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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Saiyidah Nafisah Hasyim, Norrizah Jaafar Sidik, Tay Chia Chay, Nur Nadirah Rodzali, Siti Nur Azmu’i Abdullah, Noor Amira Muhammad Clinacanthus nutans consists with multiple medicinal properties. The plant is also known to be a source of biologically active compounds, particularly those with an antioxidant capacity. The phytochemical studies of C. nutans plant extract was mostly reported from its leaf part. Thus, the objectives of this study are to assess the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of C. nutans leaf and stem. Methanol was used as solvent for the green extraction. Next, phytochemical screening, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids contents (TFC), quercetin flavonoid compound analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity were performed on C. nutans leaf and stem. In comparison to stem extract, the leaf extract showed a more favorable appearance of metabolites. In FTIR analysis, both sample extracts revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, which are important in antioxidant action. The TPC (228.06 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (29.76 mg QE/g DW) values were higher in the leaf extract than the stem extract. Quercetin quantification in HPLC analysis revealed that the leaf extract (21.33 g/g) contained more quercetin than the stem extract (18.88 g/g). Between the extracts, leaf providing more antioxidant values of DPPH (15.50%) and FRAP (15.68 gFeSO4/g) than stem. The greatest association was identified between TFC and FRAP reducing activity (r = 0.977, p<0.05) indicating that the flavonoid present in the extract contributed to C. nutans' antioxidant capacity.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Mohamad Mazwan Mahat, Izatul Aina Afiqah Mohd Rohazid, Farah Nabillah Kazwa, Nurul Nadiah Kamaldin This study focuses on the performance and mechanical characteristics response of pure Canola oil and Canola oil with existence of Hyaluronic Acid. Numerous studies show that plant-based substances are infrequently used in synthetic synovial fluid. The sort of bio-fluid that derives from plant-based oil and can function as a synthetic synovial fluid is the focus of this work. Three samples of a bio-fluid made of Canola oil with three different concentrations of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) are 0 ml, 5 ml, and 10ml, respectively. The 500 mm x 500 mm x 4 mm Polylactic Acid (PLA) biomaterial disc was chosen in the pin on disc wear and friction test rig experiment in conjunction with a canola-based oil tested lubricant to simulate the mechanical principles on the knee. To obtain accurate findings for the wear rate and friction coefficient, the samples will be put through a tribology test. The experiment was conducted to measure the tribology of the stainless pin to observe the effect of coefficient of friction and wear rate on the pin. The reliable outcome may open up new avenues for future research on synthetic synovial fluid. On the other hand, this study is beneficial to medical technology for future treatment of any diseases related to synovial fluid and allows the manufacturer to improve understanding in the optimization of these lubricants in ensuring a long-term application in the human body.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Amirah Hanani Kamaruddin, Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri, Rafeqah Raslan Steam batch sterilization is favorably utilized by conventional palm oil mills in Malaysia. However, there are some disadvantages to using steam batch sterilization, including the fact that it takes a long time to complete the sterilizing process, and a huge amount of wastewater is released as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Besides, extraction by fruit press expeller requires a large number of nuts or seeds to produce a high yield, which is relatively expensive. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the capability of microwave sterilization and the Soxhlet extraction (solvent extraction) process as an alternative to the conventional method. The impact of various microwave power levels of 400, 600, and 800 W and water ratios of 0, 50, and 100 mL on oil yield and carotenoids value of microwave-sterilized oil palm mesocarp are also investigated. Microwave sterilization and Soxhlet extraction have been employed as a replacement for the conventional method of extracting a higher yield of palm oil mesocarp in order to fill the gap by the previous research, which applied two methods: microwave sterilization (power level) and extraction. Then, carotenoid value analysis with a UV spectrophotometer is utilized to examine the outcomes in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the method. As a result, a high oil yield and carotenoid value are produced, which is 59.31% at 800W with the absence of water (0 mL) and a carotenoid value of 757 ppm at 400W (0 mL), respectively. Meanwhile, other carotenoid values at different microwave power levels and water ratios are still within the acceptable range as per the commercial crude palm oil standard.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Norazila Ibrahim, Nur Azeni Mohamad Rusop, Rozilah Rajmi The effects of Ga substitution at Mn site on electroresistance behaviour of La0.85Ag0.15MnO3 compound prepared by solid-state reaction method were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement were recorded at room temperature and refined by employing Rietveld techniques. Ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transitions behaviour have been observed from ac susceptibility results. Resistivity-temperature curve with different applied currents of 1 mA and 5 mA showed metal-insulator, MI transition temperature, TMI decreased with increased of the applied currents. The increased in applied current caused the maximum resistivity around TMI to be decreased for both samples indicated increased in charge carrier density which resulting in drop of resistivity, hence, enhanced double exchange mechanism. The electroresistance (ER) effects have been investigated. The result showed that the ER effect increases when Ga is substituted.