
Flexible Electronics for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Md. Abdus Shahid, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Md. Tanvir Hossain, Imam Hossain, Md. Sohan Sheikh, Md. Sunjidur Rahman, Nasir Uddin, Scott W. Donne, Md. Ikram Ul Hoque
First page: 42
Abstract: The rapid developments in conductive polymers with flexible electronics over the past years have generated noteworthy attention among researchers and entrepreneurs. Conductive polymers have the distinctive capacity to conduct electricity while still maintaining the lightweight, flexible, and versatile characteristics of polymers. They are crucial for the creation of flexible electronics or gadgets that can stretch, bend, and adapt to different surfaces have sparked momentous interest in electronics, energy storage, sensors, smart textiles, and biomedical applications. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in conductive polymers over the last 15 years, including a bibliometric analysis. The properties of conductive polymers are summarized. Additionally, the fabrication processes of conductive polymer-based materials are discussed, including vacuum filtering, hydrothermal synthesis, spray coating, electrospinning, in situ polymerization, and electrochemical polymerization. The techniques have been presented along with their advantages and limitations. The multifunctional applications of conductive polymers are also discussed, including their roles in energy storage and conversion (e.g., supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)), as well as in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic solar cells (OSCs), conductive textiles, healthcare monitoring, and sensors. Future scope and associated challenges have also been mentioned for further development in this field.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-16
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010042
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 43: Evaluation of Physicochemical
Properties of Cadmium Oxide (CdO)-Incorporated Indium–Tin Oxide
(ITO) Nanoparticles for Photocatalysis
Authors: Habtamu Fekadu Etefa, Francis Birhanu Dejene
First page: 43
Abstract: This study investigates the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles (NPs) and indium–tin oxide (ITO)-doped CdO NPs. The synthesis of CdO NPs and ITO NPs was accomplished through the co-precipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates that pure CdO NPs exhibit agglomerated structures, whereas ITO doping introduces porosity and roughness, thereby improving particle dispersion and facilitating electron transport. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) corroborates the successful incorporation of tin (Sn) and indium (In) within indium–tin oxide (ITO)-doped cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles (NPs) in addition to cadmium (Cd) and oxygen (O). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrates that an increase in ITO doping results in a reduction of the crystallite size, decreasing from 23.43 nm for pure CdO to 18.42 nm at a 10% doping concentration, which can be attributed to lattice distortion. Simultaneously, the band gap exhibits a narrowing from 2.92 eV to 2.52 eV, achieving an optimal value at 10% ITO doping before experiencing a slight increase at higher doping concentrations. This tuneable band gap improves light absorption, which is crucial for photocatalysis. The photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) highlights the superior efficiency of ITO-doped CdO nanoparticles, achieving a remarkable 94.68% degradation under sunlight within 120 min, up 81.01%, significantly surpassing the performance of pure CdO. The optimal RhB concentration for achieving maximum degradation was determined to be 5 mg/L. This enhanced catalytic activity demonstrates the effectiveness of ITO-doped CdO NPs under both UV and visible light, showcasing their potential for efficient pollutant degradation in sunlight-driven applications.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-16
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010043
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 44: Refining Oxide Ratios in N-A-S-H
Geopolymers for Optimal Resistance to Sulphuric Acid Attack
Authors: Chaofan Yi, Yaman Boluk, Vivek Bindiganavile
First page: 44
Abstract: As an alternative to Portland cement systems, geopolymers have been found to display superior acid resistance. However, at present, there exists no strategy to regulate the suitable design of mixtures. Particularly, the mechanisms underlying the effect of principal oxide ratios on the performance of N-A-S-H geopolymers in acid-rich environments are missing. Nor is any information available on the optimal range for SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3, and H2O/Na2O ratios under acid attack. This study investigates N-A-S-H geopolymers incorporating varying compositional oxide ratios to assess their resistance to sulphuric acid attack. The results show that the optimal range for acid-resistant durability is a narrow band within the optimal range for workability and strength. A SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 3.4 balanced the enhanced degree of geopolymerization with an increase in the amount of permeable voids. At the same time, the Na2O/Al2O3 and H2O/Na2O ratios should be maintained within 0.8~0.9 and 8~10, respectively. Quantitatively, for the mixture designed within these optimal oxide ranges, the associated strength loss after 84 weeks of acid exposure was only about 10~20%, whereas other mix proportions may lead to a maximum strength loss of up to ~58%. Anything higher will offset the polycondensation and instead raise the volume of permeable voids. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the acid resistance depends chiefly on the Na2O/Al2O3 and H2O/Na2O ratios. The proposed multi-factor models predict the acid-induced neutralization efficiently, and the associated output displays a correlation with the loss in compressive strength.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-17
