Authors:S. E. Okafo, C. Enemchukwu, F. C. Iyamah, J. O. Osuala, C. O. Anie Pages: 2255 - 2261 Abstract: Man has used medicinal plants as remedies for several human diseases for centuries. This paper therefore evaluates the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of ethanolic and gel extracts of common wireweed (Sida acuta Burm.f.) using appropriate standard techninques. The filtrate was concentrated to a semi-solid mass (extract) and the antibacterial activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were assessed using the agar well diffusion technique. The gels have good homogeneity, and spreadability, and are easily washable. The pH ranges between 5.8 and 6.3 and is within the normal skin pH range (4.0-6.8). The extrudability ranges from 45 to 70%. The viscosity of the gels is between 6178.6 mPas and 59,343 mPas and they are shear thinning systems. The gels prepared using Sida acuta ethanolic extract have antibacterial activity that is comparable to that of the extract alone. Gells formulated using carbopol were comparable to those prepared using HPMC. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:G. B. Kabir, F. A. Azeez, F. Awe Pages: 2263 - 2268 Abstract: The study examined cost and return analysis and determinants of profitability of saw mill industry in Ogbomoso area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select seventy-six (76) saw millers in the study area. Detailed questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information from the respondents. Budgetary analysis was used to calculate the profitability while regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting the profitability of the sawmill. About thirty-six percent (36%) of the respondents fell within the age range of 51 -60 years, eighty three percent (83%) were males and ninety two percent 92% engaged in saw milling as the only source of livelihood. The result of the budgetary analysis showed that total variable cost was (TVC) ₦1,044,142, Total fixed cost (TFC) was ₦65,774.5 while the total cost (TC) was computed as ₦1,109,917.4 and total revenue (TR) was ₦1,721,573. The profit realized was ₦611,655.6 and the gross margin was₦ 677430.1 while the BCR was 1.55. The result of the regression analysis showed that number of trained sawyers (P<0.1), source of capital (P<0.1) and quantity of plank sold (P<0.05) and type of conversion machine used (P< 0.05) increased the profitability of sawmill business in the study area. The study recommended that old/obsolete machineries should be replaced and respondents’ proper training is paramount to an efficient saw milling operation. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:M. B. Etsuyankpa, I. Hassan, S. T. Musa, J. T. Mathew, E. Y. Shaba, A. Andrew, A. I. Muhammad, K. T. Muhammad, N. A. Jibrin, M. K. Abubakar, J. Maurice, J. Hussaini, A. Mamman Pages: 2269 - 2286 Abstract: Corrosion of metals is a persistent challenge in various industries, leading to significant economic losses and safety hazards. Conventional corrosion inhibitors often face limitations such as environmental toxicity, low efficiency, and short-term protection. Nanoparticle-based corrosion inhibitors have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique properties and versatile applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in nanoparticle-based corrosion inhibition strategies from 2015-2024 by harvesting data from secondary sources. The fundamental mechanisms underlying the corrosion inhibition by nanoparticles are discussed, including adsorption processes, passivation mechanisms, and synergistic effects with other inhibitors. Various types of nanoparticles, including metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, carbon-based nanoparticles, and organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, are explored for their corrosion inhibition potential. Furthermore, the applications of nanoparticle-based corrosion inhibitors in industries such as oil and gas, aerospace, automotive, marine, and infrastructure are highlighted. Despite significant progress, challenges such as stability, compatibility, and environmental concerns remain to be addressed. Future directions in nanoparticle-based corrosion inhibition research are also discussed, aiming to guide further developments in this promising field. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. A. Bamigboye, F. O. Akanni, O. S. Oripelaye, D. K. Osazuwa, A. M. Bamgboye, A. S. Fadoyin, I. Agboje, V. R. Bakpolor, M. O. Lawal, N. O. Haastrup, O. A. Adeleye Pages: 2287 - 2293 Abstract: The objective of this paper is to estimate the profitability level of fish farmers in Ife-ijesa zone of Osun State Agricultural Development Programme (OSADEP), Nigeria using standard procedures of structured questionnaires administered to 100 respondents that were randomly selected. The study revealed that fish farming in the Area was male dominated with 89%. For the respondents using earthen 41.3% were range between50-60% and 31.6% of the respondents using concrete were within the range of 50-60years. 70.3% of the respondents using concrete were married and 56.6% of the respondents using earthen were married. 40.5% of the respondents using concrete had tertiary education and 45.2% of the respondents using earthen had tertiary education. 95.7% of the respondents using earthen operate by self-savings and 98.1% of the respondents using concrete also operate by self-saving and the average pond size used was 0.5 hectares. Findings also showed that the estimated average fixed cost and variable cost incurred for all fish farmers were N109.296.43 for the respondents using concrete and N173,473.38 for the respondents using earthen, while gross margin and average farm profit were N108, 718,43 for the respondents using concrete and N172,734.88 for the respondents using earthen per annum respectively. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. A. Omotosho Pages: 2295 - 2303 Abstract: The objective of this paper was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the adsorption capacity of cassava peel carbon (CPC) impregnation with ZnCl2 salt for the removal of Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn ions in wastewater derived from cassava processing which has been noted to be problematic in terms of management. CPC and cassava peel activated carbon (CPAC) at 1:3, 2:3, and 1:1 impregnation levels were placed in fixed bed adsorption columns to determine metal ion adsorption capacities of the carbon materials after 120, 240, 360 and 480-minute contact times. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used in assessment of adsorption of the carbon materials, while pseudo-first and second order models were used to validate the adsorption kinetics of Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn. Pore space development was also monitored using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery. Results SEM images revealed hexagonal honeycomb surface structure at 2:3 impregnation level and spongy configuration at 1:1 ZnCl2 impregnation level. The correlation coefficient of Langmuir isotherm was observed to be between 0.86 to 1, indicating that the adsorbent is very good in adsorption of the metals, however, Freundlich isotherm is found to be unfavorable in describing CPAC’s capacity in adsorbing zinc ion contaminant. The pH of the carbon materials was observed to have increased while the bulk density reduced with increasing level of impregnation. Conclusively, CPC and CPAC materials are well suited to Langmuir isotherm as well as pseudo-second order model, implying that adsorption occurs well in a monolayer form on the surface material surface. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:M. T. Shittu, M. A. Usman, O. O. Solanke, S. O. Ariyo Pages: 2305 - 2318 Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate the direction of groundwater flow, factors affecting drawdown and the effects of over-pumping in a confined aquifer using appropriate differential equations for steady and unsteady states. The results showed that groundwater flow from a region of higher elevation to a lower elevation, pumping time and distance from the well affect drawdown and when water is pumped faster than it is recharged, the water in the well dries up. The numerical methods used are efficient for all differential equations of real-life problems. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. K. King, M. M. Sahabo, P. J. Ugochukwu Pages: 2319 - 2323 Abstract: Building maintenance can help it retain or regain its useful capabilities and hence maintenance culture is essential in the prolong life span or aesthetics of the building. Therefore, objective of this paper as to evaluate the factors affecting student hostel maintenance in a tertiary institution in Southern Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedure. Maintaining a building can help it retain or regain its useful capabilities. Results obtained demonstrate the poor state of the hostel facilities. The most serious causes of deterioration were found to be age-related natural deterioration, a lack of funding for maintenance, a lack of a maintenance policy framework, a lack of a planned maintenance programme, a lack of a schedule of maintenance, and management issues. Additionally, it has been determined that hiring more technical staff, increasing funding, improving the effectiveness of the budget, and providing technical staff training are all ways to enhance the maintenance culture in higher education and create a more efficient and effective maintenance department. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. S. Shehu, A. U. Yuguda, U. I. Tafida, A. S. Ibrahim, H. Adamu, A. Sabo Pages: 2325 - 2331 Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals threatens ecosystems and human health. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the remediation of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, and Zn) contaminated soil using biochar-modified kaolin for the stabilization of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Zn in soils. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze surface morphologies and phase compositions of remediation materials. Stock solutions of different metals were spiked onto the pre-weighed soil with 1mg/kg Pb, 2mg/kg Cr, 1.5mg/kg Zn, and 1mg/kg Cd concentrations above standards, respectively. This was then allowed for 1month aging period for acclimatization. After the aging period, the spiked soil was then treated with kaolin, biochar and biochar-modified kaolin in a 45 mL polypropvlene centrifuge tube and left for a week period for the remediation process. The toxicity characteristics leachability procedure (TCLP) test was used to assess the leachability tendency of residual metals in the treated soil. Amongst the biochar-modified kaolin, the 7:3 (kaolin:biochar ratio in grams) was the most effective compared to raw kaolin and biochar alone in stabilizing the target metals in the treated soil. To optimize the whole process, pretesting of the composites was conducted under constant temperature, dosage, contact time and pH. The residual concentrations of the target metals after TCLP were 2.321%, 10.846%, 0.091%, 0.295% and 3.796%, 22.133%, 0.136%, 0.561% after 30 minutes and 1-hour extraction for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Zn, respectively. The research findings demonstrate that biochar modification enhances kaolin's ability to firmly adsorb the target metals. Thus, the research presents a promising approach for the cost-effective and sustainable remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soils. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. C. Molua, E. R. Ogholaja, O. Akpoyibo Pages: 2333 - 2340 Abstract: The objective of tis paper was to identify groundwater-dependent wetlands physical and hydrological characteristics and ecosystem relationship in Nun River, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria using appropriate techniques of involving groundwater monitoring of wells and meteorological stations and interpreting satellite data. Findings showed high levels of association between environmental variables and wetland variables existed—the relationship we found was positive between rainfall metrics and vegetation, with a ratio exceeding 12. The vegetation density ranged from 66.987% to 68.215%, with precipitation ranging from 8.921 mm to 21.895 mm. It ranged from 2.145 m to 2.609 m, depending on the occurrence of rain. Therefore, the hydraulic conductivity recorded the soil's moisture content between 22.896% and 24.325%, and the KGE ranged from 0 to 1.002-0.003 m/s. The analysis acknowledges that the perception of the connections between the branches of groundwater and wetlands in LSMs is critical for Niger Delta ecosystems. This illustrates the importance of considering hydrological processes and the environment in large-scale modelling. His research findings contribute to the advancement of wetland management methods and enhance our understanding of the changes in coastal wetland ecosystems in response to environmental shifts. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:I. E. Iyorah, J. Ueezi Pages: 2341 - 2346 Abstract: Contamination of heavy metals in aquatic organisms is a significant cause of concern worldwide due to the fact that these contaminants may bioaccumulate in tissues and pose health risks to humans who consume these fish species. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the tissue concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and Cd in two commonly consumed fish species, Coptodon zilli and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, from markets in Warri Metropolitan City, Delta State, Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer (Model AA 500L). The metals were ranked in order of Fe> Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd in the tissues of both fish species. The mean values of Fe, Zn and Cd in both fish species were above the permissible limits of FAO/WHO. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was below the provisional tolerable intake (PTI). The target hazard quotient and hazard index of all metals were below 1, indicating that the consumption of these fish species is not hazardous to the population of Warri community. However, continuous monitoring of the levels of heavy metals in various fish species commonly eaten is recommended, as the possible accumulation of these metals can eventually pose a human risk to the populace. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. A. Odebiyi, J. K. Oladejo, E. O. Elijah, O. A. Olajide, A. A. Taiwo, A. J. Taiwo Pages: 2347 - 2357 Abstract: Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a globally prevalent and deadly sexually transmitted disease that has had a profound impact on human history, causing widespread fatalities and devastating economic consequences. In this model, we presents a four compartmental class of susceptible S(t), symptomatic infective I(t), asymptomatic infective I(t), and full blown AIDS class model for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS in which we considered the significant role that screening played among those who are symptomatic and asymptomatic infective for the disease control and its management. We determined the positivity and boundedness of the model and the existence of its unique solution which showed clearly that the model is epidemiological meaningful and well posed. The disease-free and endemic equilibrium states were identified, and their stability is analyzed which reveals that if the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and unstable if otherwise. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out using normalized forward sensitivity index and result showed that the recruitment rate and transmission rate is the most sensitive parameter. However, its observed from the numerical simulation that the importance of screening is evident in its ability to detect and reduce the number of asymptomatic infective individuals, which in turn leads to an increase among the symptomatic population highlighting the importance of early detection of their status and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. The susceptible should also exercise caution to avoid interactions with those who are infectious, further reducing the risk of transmission. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. S. Mapunda, R. J. Kimwaga, S. A. Kassuwi Pages: 2359 - 2365 Abstract: An increasing rate of urbanization and unprecedented rising human population growth challenges solid waste management. In developing countries, such challenges are exacerbated by the presence of inefficient infrastructure. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the cost-benefit valuation of solid waste minimization at Vingunguti ward in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania, using appropriate standard methods of data collection involving documentary review and focused group discussion. The type of data for cost-benefit valuation on solid waste minimization at source (household) excluded transfer stations and landfill costs and benefits. Analysis of cash outflow and inflow of private sector engagement on solid waste minimization at the household level delivered positive net present value. Such results can only be realized if and only if the monthly refuse charge per household is paid as required, which happen rarely. Sensitivity analysis at a rate of 8±2 delivered positive net present value in both scenarios. The findings signal refuse charges policy reviews, hence removing solid waste piling in the streets of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:H. O. Elimian, F. E. Elimian Pages: 2367 - 2373 Abstract: Burn injury is a major trauma which range from minor burns to major burns. Burns are the fourth most common type of trauma worldwide. Major burns have been known to have fatal outcomes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the impact of inhalation injury on burn outcome and challenges of burn care in selected adult major burns patients treated at a Tertiary Institutional Teaching Hospital in Benin, City Edo State, Nigeria over a 12 months period using sixty patients of 28 males and 32 females with a male to female ratio of 1; 1.14. Upon patients’ arrival, they were resuscitated. The burn size and the burn depth were estimated. Burn size was estimated using The Lund and Browder chart. The depth of the burn was assessed clinically. These were documented in charts and graphs. Thirty two patients (53.3%) presented in the hospital within 4 hours of burns. Seven patients (11.7%) presented between 5-8hours while 21(35.0%) presented after 8hours. Mortality rate was more in patients with inhalation injury (62.5%) as compared to those without (14.3%). This finding was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Flame burn accounted for the highest aetiological agent with Kerosene explosions as the commonest cause. In conclusion, flame burns were the commonest aetiological factors in burns. Inhalation injury was a significant risk for death in patients with major burns. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. O. Ogbeide, L. Efeakporire, N. O. Igbinomwanhia Pages: 2375 - 2381 Abstract: The compressive strength of sandcrete block is a very important aspect of a block in a building. In many cases of building failures in Nigeria, the strength of the sandcrete block, has been figured as one of the causes of the failure. Hence the objective of this paper was to model and optimize the mass density for strength and durability of sandcrete block from okhuare in Edo State, Nigeria using standard methods. The mass of block was minimized, density was maximized, failure load was maximized, water absorption was minimized and compressive strength was maximized. Mass is 27.3287, density is 2149.19, failure load is 234.861, water absorption is 6.60831 and compressive strength is 4.08817. The optimum value of process parameters were determined. Water is 0.56, cement is 0.42, sand is 10.00.The experiment was performed and the results accurately measured and a mathematical model that can adequately explain the effects of the process parameters on the strength and durability of the sandcrete block was developed and the most significant factor influencing the strength of the block was identified. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:J. N. Waliaula, Z. A. Molik, F. T. Kepiro, O. O. Ogbole, E. O. Ajaiyeoba, P. G. Kareru Pages: 2383 - 2391 Abstract: Ipomoea hildebrandtii Vatke have been effectively used to relieve general body pains, treat wounds and cuts in the semi-arid region of Kenya. Hence the objective of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of Ipomoea hildebrandtii Vatke shrub plant. The profiling of the phytochemicals was carried out using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of I. hildebrandtii were determined using disk diffusion and 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the leaf extracts are enriched with alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, and saponins. With GC-MS, the major compound tetratetracontane (73.14%) was identified in hexane and 9-octadecanamide, (Z)- in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (30.99%) and (43.09%) respectively. The IR spectroscopy revealed various functional groups such as C=O, C=C, –OH and –NH. The methanol extract showed good antimicrobial activity at 1000 mg/mL against all the microorganisms tested except Escherichia coli while the hexane extract was the best antimicrobial activity against E. coli at 1000 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract showed the best antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50 = 48.70 ± 1.54 µg/mL) compared to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 21.24 ± 0.12 µg/mL). The experimental findings showed that all extracts from I. hildebrandtii leaves possess significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities justifying its use in traditional medicine. These biological activities might be due to the presence of the presence of the identified phytochemicals in them. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:E. E. Etim, D. Mathias, H. S. Samuel, S. Yakubu, U. Nweke-Maraizu Pages: 2393 - 2403 Abstract: The adsorption behavior of tea leaves and tea fiber (Camellia sinensis) as low-cost adsorbent with respect to manganese and silver was investigated to justify its usage in wastewater treatment. The FTIR results of tea leaves exhibit N-H at 3697.5 cm-1 indicating the presence of primary amine; O-H band at 3615.6 cm-1 corresponding to alcohol, carbohydrate, proteins and phenols; C-H band at 2918.5 cm-1 an indicative of alkane; P- band at 2322.1 cm-1 corresponding to phosphine and C=O signaling an aromatic ketone. The FTIR results of tea fibre exhibit O-H stretch band at 3276.3 cm-1 corresponding to alcohol, carbohydrate, proteins and phenols; C-H band at 2918.5 cm-1 indicating an Alkane; a –C=O band at 1625.1 cm-1 correspond to the amide; while a C-O band at 1144.2 cm-1 correspond to secondary alcohol and C-O band at 1017.6 indicates an ether or/and primary alcohol. Adsorption study was performed by the batch adsorption method by varying different parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration and contact time to find best suited conditions for the removal silver and manganese from aqueous media. The Langmuir isotherm gives R2 values of 0.5444 and 0.5795, 0.5444 and 0.5795 for both silver and manganese using tea leaves and tea fiber and Freundlich isotherm gives 0.5637 and 0.5795, 0.5637 and 0.5795 values for tea leaves and tea fiber correspondingly with the Langmuir isotherm having higher R2 values considered the most suitable. R2 for the second order of both silver and manganese was 1.00 and 1.00 for tea leaves and tea fibre respectively, which both agrees well with the experiment data. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:I. O. Jacob, V. J. Umoh, U. E. Antia, B. E. Agbo, N. U. Stephen Pages: 2405 - 2411 Abstract: Bacteria make expolysaccharides (EPS) in two basic forms; as firmly attached capsular-EPS and loosely attached slime-EPS. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the optimization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by bacteria strains isolated from brewery wastewater sludge collected from a Brewery Company in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using random mutagenesis. Bacterial isolates from brewery wastewater sludge samples were screened for EPS production using standard microbiological method. Six (6) best EPS-producing bacterial isolates were selected, identified molecularly as Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Heyndrickxia oleronia, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and used for optimization of EPS production after exposure to UV-irradiation and ethidium bromide (EtBr). In all the isolates, UV-irradiation caused the production of significantly (P<0.05) higher EPS yield than EtBr. However, both treatments induced the formation of mutant strains with higher EPS yields than the wild strains. The quantity of EPS produced varied among the mutant strains and ranged from 0.46±0.02 g/100ml in EtBr-mutant strain EPBS.6 to 0.86±0.01 g/100ml in UV-mutant strain EPBS.1, indicating 15.1% to 26.5% yield increase compared to the wild strains with EPS yields of 0.40±0.02 g/100ml to 0.68±0.01 g/100ml. Previous studies have reported Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus as EPS-producers, but little or no known report was on ground regarding EPS producing capacity of Heyndrickxia oleronia, sufficing that it might be a novel EPS-producing bacteria strain. Based on these results, we therefore conclude that the bacteria strains obtained have the potential to produce EPS and the production can be improved through random mutagenesis with UV-irradiation and EtBr. We recommend brewery wastewater sludge as a rich source of novel EPS-producing bacteria and suggest further study on the mechanism of mutagenesis on EPS production by bacteria. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. E. Samuel, Y. B. Hyeladzira, U. Idris, S. A. Mohammed, U. Bashar Pages: 2413 - 2421 Abstract: Oleoresin is a coloured viscous liquid composed of oils and resins extract from spice biomass, its proven suitability as industrial raw material with immense application, has stimulated increased search for this oleochemical with novel content. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the effect of solvent polarity index on fatty acid, phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of oleoresin extracts from Monodora Myristica seed using appropriate standard techniques. The Results showed TEC ranges from (4.54-10.20%) and present MMOETH oleoresin with the highest total extractable matter, TPC, TFC, DPPH activity, TAC, IRC and terpenes content characterized by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Phlobatannins and Anthraquinones were present in MMOETA and MMOETH M. Myristica seed oleoresins albeit lower in the former. The study indicates preponderance levels of sterols and fatty acids contents in MMOPTE relative to MMOCLF, and also presents these oleoresins with absence of tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for TAC and DPPH radical scavenging activities presents MMOETA and MMOETH with greater antioxidant potential compared to ascorbic acid used as reference standard. The results showed that all the solvents were effective for extraction of oleoresin from M. Myristica seed with varied content suitable for recipes in food, non-food and pharmaceutical formulations. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:H. C. Nwanekezi, P. E. Kika, I. E. Miriogu Pages: 2423 - 2429 Abstract: This paper assessed the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals concentrations in Sediment and water samples from Creek Road Market Landing-Bay in the Bonny Estuary, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria using standard procedures. Results revealed overall mean values for the analyzed parameters as follows: Temperature: 30.52±0.59°C, pH: 6.78±0.44, Electrical Conductivity: 1593.67±474.60, Total Dissolved Solids: 746.22±138.95, Salinity: 371.33±69.37, Dissolved Oxygen: 3.74±0.36, Nitrate: 26.98±2.78, Phosphate: 2.05±0.25, Hardness: 13.28±0.48 and Biological dissolved oxygen: 0.6±0.17. Heavy metal concentrations showed overall mean values as follows: In water samples –Zinc: 8.97±0.67, and Lead: 1.53±0.23.In sediment samples - Zinc: 8.91±1.04, and Lead: 5.6±0.76. Cadmium and Mercury were below the detection limit of the measuring equipment (<0.001).The concentration levels the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were found to be higher than the WHO standard limits for water and sediments. It is possible that the food web in this study environment may be at risk of heavy metal contamination. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:S. Denyo, E. Brenya, S. Adu-Gyamfi, D. D. Kipo-Sunyehzi, B. K. N. E Brenya, Y. R. Kwofie Pages: 2431 - 2441 Abstract: One of the major tenacious environmental problems is the management of various household waste components. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the attitude and behavioural intention of households towards acceptability and integration of dustbin for domestic waste collection and management in Ho Municipality, Volta Region, and Ghana in general, using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained and analyzed reveals that most respondents agreed that it is important to accept and integrate dustbin for waste management (M = 4.89; SD = 1.181) and that it is good to accept and integrate dustbin for waste management (M = 4.84; SD = 1.220). They also believed that the benefits of accepting and integrating dustbin for waste management outweigh the associated risks (M = 4.69; SD = 1.223). Overall, most respondents indicated their attitude towards the acceptability and integration of dustbin for waste management, which is positive (M = 4.80; SD = 1.217). Indeed, it was found that the households have high positive attitude and intentions towards the dustbin integration and acceptance for domestic waste collection. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:E. C. Amaechi, P. C. Nwachukwu, O. O. Ezekiel, C. C. Nwadike, F. E. Bonfere, S. S. Adewole Pages: 2443 - 2448 Abstract: Jebba in Moro Local Government Area of north central Nigeria is a fishing community, and due to inadequate sanitation, its population is susceptible to several infections. Hence the objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis infection and associated risk factors amongst school aged children in the study area. From January to July 2023, stool specimens were collected from two hundred and seventy (276) school-going aged children (125 males and 151 females) for faecal analysis using the Kato-Katz technique. Structured questionnaires were also administered to the participants to ascertain possible transmission risk factors towards the infection. Results show that of the 276 stool specimens examined, 56 (20.1%) were infected with the egg of Schistosoma mansoni, with more males 27/125 (21.6%) infected than females 21/151 (19.2%). Pupils who used the bush for defecation had the highest infection rate (47.5%). Pupils who also responded to using rivers as their main source of water were also more infected (48.9%). The result of this study has revealed the presence of intestinal schistosomiasis in Jebba. Immediate treatment by the infected persons to halt the transmission was carried out. Regular deworming, proper health education, provision of basic social amenities is highly advocated in the study area. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:E. Q. Umudi, O. P. Umudi, O. F. Igere Pages: 2449 - 2454 Abstract: Wastewater treatment processes eliminate contaminants before being discharged into the immediate environment. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical properties and heavy metal content of the kitchen, toilet, bathroom and laundry wastewaters treated with clay-to-stone formulations from Urovie (UR) and Agbor (OT) in Delta State and Aba (AB) in Abia State, Nigeria using various standard methods. Mineralogical and geochemical composition revealed the clays as predominantly kaolin, smectite, illite, mixed layer quartz and saponite. The presence of Al2O3 and SiO2 confirmed the hydrated aluminosilicate nature of the clays. An improvement of clay with small stones in the ratio 1:4 (clay to stone) employed in the treatment of the wastewater effluents reveals that pollution biomarkers were significantly altered after treatment using all three enhanced clay formulations (UR, AB and OT). Treatment of wastewater using enhanced clay formulation can therefore be thought of as an effective wastewater purification system. It is a simple, low-energy consuming and cost-effective decentralized wastewater treatment system. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:S. B. Akanji, E. G. Adeyeni, I. T. Olawoore, S. A. Oyeleye Pages: 2455 - 2461 Abstract: Biogas, derived from organic waste treatment, harnesses methane for clean energy, reducing waste and bolstering economic sustainability. In this study we evaluate the physiochemical analysis of the waste samples, generated biogas from a well design biodigester, purified the biogas generated and characterize both the untreated and treated biogas. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using a standard method, the gases were characterized using of GC-MS. The result of the physicochemical analysis of the domestic wastes includes; Moisture content (55.2- 59.2 %), Total solid (40.8- 44.7 %), Volatile solid (76.5- 80.1%) and Carbon content (41.7- 44.7%). The untreated biogas generated revealed CH4 (61.2 %), CO2 (36.7 %), CO (1.3 %), NH3 (0.5 %), and H2S (0.3 %) with a calorific value of 23.41 MJ/ m3, while the treated biogas revealed CH4 (70 %), CO2 (28 %), CO (1.3 %), NH3 (0.5 %), H2S (0.2 %) with a calorific value of 26.78 MJ/ m3. In addition, the production and use of biogas contribute to sustainability by providing access to contemporary, clean energy that is dependable, as well as by reducing emissions and reducing climate change's effects. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:W. J. Sheba, S. C. Ewuim, I. I. Offorbuike Pages: 2463 - 2474 Abstract: Phototaxis is exhibited by phototrophic organisms such as insects. They move toward the light source to take advantage of the energy necessary for photosynthesis. This paper aims to investigate phototactic insects: seasonal abundance and diversity in built environments in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The result showed that a total of 1,587 insects belonging to sixteen insect orders were found to be phototactic in built environments. The highest number of insects was collected in site B (44.87%). The result shows that Diptera (42.66%), Hemiptera (24.26%), and Coleoptera (13.11%) had the highest relative abundance. The order Coleoptera was the most diverse group with 12 families and 19 species. The highest mean number of insects was recorded in the wet season (27.87±14.425%) compared to the dry season (6.02±3.226). Most notably, the abundance of phototactic insects collected in built environments Awka was higher during the wet season across all three sites. The correlation analysis revealed that there was no significant positive relationship between ambient temperature, relative humidity, and the abundance of phototactic insects during both the wet (ambient temperature, (r = 0.29, P> 0.05; r = 0.586, P> 0.05) and dry seasons (r = 0.557, P> 0.05; r = 0.612, P> 0.05)). The study revealed a significant difference in the abundance of phototactic insect species among the three sites in Awka. The wet season recorded a higher abundance of insects compared to the dry season. Despite seasonal fluctuations in mean temperature and relative humidity, these environmental variables do not appear to have a deterministic influence on the abundance of phototactic insects in the studied locations. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:Q. E. Essien, M. A. Akpe, N. U. Ntinya Pages: 2475 - 2482 Abstract: Fruits provide nutrients for growing seeds. Seeds are important organs for the distribution of plants, while leaves are very essential in the manufacture of food for the plant. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the proximate analysis, ascorbic acid, phytochemical and some heavy metals composition of Lagenaria breviflora (Wild colocynth) fruit, seed, leaf from a bushy uncultivated area in Henshaw Town, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.using standard analytical methods. The result of the proximate composition was shown to be 10% ash, 0.26% protein, 1.5% fat, 43.3% fibre, 88% moisture 44.94% carbohydrate in the fruit sample result revealed 22.5% ash, 1.50% protein, 12.5% fat, 16.60% fibre 42% moisture, 47.15% carbohydrate in the leaf sample. The seed sample was found to contained 5.5% ash, 1.69% protein, 16.25% fat, 40% fibre, 84% moisture and 36.56% carbohydrate. The ascorbic acid contents were found to be 85.88% in the fruit, 65.12% in the seed and 66.88% in the leaf samples. Result of the phytochemicals determination revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and phytate in the fruit, leaf and seed. The results show alkaloid content to be 0.026% in the fruit, 0.044% in the seed and 0.018% in the 0.240% in the leaf. Percent tannin content was 2.1% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 0.5% in the seed, and 0.9% in the leaf. The heavy metals analysis of the samples indicated that cadmium and lead were not detected in the three samples, the fruit contained 0.0053 mg/kg of chromium, 0.006 mg/kg of iron, the seed contained 0.0012mg/kg of Chromium, 0.0037mg/kg iron. The leaf was found to contain 0.0021 mg/kg of chromium, 0.0110 mg/kg of iron. These values were within the permissible limits of WHO. Fruit, seed and leaf have good nutritional status from the high carbohydrate, fibre, moisture and ascorbic acid content, and are suitable for consumption as food, especially the fruit. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:S. A. Abdussalaam, K. A. Olatunde, E. I. Babajide, O. H. Adedeji, C. O. Adeofun Pages: 2483 - 2491 Abstract: National Disaster Management Framework (NDMF) was designed in 2010 to correct the inadequacies in disaster management efforts in Nigeria. This well designed framework is suffering implementation challenges which make it unable to fulfil its purpose. This paper reviews current NDMF strategies and seeks to promote community-based disaster risk management in line with conventional best practices as a viable alternative to the traditional top-bottom approach enshrined in the NDMF. It identifies communality, one of the principles of permaculture as a heritage that is deeply rooted in many Nigerian cultures and is been promoted internationally as best practice in disaster management. It highlights how vulnerable populations and victims rely more on individual abilities to cope and how their social contacts have played prominent roles to support them. It suggests the need for a redirection in disaster management that will explore communality to promote bottom-top strategies in disaster management in Nigeria using community development associations as a platform. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. Kindole, J. Msambichaka, R. Tekka, M. Lingwanda Pages: 2493 - 2501 Abstract: A validated model offers a consistent framework for decision-makers to understand the critical factors influencing performance across different data sets. Gravel roads (GR) are vital in Tanzania, comprising over 75% of the road network, with 65% in poor condition. Value engineering (VE) has emerged as a promising tool to enhance GR maintenance, accounting up to 83.3% of the variance, as demonstrated by a model developed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). This paper therefore evaluates the validation of a Model Developed for Value Engineering Approach Performance on Gravel Roads Maintenance Projects in Tanzania using split data methodology and the PLSpredict tool in SmartPLS, which assesses the out-of-sample predictive power of PLS-SEM. The results revealed that the model exhibits medium predictive relevance for the corresponding constructs, with 65.38% and 61.22% of indicators in the PLS-SEM yielding smaller prediction errors compared to the naïve linear regression model (LM) benchmark for training and validation data sets, respectively. These findings validate the model’s ability to predict future data effectively, supporting its use for decision-making and strategic planning. The study concludes that adopting a VE approach to enhance GR maintenance projects in Tanzania and other regions is crucial, given the model’s predictive relevance across different data sets. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:C. I. Nosiri, C. U. Aghalibe, K. E. Onwuka, J. C. Igwe Pages: 2503 - 2514 Abstract: Synergistic properties usually produce combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. Hence, this paper assessed the synergistic effect of cow dung, goat droppings and poultry manure wastes for bioremediation of naphthalene, chrysene and pyrene in a crude oil-impacted soil at an experimental plot in a botanical garden, located at Abia State University, Nigeria, using appropriate standard methods. The result of the study showed about 96%, 93% and 90% removal of naphthalene, pyrene and chrysene respectively. This is in contrast with about <25% removal for the three contaminants using the natural attenuation method. It could also be seen that the amendment agents when combined performed better than when used singly, this shows that the combination of the animal manures has a synergistic effect on the removal of PAHs in a crude oil-impacted soil. The use of various animal wastes as supplements promotes microbial growth, accelerates the breakdown of contaminants, and improves soil fertility. In addition, combining multiple animal wastes produces a synergistic effect, leading to improved removal efficiency. This result highlights the potential of using a combination of animal wastes as an effective and sustainable strategy to remediate oil-contaminated PAH-contaminated soils. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:V. C. Nwakwuribe, C. P. Nwadinobi, U. O. Igri, N. C. Ochiabuto, N. C. Ibegbu Pages: 2515 - 2524 Abstract: This research work was aimed at studying the effects of transesterification process parameters on the production of biodiesel from oil extracted from catfish using raw, acid, alkaline, and thermally modified potassium hydroxide from clay as catalysts. The catfish oil was extracted using an oven at a temperature of 35 °C. The extracted catfish oil was converted into biodiesel using the transesterification method at a constant temperature of 60 °C for 60 min. The process parameters for the production of biodiesel from fish oil using raw, acidic, alkaline, and thermally modified potassium hydroxide from clay as catalysts were analyzed. The process parameters: methanol to oil molal ratio (mol/mol), catalyst concentration (weight%), reaction time (hours), reaction temperature (°C) and agitation speed (rpm) were the independent variables used in determining the biodiesel yield (vol/vol), which was the dependent variable. The experimental or actual maximum optimal biodiesel yield for biodiesel production from the process parameters had different yields using the fish oil with raw, acid, alkaline, and thermal KOH as catalysts. Results obtained showed the highest biodiesel yield was obtained at a reaction time of 3 hours, a reaction temperature of 70 °C, a methanol/sample molal ratio of 12:1, a catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, and an agitation speed of 400 rpm, respectively. It was also observed that the agitation speed and the thermally modified KOH catalyst had a significant effect on the biodiesel yield. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:M. U. Duru, H. O. Ogefere, J. I. Ehiaghe, N. Maduka, F. A. Igiebor Pages: 2525 - 2534 Abstract: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are predisposed to tuberculosis and co-infections from many pathogens. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and candidiasis among those living with HIV in Two Medical Centres in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using Standard methods. The results obtained showed that 136 (64.76 %) of the HIV patients also had fungal infection, 36 (17.14 %) had co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 37 (17.62 %) were neither infected with M. tuberculosis nor Candida spp. and 1 (0.48 %) had tuberculosis infection. Prevalence of resistant rifampicin M. tuberculosis among HIV patients was 6 (2.85 %) while candidiasis and M. tuberculosis co-infection among the patients was 30 (83.33 %). That which involved Candida albicans and M. tuberculosis had the highest percentage of occurrence 25 (83.33 %). HIV patients between 28 - 36 years had the highest 15 (50 %) number of cases of co-infection. Among the study population, the prevalence of co-infection in males and females was 11 (15.27 %) and 19 (13.76 %), respectively. Anaemia was observed in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART-naïve patients. Due to lower prevalence of rifampicin resistance and anaemia among HARRT patients compared with HART-naïve patients, the Ministry of Health and relevant government and private agencies should intensive efforts to provide affordable/free antiretroviral treatment to HIV patients. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:A. O. Egai, M. Paaru Pages: 2535 - 2544 Abstract: The subsurface aquifer zone is significant groundwater source, hence this paper investigates subsurface aquifer zones in Kaiama Community, Kolokuma/Opokuma local government area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria with the purpose of exploring groundwater using geoelectric sounding (GES) surveys. Five survey points were examined using Schlumberger electrode configuration and deploying SAS 1000 Terrameter set, with data processed with IPI2win software. Each survey station revealed distinct layers with varying resistivity, depth, and lithology, offering crucial insights into subsurface features and aquifer systems. For GES 1, indicates five layers showing their resistivity values with respect to depth as 400.7Ωm with a depth of 0.6m as top soil, 16.14Ωm-51.01Ωm with a depth of 3.219-7.4356m as clay and layer 6 expressed as 19527Ωm with a depth of 30.01m as coarse sand and aquiferous layer. GES 2 along Kaiama's East-West Road delineated four layers with resistivity value of 467.2Ωm with a dpth of 1.264m as top soil, 54.5Ωm with a depth of 18.8m as clay and 2738Ωm with a depth of 40.01m as coarse sand, which also indicates as a potential aquiferous layer. GES 3 at R.PM School 1 Field identified five layers, highlighting 121.1Ωm with a depth of 0.6m as top soil, 16.67Ωm-5795Ωm with depth of 40.2m as clay with a resistivity potential of 237.7Ωm with a depth of 60.01m as medium sand and subsurface aquiferous layer. GES 4 at Kaiama Grammar School field revealed six layers, with resistivity value of 327.9Ωm with adepth of 0.6m as top soil, 6.383-20.51Ωm with depth of 3.219-7.456m as clay and 800Ωm with depth of 17.27m as medium sand and resistivity of 91599Ωm with depth of 30.22m as coarse sand medium sand indicating potential aquifer zones. GES 5 at Isokiwari Compound Kaiama showcased five layers: resistivity of 43.7Ωm with depth of 0.6m as top soil, 300.5Ωm-417.8Ωm with depth of 1.39-7,521m as medium sand, 65.17Ωm-112.5Ωm with depth of 17.33-40.07m as clay. The findings provide valuable information for groundwater management and resource exploration in the region, emphasizing the significance of understanding subsurface geology for sustainable water access. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:S. M. Udo, F. E. Ene, A. V. Ikechukwu, S. M. Gamde, E. A. Yetunde, A. T. Ogundipe, B. D. Oyedun, A. G. Nnenna, K. I. Bali, A. Biya, A. E. Inyang, H. I. Ogah Pages: 2545 - 2549 Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Many studies have identified delayed presentation, late-stage diagnosis, and inadequate treatment as the major challenges associated with poor breast cancer outcome. The number of deaths due to breast cancer is projected to increase in Nigeria. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate knowledge and associated risk factors of breast cancer among females in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria using standard methods with three hundred participants. Of the 300 participants, the majority (51.7%) have never undergone breast cancer screening like a self-breast examination, mammography, or clinical breast examination. This is a serious public health concern. The most perceived barrier to seeking timely screening for breast cancer was the lack of awareness (28%), followed by financial limitations (24.1%), fear of stigma (17.6%), lack of healthcare facilities (17.1%), and cultural beliefs (13.2%). There is a poor knowledge of breast cancer among the study participants. We advocated for breast cancer awareness campaigns and accessible screening services. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:O. A. Omoruyi, M. O. Kadiri Pages: 2551 - 2565 Abstract: Diatoms which are classified into centric diatoms and pPennate diatoms play vital role in themarine food chain. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the abundance, distribution, dynamics and occurrence of Coscinodiscus and Pluerosigma in Atlantic Ocean from Bight of Benin to Bight of Bonny in Nigeria. This study considered the abundance, dynamics and environmental factors influencing the distribution of centric and pennate diatoms in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea (Nigerian). Water samples for diatom analysis and physico-chemical analysis were collected along transect of the Atlantic Ocean (Nigerian) from Twenty (30) oceanic water stations in ten (10) locations from the eight (8) Nigerian coastal states. Eight taxa each of centric and pennate diatoms were found in the Atlantic Ocean. Coscinodiscus radiatus was the most widely distributed and abundant among centric diatom Coscinodiscus while Pleurosigma enlongatum was the most widely distributed species for the pennate diatom Pleurosigma. Coscinodiscus maginatus was least in distribution and abundant for the centric diatom Coscinodiscus while Pleurosigma formosum and Pleurosigma P. formosum v. longissimum were least occurring among the pennate diatom Pleurosigma. Ondo oceanic water was richest in the diversity of Coscinodiscus in Gulf of Guinea while Bayelsa oceanic water was richest in the diversity of Pleurosigma in Gulf of Guinea. Result revealed significant difference in the abundance of centric and pennate diatoms in the Atlantic Ocean. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, alkalinity, total hardness calcium, chloride silicate, sulphate and rainfall were environmental factors controlling the distribution and abundant of pennate and centric diatoms. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
Authors:U. S. Eze, C. Obi, A. O. James Pages: 2557 - 2574 Abstract: Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds in plants that have been shown to possess various medicinal activities, making them of great interest for their potential health benefits. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate by quantifying the phytochemical constituents of ethanol leaf extract of yellow mombin fruit (Spondias Mombin) collected from Omoku, in Ogba/Ebgema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriated standard methods. The data obtained show that the concentration flavonoid in the ethanol leaf extract of yellow mombin fruit (Spondias Mombin) was 144.34 mg/100g, while Alkaloid, Cyanogenic glycosides and Phenolic content were 169.42 mg/100g, 123.74 mg/100g and 218.06 mg/100g respectively. These results indicate that Spondias mombin leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly phenols, which are known for their potent antioxidant properties. The significant presence of alkaloids suggests potential antimicrobial activity, while the flavonoids contribute to anti-inflammatory benefits. Cyanogenic glycosides, although present in lower concentration, necessitate careful consideration due to their potential toxicity. Overall, this quantitative analysis supports the traditional use of Spondias mombin in herbal medicine and underscores the need for further research to explore its full pharmacological potential and ensure safe usage. PubDate: 2024-08-05 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 8 (2024)
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