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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Henry Hlatshwayo, Nkosinathi Madushele, Noor A. Ahmed Ball bearings are critical components of any industrial rotary equipment. They constitute about 90% of industrial machines’ components – and are thus responsible for the largest proportion of failures – approximately 70-85% of downtime. Defected bearings, while in service, give rise to high vibration amplitudes in rotary equipment, resulting in great reduction in their operational efficiency coupled with high energy consumption. Their premature and inadvertent failure could result in unplanned equipment downtown – thereby causing production loss and increased maintenance cost. Patently, to curtail this, it is vital that their health state is monitored throughout their service life for early faults detection, diagnosis, and prognosis. A knowledge of when a bearing will fail – that is, its remaining useful life (RUL) – can serve as supplement to maintenace decision-making such as determining in advance the time an equipment needs to be taken out-of-service and that can alternatively allow for sufficient lead time for maintenance planning as well. This can correspondingly result in enhancement in rotary systems effectiveness – i.e., availability, reliability, maintainability, and capability. Three popular condition monitoring approaches are signal processing-based approaches namely fault size estimation (FSE) and fault degradation estimation (FDE) as well as artifial intelligent (AI) based approach. It is, however, still a challenge to estimate a bearing fault size and therefore its RUL with high precision based on what has been diagnosed using these approaches. Accordingly, this review holistically explore capabilities and limitations of these approaches from recently published work. The reviewed limations are summarized and serve as new research avenue.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): M. Prince Moifatswane, Nkosinathi Madushele, Noor A. Ahmed Thus far, axial flow pumps remain a significant hydrodynamic unit. These pumps have common applications for various systems that require a high flow rate and a lower head. They tend to be less efficient and consume excessive power when operating at low flow conditions. Most of the studies focus on improving the hydraulic performance of these pumps based on the best efficiency point (BEP) flow conditions. This approach is mostly based on the assumption that the pump will always operate at BEP. However, this is not always the case, because the operational condition of the pump may require an adjustment to meet certain system demands. Hence, it is necessary to emphasize the need to improve the hydraulic performance of these pumps for multiple flow conditions. This means that in addition to BEP, the lowest, and the highest operational conditions need to be considered when improving the pump performance. Also, it is important to review the phenomenon of cavitation in every design optimization investigation, given its significance to pump performance and some misrepresentation which are sometimes associated with its assessment. Therefore. the main contribution of this article is to briefly discuss the successful and unsuccessful design optimization methods of an axial flow pump. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of improving the pump performance at multiple flow conditions and also to incorporate the analysis of using CFD methods to analyze the results of cavitation performance in every pump performance improvement investigation.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Ebuka F. Obojiofor, James O. Okechukwu, Emmanuel I. Victor, Roland Anikwenze Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) varieties: TME 419 (419), TMS 98/0581(sweet), and UMUCASS 37 (yellow) were processed into flour. Comparative studies of their physicochemical and organoleptic properties were evaluated. Proximate composition was done using the standard method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The sensory analysis of the cassava flour varieties was evaluated by baking bread with its wheat blends using different ratios. Results obtained showed that the moisture, crude fiber, ash content, carbohydrate content and energy value of the three cassava flour varieties differ significantly (p≤0.05); while for crude protein, the values were not significantly different (p≥0.05). Also, the swelling power, boiling point, amylose, foam capacity, and emulsification capacity of each sample was significantly (p≤0.05) different with TME 419 cassava flour having the highest values in all but foam capacity. The combination levels for bread containing wheat and cassava varieties of 75% and 25%, respectively was found to be acceptable while, bread made from 100% TME 419 cassava flour was not acceptable due to its poor sensory attributes. It was found that the carbohydrate content of TMS 98/0581 was higher than the other cassava flour samples. Breads baked with 75% wheat flour and 25% cassava flour were accepted by the sensory panel in terms of appearance, taste and texture. These results showed that high quality cassava flour has potential to replace part of the wheat flour in the production of bread since there is a wide acceptance amongst the judges.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Sabo Bala, Donatus B. Adie The research is aimed at exploring the potential of using Corchorus olitorius (Jute) seed extracts as natural coagulant for turbidity removal from water. Laboratory scale studies using jar test experiments were performed on medium turbid water to study the influence of various process parameters such as Coagulant dosage, p H, Turbidity, Colour, Hardness, Alkalinity and Bacterial count and the optimum condition for maximum Turbidity removal was identified. Results obtained showed that at 75mg/L optimal removal of turbidity was achieved. Jute seed extract was also able to maintain the p H of treated water at 7.02 with the 75mg/L dosage. However, the reduction in turbidity was below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value of 5NTU. The best colour removal was also not up to the WHO’s recommended value of 40TCU. The chemical analysis result showed that Jute seed powder contained 20.90% protein. When jute was used in combination with Moringa oleifera there was significant reduction in turbidity and bacterial count. At 20% jute and 80% Moringa oleifera, best colour removal, turbidity and bacterial count were obtained. Key words-Biocoagulation, Corchorus olitorius, Bacterial count, Jar test