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010044
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 45: The Ultimate Tensile Strength of
SiC/SiC Composites: Multiscale Approach
Authors: Jacques Lamon
First page: 45
Abstract: The present paper tackles the important issue of tensile ultimate strength of ceramic matrix composites, using a multiscale approach. The ultimate strength is investigated at the successive increasing length scales inherent to 2D woven SiC/SiC composites, i.e., single filaments, fibre tow, unidirectional composite (minicomposites), and 2D woven composite. First, experimental results on tensile behavior under strain-controlled conditions are summarized for tows, minicomposites, and composites. Then, models of tow ultimate failures under controlled force and strain are presented. The exact criterion of tow failure is developed for filament fracture initiation and then propagation based on applied stress and on filament strength gradient. The model of the ultimate failure of the composite under strain-controlled conditions is based on the strength of filaments in the presence of matrix cracks and the overstress induced by interactions of broken filaments and the matrix. The variability of ultimate strengths of filaments, minicomposites, and composites at various gauge lengths is described by linear p-quantile diagrams, which indicates that the data follow a normal distribution function. The contribution of structural effects to the variability of composite and minicomposite strength under strain-controlled loading is analyzed. Their dependence on specimen size is related to the reproducibility of critical flaw population and structural effects.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-17
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010045
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 46: Evaluation of the Reinforcing Effect of
Intermetallic and Ceramic Phases in a WE54-15%(Vol.%)SiCw Composite Using
In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
Authors: Gerardo Garces, Pablo Pérez, Judit Medina, Paloma Adeva
First page: 46
Abstract: The reinforcing effect of β-Mg14YNd2 precipitates and SiC whiskers has been evaluated in a WE54-15%(vol.%)SiCw composite using synchrotron radiation diffraction during compression tests from room temperature to 300 °C. The addition of SiC whiskers slightly increases the yield stress compared to an unreinforced WE54 alloy. However, whiskers are not effective in increasing the temperature at which the mechanical strength of the unreinforced WE54 alloy begins to decay. The plastic deformation process is controlled by the magnesium matrix over the entire compression temperature range. On one hand, β-Mg14YNd2 precipitates assume an additional transferred load from the magnesium matrix just after the yield point in both the WE54 alloy and WE54-15%SiCw composite. The magnitude of transferred load becomes smaller as the temperature increases due to the relaxation process around precipitates. On the other hand, the reinforcing effect of SiC whiskers is greater than that of β-Mg14YNd2 precipitates, although its effect also tends to disappear at temperatures equal to or higher than 200 °C.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-18
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010046
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 47: Stability Improvement of Irradiated
Polymer Composites by Inorganic Compounds—A Pertinent Solution with
Respect to Phenolic Antioxidants
Authors: Traian Zaharescu, Ademar B. Lugāo
First page: 47
Abstract: The long-term usage of polymer products necessitates addressing the appropriate preservation of their low oxidation state that extends the warranty period. The addition of pertinent stabilization components into the composite formulations (synthesis and natural antioxidants, pristine and doped oxides, clays or couples of them) produces an improvement in the kinetic parameters characterizing the accelerated degradation that occurs during high-energy exposures. The competition between the material ageing and the mitigation of oxidation is controlled by the protection efficiency. In this paper, the main advantages of inorganic structures in comparison to classical organic antioxidants are emphasized. A significant improvement in stability, simultaneously associated with the enhancing of functional characteristics, the lack of migration, low cost and easy accessibility, make the reevaluation of certain fillers as stabilizers appropriate. The correlation between the functional properties and the filler nature in polymer materials may be reconsidered for the assessment of the participation capability of inorganic structures in the inhibition of oxidation by the inactivation of free radicals. The lifetimes of degradation intermediates extended by the activities of inorganic compounds are increased by means of electrical interactions involving the unpaired electrons of molecular fragments. These physical contributions are reflected in chemical stability. An essential feature for the presented inorganic options is a strong impact on the recycling technologies of polymers by radiation processing. Plastic products, including all categories of macromolecular materials, can gain an increased durability through the inorganic alternative of protection.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010047