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Mohd Suhairil Meon This paper presents the performance of the three-dimensional progressive damage model using Puck failure criteria gradual degradation law to predict the structural responses, as well as the onset and propagation of failure due to different meshing techniques. The proposed damage model is performed using Abaqus explicit analysis. Three meshing strategies are analyzed using a solid element finite element model based on low-velocity impact loading. The structural responses are compared with experimental data taken from literature to measure the performance of such damage model. The results revealed that the models adopted here respond well to experimental data and demonstrate acceptable results in predicting the inter- and intra-laminar damage of the composite laminate.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Khairul Hafiz Shahrul Nizam, Nur Syahiza Zainuddin Groundwater has become one of the natural sources of water nowadays. Naturally, groundwater contains dissolving materials such as soils, rocks, and minerals, which later release constituents, including iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn). However, raw groundwater has been found to consist of a high concentration of such minerals, which exceed the Groundwater Quality Standard published by the Department of Environment Malaysia. Initially, the concentration of Fe2+ and Mn exceeding the limit mentioned in the standard; 1.0 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively, might affect the quality of the groundwater. Hence, such condition of water needs to be treated before it can be distributed to the user. This study presents the combination usage of alum and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in removing Fe2+ and Mn in the groundwater. The jar test was the main mechanism used in identifying the best optimum medium dosages (alum and KMnO4) as well as the best contact time for both mediums to efficiently remove Fe2+ and Mn in groundwater. In this study, water samples were taken from Chicha Water Treatment Plant in Kelantan. It can be said that both alum and KMnO4 managed to remove Fe2+ and Mn up to 35% and 45%, respectively when using alum dosage of 12 mg/L and KMnO4 dosage of 1.5mg/L with a contact time of 40 minutes. In addition, both mediums also managed to remove other parameters such as colour, turbidity, cations, and pH.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Norhusna Mohamad Nor, Mohamad Ikmal Mohamad Azmir, Nurulhuda Amri Fluoride removal is crucial in water sources because its existence is very harmful towards human and environment. With this concern, graphene oxide (GO) has been selected as an adsorbent due to its adsorptive characteristics. GO was modified with eggshell (GO/ES), a natural based of calcium precursor. The modification of the GO/ES adsorbent was done via ultra-sonification. The effects of each synthesis parameter toward fluoride removal were investigated and related to surface functional groups found in the modified GO/ES adsorbent. From the analysis, eggshell has been successfully decorated over GO structure, where GO-calcium bond was observed in the FTIR spectra. The interaction between GO and ES showed the increment of hydroxyl (O-H) and carboxyl (C-O) functional groups as increasing in ES amount. This resulted in increasing of fluoride removal, as high as 54.30 mg/g adsorption capacity. The effects of GO/ES ration, sonication temperature and synthesis time in tailoring the modified GO/ES adsorbent were also significant in the arrangement of these functional groups towards fluoride removal. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that modified GO/ES adsorbent, from natural calcium source is comparable with chemical based calcium source, where the same functional groups were observed from FTIR spectra.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Kelimah Elong, Muhd Firdaus Kasim, Zurina Osman Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NMC 333) become a promising cathode material and attracted much attention to replace the LiCoO2. The structure, particle size, and morphology are some of the factors that influence the performance of the NMC 333 materials were study in this work. The synthesis method of doped NMC 333 materials was done via combustion method and citric acid was used as a fuel. The final products of LiNi0.3Mn0.3Co0.3Al0.1O2 and LiNi0.3Mn0.3Co0.3Al0.05Ti0.05O2 were denoted as 333A and 333AT, respectively. Based on the XRD results, all materials showed a pure, single phase and isostructural with hexagonal α-NaFeO2. 333AT material show good cation ordering with RIR value of 1.25. It also shows the higher (003) peak intensity and smaller full widths at half maximum (FWHM) indicate this material has higher structural crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than 333A. Meanwhile, FESEM results revealed that all materials have morphology of polyhedral like shape and well-crystallized particles with smooth surfaces. Both materials clearly made up of micro-sized particles with the range particle size from 103 nm to 975 nm. 333A material display slightly larger crystallite size compared to the 333AT material. As a conclusion, doping technique will effect the structural and the morphology of materials.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman, Norbaya Sidek, Sulaiman Hasim, Juhaizad Ahmad, Mohd Ikmal Mohd Fazlan, Nur Syazwana Mohamad Soft soil consists of inherent properties where it is unstable in geotechnical condition with low shear strength. The present of soft soil is one of the problematic ground conditions that can pose great challenges in the related field. Moreover, soft soil is not suitable for being used in the construction of highways and buildings due to its undesirable characteristics such as high-water content, low shear strength, low bearing capacity and low permeability. Thus, soil improvement will be crucial in future geotechnical practice for designing structures in weak soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of coconut shell ash (CSA) as an additive material to improve the strength of the soft soil. Preliminary tests were carried out on the soft soil sample for identification and classification purposes. Then, engineering tests were carried out such as compaction tests to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), Un-confined Compression Test (UCT) to assess the unconfined compressive strength of the soft soil when mixed with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of CSA. Finally, this study resume that the coconut shell ash can act as a stabilizer that will lower the cost of treatment and will benefit the environment.