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Takuma Kadono, Shinichiro Okazaki, Yoshio Kajitani, Masahide Ishizuka Heavy rainfall disasters frequently damage bridge piers due to scouring, which resulted in collapse of bridges in many areas in Japan. In this study, we developed a model for evaluating the tilting risk of bridge pier due to scouring around the pier, which fluctuates depending on rainfall conditions based on machine learning. For evaluating the risk potential of scouring, we developed a model based on past disaster data due to scouring around the pier using a neural network. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the parameters of explanatory variables of the developed model, river level, and distance from the water edge to the pier. The results showed that the disaster risk around the pier due to scouring increased with the increase in river level and decrease in the distance from the water edge to the pier. Additionally, a river level prediction model was developed using support vector regression with the precipitation time measured 5 – 8 h beforehand and river level measured several hours earlier as an explanatory variable. Furthermore, this study shows that the two developed models can be combined with each other to assess the disaster risk around the jetty due to scouring, which varies with rainfall conditions, based on the observed meteorological information.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Kebone Revival Mofokeng, Muhammad Falalu Yahaya, Joshua Osuigwe Madu, Florence Nkiruka Chukwudi, Samuel Ojo, Feyisayo Victoria Adams Some organic pollutants change the color, smell, and other characteristics of water leaving it undesirable for use. However, other organic pollutants do not change the physical properties of the water, yet, they make the water non-useful. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics of petroleum contaminated water and how it can be purified using economical filters for possible reuse in rural areas of the Niger Delta, of Nigeria. The filters were made from rice husk ash, and white clay, as main materials, while calcium carbonate and poly (propylene carbonate) were used as binders and pore former. The water samples were tested for conductivity, turbidity, pH, heavy metals, and total hydrocarbon contents. The results showed a significant decrease in the amount of petroleum/organic pollutants present in the water sample before purification. The filter candle made using poly (propylene carbonate) as a binder was found to be the most efficient in removing organic pollutants, but it was not very effective in the removal of heavy metals and also, the pH of the filtrate became more acidic. Filtrates from other filters, however, had pH in an acceptable range. Dodecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid were found to be removed from the polluted water using the filters.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Oyetola Ogunkunle, Noor A. Ahmed Air pollution, occasioned by the combustion of fossil fuels, is a major precursor to many health challenges. Extensive release of poisonous gaseous pollutants has continued to hamper life expectancy and wellbeing, leading to respiratory diseases, health complications and death of people that particularly live in areas which suffer high concentrations of these pollutants in the air. A proven reference to this is captured as a link to the recent Covid-19 pandemic which has claimed thousands of life since it began spreading around the global community. However, the recent global obligatory lockdown measures enforced to combat the spread of Covid-19 pandemic has shown that there was reduction in pollutant emissions released from industrial and transportation activities. This reduction was found to play a significant role in alleviating the Covid-19 complications in areas which have high levels of air pollution, which is linked to symptoms complications and high level of fatality. As a present and future remedy, the combustion of renewable biodiesel as a replacement for fossil fuels has been recognized to play a significant role in achieving increased contribution of sustainable energy as well as reducing pollutant emissions via its combustion in vehicular engines. In light of this, there is a significant need to develop quality biodiesel that can support global energy security and also ensure environmental sustainability through the reduction of pollutant emissions. More scientific methods are needed to drive biodiesel production technologies toward the development of quality fuels from novel feedstock. This study has, however, been able to highlight the connection between air pollution, Covid-19 fatality, effect of lockdown measures, and biodiesel sustainability in reduction of poisonous gaseous emissions.