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 48: Enhancing Mechanical Properties of
Polyamide 66 with Carbon-Based Nano-Fillers: A Review
Authors: Matija Avbar, Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira, Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho
First page: 48
Abstract: Carbon-based nanofillers have emerged as promising agents for enhancing the mechanical properties of polyamide 66 (PA66). This literature review emphasizes the increasing interest in nanocomposites due to their ability to significantly improve material properties, often surpassing traditional short fiber reinforced polymers, even at low nanofiller loadings. Across the studies reviewed, consistent enhancements in various quasi-static mechanical properties are observed upon the incorporation of nanofillers. Optimal carbon-based nanofiller loadings typically fall within the range of 0.25% to 1 wt%. Notably, significant improvements have been reported, with increases of up to 78% in Young’s modulus (E) and 138% in ultimate tensile strength (UTS). This comprehensive analysis highlights the potential of carbon-based nanofillers in enhancing the performance of polyamide 66, offering valuable insights for the design and development of advanced nanocomposite materials. Preliminary test results by the authors, where melt mixing was employed to produce PA66 carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites with loadings of up to 1 wt%, show an increase in Young’s modulus whilst the ultimate tensile strength and strain at break (SaB) are reduced.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010048
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 49: RF Dielectric Permittivity Sensing of
Molecular Spin State Switching Using a Tunnel Diode Oscillator
Authors: Ion Soroceanu, Andrei Diaconu, Viorela-Gabriela Ciobanu, Lionel Salmon, Gábor Molnár, Aurelian Rotaru
First page: 49
Abstract: We introduce a novel approach to study the dielectric permittivity of spin crossover (SCO) molecular materials using a radio frequency (RF) resonant tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) circuit. By fabricating a parallel plate capacitor using SCO particles embedded into a polymer matrix as an integral part of the inductor (L) capacitor (C) LC tank of the TDO, we were able to extract the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity of frequency measurements for a wide selection of resonance values, spanning from 100 kHz up to 50 MHz, with great precision (less than 2 ppm) and in a broad temperature range. By making use of this simple electronic circuit to explore the frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of the compound Fe[(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4), we demonstrate the reliability and resolution of the technique and show how the results compare with those obtained using complex instrumentation.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-20
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010049
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
- J. Compos. Sci., Vol. 9, Pages 50: Physical Foam Injection Molding of
Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene by Using CO2: Parameter Variation
and Comparison to Chemical Foam Injection Molding
Authors: Claudia Pretschuh, Matthias Mihalic, Christian Sponner, Thomas Lummerstorfer, Andreas Steurer, Christoph Unterweger
First page: 50
Abstract: The use of cellulose fiber-filled polypropylene (PP) composites in combination with foam injection molding has enabled the lightweight design of injection-molded parts. The study provides achievements for the physical foam injection molding (MuCell®) process of PP–cellulose fiber compounds by using CO2 as the direct foaming agent, including a comparison of MuCell® foaming with N2 and a comparison to a chemical foaming process. Weight and density reductions, foam structure and specific mechanical properties are highly dependent on the applied processing parameters. The maximum weight reduction reached values of up to 16%, and density reduction even reached 33% in relation to the compact plates. The extent of weight and density reduction could be adjusted, among other factors, by a reduction in the shot volume. Setting the density reduction to 22% allowed for simultaneously decreasing weight while sustaining the specific flexural properties and limiting the loss of specific impact strength. By using optimized FIM parameters, the mechanical performance could be improved, with specific modulus values even outperforming the compact reference sample. This presents a significant benefit for the preparation of lightweight products and sets the basis for further optimization and modeling studies.
Citation: Journal of Composites Science
PubDate: 2025-01-20
DOI: 10.3390/jcs9010050
Issue No: Vol. 9, No. 1 (2025)
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