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Ainie Abdul Shukor, Fauzilah Ismail, Niraku Rosmawati Ahmad, Ahmad Kamil Arshad, Faizah Kamarudin Desiccation is the process of extreme drying that results in cracking in materials such as soils. Cracking is a complex process that has the potential to spread and penetrate deeper into the soil, which could lead to instability in earth structures like embankments. A number of desiccation tests were conducted to observe the crack behaviour of manufactured kaolin clay at laboratory scale. All samples were prepared at variation of initial water content and desiccation tests carried out using aluminium desiccation trays. Their crack behaviour was monitored at different thickness and comparison made to the samples tested on different base materials such as ceramic, steel and wood plates. The drying process, crack propagation and pattern were measured and observed daily. A digital image is captured and the crack intensity factor (CIF) calculated manually using a grid system. It was found that a sample of kaolin clay that was 5 mm thick had the highest CIF with rapid propagation and produced non-orthogonal patterns. It also discovered that the thickness of the samples, type of plates utilised and soil state at the start of the test have an impact on the formation and propagation of cracks.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Norazlan Khalid, Mazidah Mukri, Norbaya Sidek This paper presents the regression model for predicting the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) for sedimentary residual soil mixed with bentonite. The empirical models were developed in accordance with the statistical validity steps and conditions. The laboratories were conducted to determine the physical properties of mixed samples with bentonite such as Atterberg limit and particle size distribution. Meanwhile the compaction testing was performed on the mixed soil samples with bentonite to determine the MDD and OMC values at different compaction energies. The data obtained from laboratories and secondary data were used to develop an empirical model. The results showed there is significant relationship between the particle size, compaction energy and bentonite content to the OMC. Meanwhile there is a relationship between the OMC, bentonite content and compaction energy to the MDD. Reasonably good regression coefficients are obtained in case of both model which R2 = 82% for MDD model and R2 = 72% for OMC model. Meanwhile the determination coefficient and mean square error (MSE) for validated model between predicted model and empirical model were given R2 = 89.5% with MSE = 0.065% for MDD model and R2 = 79.5% with MSE = 5.9% for OMC model. Therefore, the models developed present a good predicting for MDD and OMC values.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Mohd Asri Mohd Nor, Muhammad Ammar Imran Mohamad Razki, Nor Fazli Adull Manan An ambient air vaporizer (AAV) is an industrial heat exchanger equipment used in the vaporization process of liquefied gases before supplying to consumers. AAV utilizes the simple heat transfer principle that uses surrounding ambient air to vaporize the liquefied gases. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is one of the liquefied gases commonly associated with AAV applications. Due to a significant temperature difference between cryogenic fluid of LNG and ambient air, frost formation is inevitable to reduce the heat transfer rate. Fins geometry contributes a substantial impact on the performance of AAV and is the main element of heat transfer for AAV. This study aims to design a model of an AAV with a star 6-finned tube vaporizer with hexagon shape and to simulate the fluid flow on the vaporizer model to demonstrate the LNG vaporization process. The hexagon vaporizer model is designed using Solidworks, and heat transfer model is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, Ansys Fluent solver. Parameters such as fin geometry, LNG flowrate and wind speed were referred from previous studies. Methane and air are assumed as working fluids inside and outside of the vaporizer model. Wind temperatures of 300K (27°C), 303K (30°C), and 306K (33°C) are utilized in the simulation process based on geometrical weather in Malaysia. In the simulation model, methane entered from the bottom of the tube, while air entered horizontally at x-direction from the right side. The temperature contour shows that as the temperature of methane that flowed inside the tube increased as it entered the tube, the air temperature reduced as it entered and flowed passes through the finned tube. The analysis from the simulation model shows that higher air temperature with substantial wind speed can increase the outlet temperature of methane (LNG), thus improving the performance of AAV.
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Abstract: Publication date: 19 May 2023 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 127 Author(s): Ammar bin Ariffin, Khairul Imran Sainan, Syazuan Bin Abdul Latip Lubrication is one of the important factors for a journal bearing to function well. Therefore, the use of bio-lubricants such as coconut oil and vegetable oil are highly recommended for their high level of biodegradability to reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Vegetable oil like coconut oil has a great lubricating quality including low friction coefficient and improved oxidation stability which is very suitable to be used as a lubricant. The performance assessment of journal bearings utilizing coconut oil as a bio-lubricant and varying angular velocity and eccentricity ratio will be the main emphasis of this study. The behavior of the journal bearing with coconut oil as the lubricant will be examined using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program, ANSYS Fluent. Using ANSYS Fluent, the pressure distribution of pure coconut oil is analytically studied. To evaluate the efficacy of each lubricant with a varied value of angular velocity utilized by the journal in journal bearings, average viscosity, viscosity index, and produced maximum pressure can be discovered under the lubrication of the journal bearing. Using the values of angular velocity with the same value of dynamic viscosity and density as properties for the coconut oil were used to run the simulation for the journal bearing. The result obtained from the simulation for eccentricity ratio of 0.2 with an angular velocity of 5000rpm is 205926.1 meanwhile the result for eccentricity ratio of 0.8 with same angular velocity value is 9661441. Each result signifies those different value of angular velocity with different value of eccentricity ratio that effects the bearing design itself occurs different result.
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