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Intan Nurfarzana Mohd Razib Fatheen, Che Husain Syuhani, Hamzah Fazlena, Najwa Mohd Rodhi Miradatul, Veny Harumi In the present work, the effect of temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation in the biomimetic calcium chloride solution was investigated. A spontaneous calcium carbonate precipitate was formed in the biomimetic calcium chloride solution as a result of the carbon dioxide hydration process. The reaction was conducted at different temperature range vary from 30°C to 100°C. The mass of the calcium carbonate precipitate and the pH solution was measured in the study. The finding indicated that an increment of the temperature has led to the fast pH reduction of the solutions to 7.0. However, the process has retarded the calcium carbonate precipitation process. The optimum temperature for higher calcium carbonate precipitation has occurred at the temperature range of 47.5°C – 65°C which gave the highest calcium carbonate precipitate at 0.121g. The addition of Tris buffer into the calcium chloride solution in this study did not gave an inhibition effect on the calcium carbonate precipitate. Based on the results, an operating condition at 47.5°C – 65°C was recommended to be used in mineral carbonization of CO2 using the biomimetic calcium chloride solution.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Joseph A. Ige This study assessed the effect of potassium hydroxide on geotechnical properties of Biomass fuel ash stabilized lateritic soil. In-situ tests were conducted on the original soil sample for identification and classification purposes. The soil sample was classified as A-2-6. Thereafter, the soil sample was mixed with both Biomass fuel ash and Potassium hydroxide at percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 0, 3, 6, 9 respectively. These were later subjected to various tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, Atterberg limit and compaction .The result showed that the addition of Biomass fuel ash increases the Plastic limit but decreases the plasticity index of the lateritic soil. Similarly, the addition of potassium hydroxide increases the plastic limit while the plasticity index decreases.The addition of Biomass fuel ash increases the optimum moisture content while the maximum dry density decreases. Similarly, the addition of potassium hydroxide increases the optimum moisture content however the maximum dry density decreases. It could be concluded that both Biomass fuel ash and Potassium hydroxide perform satisfactorily as stabilizing agents for stabilizing lateritic soil especially for subgrade and sub base purposes in road construction
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Akeem Ayinde Raheem, Oluwaleke A. Olowu, Anthony Ajibola Hungbo, Emmanuel Olatunde Ibiwoye Effects of Water cement ratios on strengths characteristics of concrete produced with Recycled Iron and Steel Slag (RISS) aggregates was studied to understand the structural integrity of RISS aggregate in concrete and to determine the veracity of RISS aggregate as alternative aggregate to granite in concrete works. Mineralogical composition of the aggregate showed Silicon oxide (quartz) as the common mineral; both aggregates are well graded, strong and durable. Lower water cement ratios improved both the compressive and flexural strengths of RISS and granite concrete.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Akeem Ayinde Raheem, Bolanle Deborah Ikotun, S. Oyetunde Akinloye Aggregates constitute 60 – 80% of total concrete constituents. The characteristics of concrete may be affected by the sources from which the aggregate was obtained. The effects of granite sourced from four selected locations within Ogbomoso, Nigeria; on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete were investigated. The granites were obtained from: Asafa (80 4.681 N and 40 20.781 E), Ola-jesu (80 13.591 N and 40 10.11 E), Igbo-ile (80 4.681 N and 40 19.571 E) and Apasu (80 14.961 N and 40 10.051 E). Sieve analysis, specific gravity, moisture content, Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) and Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of the granites were determined. The aggregates were used to produce concrete of two different mix ratio-1:2:4 and 1:3:6. Slump and compaction factor tests were carried out on fresh concrete and compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and water absorption on hardened concrete. The results indicated that granite obtained from Asafa and Ola-jesu exhibited improved characteristics over those sourced from Igbo-ile and Apasu and are more suitable for use in producing high-quality concrete.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Aidar Kadyirov, Julia Karaeva, Ekaterina Vachagina The paper presents a mathematical model and the results of numerical calculations of heat transfer processes during the flow of highly viscous crude oil in an oil pipeline. Comparison with literature data is performed. The samples of oil from the field of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia) that are characterized by high viscosity were considered as crude oil. The influence of air temperature on the temperature distribution in the soil was investigated. The analysis of the distribution of crude oil temperature along the length of the pipeline was carried out.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Razaq Babatunde Lawal, Habeeb Adedeji Quadri, Wasiu Olakunle Makinde, Cinwonsoko Nimma Akanya The harmful impact of Portland cement manufacture on a global scale has prompted an extensive search for clinker replacement materials and alternative low CO2 cements. This paper investigated prospects and application of Calcined Clay Pozzolan with Hydraulic Lime in built industry. Limestone and Raw clay from Ewekoro and Owode-Ketu areas in Ogun State were sourced for the production after being calcined in kiln at temperatures of 950°C and 700°C for 2 hours respectively. Binders were produced by blending Calcined lime (L) and Calcined clay (C) together by mass in different variations (20%L:80%C; 40%L:60%C; 60%L:40%C; 80%L:20%C; 100%L:0%C). Consequently, these binders were mixed with fine aggregate to produce mortar cubes at a mix ratio and water cement ratio of 1:3 and 0.5 respectively. An average of 3 cubes were cast per mix to produce a total of 90, 100mm cubes and cured by water sprinkling for 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days respectively. These cubes were subjected to bulk density and compressive strength tests in order to ascertain their durability. Owode-Ketu calcined clay was found to be a class N Pozzolana according to ASTM C618-08. The densities and compressive strengths of the various cubes ranged between 1785 – 1870 kg/m3 and 0.15 – 1.09 MPa respectively for all the curing periods. The binder 60%L:40%C was found to be the best of all the binders owing to its compressive strength (0.89 MPa) after 28 days curing period. All binders except 100%L:0%C could be used in any masonry, rendering, plastering and pointing application because they exhibited compressive strengths in the range of 0.4 to 2.5 MPa after 28 days curing period.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Sho Kato, Sunao Fujimura, Shinichiro Okazaki, Mao Kurumatani, Manabu Matsushima The corrosion of the internal steel bars of reinforced concrete structures is still a maintenance problem. This study aims to detect corrosion cracks in covered concrete by DIC. We proposed a new test specimen and method of electrolytic corrosion testing suitable for tracking corrosion cracks by DIC (Digital Image Correlation Analysis), and succeeded in understanding the crack initiation behavior of single and double bar specimens.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Feyisayo Victoria Adams, Reneilwe Agrieneth Moloto, Samuel Olukayode Akinwamide, Peter Apata Olubambi Cobalt-based alloys have recently gained so much attention in the medical field due to their improved mechanical properties such as wear resistance and high thermal stability. However, limitations in the area of corrosion has posed a great challenge, leading to further studies being carried out on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. In this study, an investigation on the corrosion resistance of Co-Cr-Mo based alloys in 0.9 % NaCl solution was carried at 37 oC and pH of 7.4 using potentiodynamic polarization and chronopotentiometry electrochemical techniques. The surface analysis of the alloys before and after corrosion test was done using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the electrochemical tests showed sample without titanium (Ti) addition to be more resistance to corrosion in the salt solution compared to those containing Ti. It was observed that a decrease in Cr content in the alloys resulted in an increase in corrosion rate from 0.7868 to 1.3805 mpy. The SEM images confirmed the presence of Cr, Co and Mo in the alloys.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Chioma Anadozie, Mathias Fonkam This study aims at systematically analyzing the influence of the factors that determine mobile phone use on the farming ecosystem. A systematic literature review was used to extract the determinants of mobile phone use and the farming activities that mobile phones are used for. The focus was on Nigeria’s rural context. The extracted data were used as system variables to develop a qualitative system dynamics model. The use of system dynamics modeling provided a means of accounting for the complex interactions and relationships between system variables. This also offered a unique dimension in understanding the influence of mobile phone technology on agricultural growth and development. The major feedback loops in the model indicated reinforcing loops in virtuous circles. These show that the use of mobile phone technology has a positive influence on farm productivity and the over-all well-being of farmers. The study concludes with implications for policies geared towards mobile phone use in farming.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Nathan Nachandiya, Adeyemi Abel Ajibesin, Olumide Babatope Longe, Benisemeni Francis Dama Mobile Health (mHealth) refers to any medical and public health practice aided by smart phones, tablets, or any mobile device. These devices are able to move about which allows communication anytime, anywhere. M-health is considered as the next step beyond the E-health systems. In recent times, M-health has become a new normal that has come to stay, despite the gradual reduction in COVID 19 cases worldwide that was believed to prompts most organization to go online. Software Developers have been on their toes trying to develop applications that can run effectively and remotely to deliver all healthcare services via mobile devices. This paper intends to develop a robust Mobile App using Zoho Creator that can effectively be bundled on any platform (Android, IOS etc) to meet the needs of patients anytime, everywhere. The application is rich with embedded platform and privileges for Doctors, Pharmacist, Lab scientist, Nurses, Medical record officers and patients. The interfaces are developed in a way that is attractive, easy to use, and optimized to meet the user’s needs. The app also takes care of selfservice facilities like Blood Pressure( BP) test, temperature test, heartbeat and some basic first aid and public health information tips for daily use.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Garba Aliyu, Ibrahim Enesi Umar, Irunokhai Eric Aghiomesi, Hassan Jimoh Onawola, Sandip Rakshit In Nigeria, a crucial responsibility of the executive arms of the government is to submit annual budgetary allocations to the national assembly for approval. Due to the diversity and complexity of the budget, the national assembly is mandated to carry out its constitutional duty of scrutinizing the budget to discover irregularity or anomaly, make recommendations, or substantial modification upon what it received. This is very challenging, particularly in Nigeria where there are many different ethnicities and regional, to ensure inclusiveness, the national assembly must carry out its constitutional duty diligently and carefully without fear or favor that often has unintended consequences. This might not be very easy to accomplish within a short period. Thus, this research aims at detecting an anomaly in the budget that will ease the legislative duty thereby facilitating the process of appropriation. The concept of Clustering for Machine learning technique was used for the detection of an anomaly, where the detected ones are noted and indicated for critical examination.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Aliyu Ahmed, Adeyemi Abel Ajibesin The essence of my paper is to intricately look at data transfer with various modulation techniques over various communication channels. And run simulations to uncover the Bit Error Rate (BER) of various relevant scenarios. I will evaluate the performance of modulation techniques from Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK or 2PSK) to 16PSK and other modulation techniques with the consideration of time. Their performance will be evaluated and analyzed by calculating their probability of bit error rate (BER) versus the Energy per bit to spectral noise density (Eb/No) over various wireless channel models such as the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh channel and Ricean channel. My simulation results will graphically display the effective performance of each communication scenario; it will give us a better understanding of why performances of data communications techniques.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Theman Ibrahim Jirnadu, Adeyemi Abel Ajibesin, Ahmed T. Ishaq Although, most researchers focus on some of the key components of good digital wireless communications which are the Bit Error Rate (BER) versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of modulation schemes. Energy consumption optimization is necessary for enhancing the performance of a wireless communication system as it offers numerous advantages to the system and the users. Therefore, this research focuses on analyzing the efficiency in the performance of the various QAM Modulation Schemes (4QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM & 64QAM) as they travel over noise/fading channels with the quest to obtain an energy-efficient scheme which will enhance system performance in terms of system runtime and quality of service. The efficiency of any given process, operation, or device is rated per the energy it consumes in carrying out an activity per unit output. Hence, the objective of this research work is to study and analyze comparatively the efficiency of these modulation schemes and to conclude with the most efficient scheme over the various channels. The evaluation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) versus energy per bit to noise spectral density (EbNo) for each communication scenario was carried out in MATLAB.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Ogheneruona E. Diemuodeke, Michael Orji, Clinton Ikechukwu, Yacob Mulugetta, Youba Sokona, Ifeanyi Henry Njoku This paper presents solar PV electric cooking systems to fill the gap of clean energy stove demand in Africa and in particular in rural communities. The design analyses of four different solar PV electric cooking configurations, based on resistive burner and induction burner, are presented. The levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of the solar PV induction e-cooking, with battery storage, is 0.39 $/kWh. Sensitivity analysis was done to ascertain the affordability range of solar PV e-cooking. It was shown that the combination of the reduced cost of investment and good sunshine would most likely make the solar PV induction e-cooking competitive. However, the acceptability of the solar PV induction cooking will require addressing some important technical, economic, policy and socio-cultural related barriers.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Chikezirim Okoroafor, Ayodeji Olatunji Aiyetan Globally, the construction industry is a catalyst for economic development. This is because it is the bedrock for economic activities. Over the years, the construction industry has been criticised for under-performing which brings about a decline in productivity. In order to improve construction project performance for infrastructural delivery, there are factors to be considered, inter alia, construction material related factors, construction machinery related factors, and project management related factors. In achieving this objective, a questionnaire survey was expedited to purposive practioners to evaluate the relative importance index of these factors. The paper reveals that in the category of construction material related factors, unsuitable locations for material and late delivery of construction materials topped the list with a MS value of 4.53 and 4.15, respectively; in the category of construction machinery related factors, poor maintenance of tools and machinery and difficulties in hiring construction tools and machinery topped the list with a MS value of 4.54 and 4.50, respectively; while in the category of project management related factors, efficient time management and project quality management topped the list with a MS value of 4.83 and 4.70, respectively. In addition, performance improvement factors were also highlighted.
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Abstract: Publication date: 28 June 2021 Source: Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 107 Author(s): Gloria U. Fayomi, Simphiwe E. Mini This study focused on the overview and assessment of housing demand with its contemporary challenge in Nigeria and South Africa with intention to understand vivid condition of housing on habitants. From observation, people population stage a concise challenge on housing demand as a result of commercial and industrial activities. Notably, it was observed that housing issues brought visibility on economic, environmental and political atmosphere.
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