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Abstract: Cashew is a dollar earning crop, introduced to India from Brazil, by Portuguese travellers, and it is one of the commercially important nut crops in the world owing to its nutritional value and export earnings. Cashew belongs to the family Anacardiaceae which is having other species also with great socio-economic importance. Cashew being perennial in nature consists of wide diversity with respect to plant vigour, canopy, yield, bold nut, cashew nut shell liquid, shelling percentage, cluster bearing, big apple types, early maturity, etc. The variability among and within the family has made cashew as a genetic heritage for conservation as well as crop improvement programmes. Among this, pigmented cashew stands as a unique cashew type with whole plant in purple colour which serve as a morphological marker as well as contribute to the genetic divergence with respect to quantitative as well as qualitative traits. Therefore, in this study, we documented the important features of this natural mutant purple cashew which stand apart as a novel cashew genotype. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: An upsurge of pumpkin caterpillar Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was observed during January 2020 and 2021 in watermelon Citrullus lanatus in South Goa district, Goa, India. The field incidence of D. indica was started in December 2020 with 2 to 3 larvae per plant. A severe incidence of this pest was recorded in Verna, South Goa. On average, 31.33 larvae were found to be feeding per fruit. The number of pupae ranged from 4 to 48, with a mean of 18.93 recorded per fruit. An average of 0.63 adults/ m2 was recorded. The pumpkin caterpillar caused an average of 93.4% damage with maximum of 97.5% which was recorded. The present natural occurrence of pumpkin caterpillar in watermelon appears to be the highest damage record in recent years. The total larval and pupal period in watermelon lasted for 8.32 and 9.97 days, respectively. The adult period was 6.57 days. The present study's information on pest occurrence and its biology on watermelon will help in better understanding the bioecology and to formulate suitable management strategies for D. indica. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The non-enzymatic sensor-based applications of polyvinylidene fluoride-silicon carbide have been widely reported in the literature. But hitherto little has been reported on 3D printed PVDF–SiC composite for possible applications as phagocytosis sensors. This study highlights the investigations (rheological, thermal, mechanical, piezoelectric, and morphological) performed on PVDF–SiC composite for fused filament fabrication of phagocytosis sensors. The 3D printed phagocytosis sensor may be used in the industrial scientific and medicine frequency band as the internet of bodies-based solution. The results outlined that PVDF-5% SiC (of 400 mesh) composite with a resonating frequency of 2.61 GHz may be used for application in phagocytosis sensors by 3D printing. The outcomes are supported by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transformed infrared analysis. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered one of the most efficient waveforms for the beyond fifth-generation radio (B5GR) system. High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is regarded as biggest drawbacks which degrades the efficiency of power amplifier (PA) in NOMA structure. Several algorithms were introduced to overcome the PAPR issue in multicarrier waveforms. The PAPR algorithms have successfully obtained an optimal PAPR value. However, the optimisation of PAPR also results in a degradation of bit error rate (BER) and an increase in computational complexity. In this letter, we presented a novel selective mapping (N-SLM) method to lower the high PAPR of the NOMA waveform without utilising the side information (SI). By generating an optimal phase rotation element, the PAPR and BER values of NOMA are reduced with a trivial increase in computational complexity. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The restrictions arising in Multi-access edge computing (MEC) paradigm as a consequence of lower number of computing resources in handling time-sensitive tasks generated by Internet of Things (IoT) applications have prompted the need for computation offloading. The heterogeneity of data in IoT-based MEC systems have made it crucial to device accurate models for characterizing the intrinsic behavior of these systems. In this view, the present study focuses on modeling IoT-based MEC system by using differential–difference equations to study the transient behavior of such systems. Further, by leveraging M/M/1 queue theoretic model the different performance statistics for the proposed system is computed. The numerical illustrations presented in the study depict the significance of the proposed framework and the need for offloading in resource constrained MEC systems. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: Fluoride contamination of groundwater poses a global threat to humans. The current study focused on the defluoridation efficacy of a fluoride-resistant bacterium, isolated from fluoride-contaminated areas of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Strain MLN15 was able to tolerate a maximum fluoride concentration of 3500 mgL−1. Based on morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA gene sequence, strain MLN15 was identified as Exiguobacterium indicum MLN15. Optimal growth conditions were observed at pH 7, temperature 35˚C, and 0.5 molar NaCl. The selected strain also showed maximum defluoridation efficiency of 53.5% at optimal growth conditions of 24 h incubation. In addition, fluoride adsorption on bacterial cell surfaces was confirmed using SEM, SEM–EDX, and TEM analyses. All the results indicate that the bacterial strain Exiguobacterium indicum MLN15 could be a potential organism for fluoride-bioremediation. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The parasite Argathona rhinoceros, Bleekar 1857 is reported for the first time from the East Coast of India, collected from the nasal chamber of the host fish Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775). The samples were collected from fish landing center of Gopalpur coast, Odisha. Prevalence and measurements of isopods are described which can be used as baseline data for further study. The prevalence rate was 51.7%, and the mean intensity was 1.33. The species was earlier recorded from Kerala and Andaman Islands, and the present report confirms its existence along Odisha coast. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: As a result of globalization, chip design and manufacturing are becoming more susceptible to harmful actions and modifications. However, to develop a reliable and effective system there should be no role of hardware Trojan. In microelectronic systems, hardware security plays a vital role. Hardware security as a discipline originated out of cryptography and involves hardware design, and secure multi-party computations. Hardware Trojan (HT) is a major threat to hardware security because HT can change the circuit’s behavior and leak the information, once it is activated. To improve the reliability of the system and the trust of the circuits HT should be detected. This paper deals with various hardware trojan identification like pre-silicon design stage-based detections and post-silicon fabrication stage-based detections. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: India is largely import dependent in meeting its domestic demand of edible oils. This study aims to discuss the consequences of recent global events such as COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war on edible oil imports. Due to prevailing supply chain disruptions and local shortages in significant supplier countries, international prices became highly volatile, and import volumes were hit severely. This led to an almost doubling of the cost of imports from US $ billion 9.52 in 2019–20 to US $18.70 billion in 2021–22, putting an enormous burden on the Indian exchequer. Overall, an increase in the price of all edible oils has been recorded since the later parts of 2021, exerting inflationary pressure on the food price index. As edible oils are part of staple diets, the import dependency of such a large magnitude makes India extremely vulnerable to external shocks. This calls for immediate attention to the issue of self-sufficiency (atma nirbharata) in edible oils production by emphasizing long-term measures. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The synthesis and application of inoculants containing microorganisms in crops are gaining more attention worldwide. Among inoculants, mostly crop-specific strains of Rhizobia are used for legume crops to enhance their production potential. There is, however, meagre research on the utilization of endomycorrhizae and signal molecules like lipo-chitooligosachharide to increase yield potential in legumes, notably in chickpea. Thus, this experiment was attempted at the Agricultural Research Farm of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during the winter season of 2019–2020 with the objective of enhancing the production potential of chickpea through seed priming with microbial inoculants. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz., T1 (control), T2 (Rhizobium 20 g + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria 20 g), T3 (endomycorrhizae 1 g), T4 (endomycorrhizae 2 g), T5 (endomycorrhizae 4 g), T6 (endomycorrhizae 1 g + lipo-chitooligosaccharide 0.33 ml), T7 (endomycorrhizae 2 g + lipo-chitooligosaccharide 0.33 ml) and T8 (endomycorrhizae 4 g + lipo-chitooligosaccharide 0.33 ml). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated four times. Seed priming significantly influenced plant height, dry weight, leaf area, root length, nodule number, pods per plant, grain and straw yield. Among treatments, seed priming with endomycorrhizae 4 g + lipo-chitooligosaccharide 0.33 ml (T8) proved better in terms of plant height, dry matter, leaf area, nodule number, and root length. Furthermore, the endomycorrhizae (4 g) + lipo-chitooligosaccharide (0.33 ml) combination resulted in higher grain (2.60–48.34%) and straw (1.05–59.16%) yields than the other treatments. Based on the obtained results, seed priming of chickpea with endomycorrhizae + lipo-chitooligosaccharide is suggested for better performance and enhanced production potential. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: Polylactic acid (PLA) and its nanofibers (NF)-based 3D-printed scaffolds/implants are commercially used due to features like biocompatibility, biodegradability, and programmability (for 4D applications) in various orthopedic applications. Previously reported studies have outlined that PLA–NF resulted in a porous structure that helps in the growth of osteoblast cells. But hitherto little has been reported on the use of 3D-printed sandwich strips comprising PLA–PLA–NF–PLA for one-way programming (with stimuli) to accommodate complex contour requirements in scaffolds/implants. In this study, the PLA–NF were prepared by electrospinning for 20 min by using a binary solution of 40% dimethylformamide (DMF)–60% acetone) resulting in a layer thickness of 80 µm. The bonding characteristics of the PLA–NF were investigated by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy equipped with attenuated total reflection, followed by XRD analysis for crystallinity analysis. The final functional prototypes were 3D-printed by using fused filament fabrication at nozzle temperature 210 °C, bed temperature 60 °C, infill density 80%, infill pattern linear, and raster angle 45°. The PLA–NF layers (1/2/3) were placed at a uniform distance to explore programmability for possible sensor applications in online health monitoring. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: This study presents the first record of skeletal deformities (kyphosis-lordosis) in the natural population of a small indigenous fish, Mola carplet, Amblypharyngodon mola, in the River Tapti, west coast of India. The study highlighted the need for monitoring fish health in relation to its environment in rivers and the factors which attribute to the occurrence of such abnormalities in wild fishes. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The breeding success of an avian species depends upon its ability to select a safe nesting site and favorable season. In this study, an attempt was made to understand the breeding behavior of P. jocosus in the suburbanized habitat of Haridwar, Uttarakhand foothills of the Indian Himalayas from March to June 2022. In the study area, the breeding season of P. jocosus began in February and continued until early June. The nests were found in kitchen gardens and shrubs near the human settlement. The small open cup-shaped nests of P. jocosus were made on different plant species at the mean height of 2.1 ± 0.2 m above the ground (n = 7). The different nesting parameters such as inner depth, nest width, and thickness varied from nest to nest. The mean clutch size was 3.1 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 22). The average incubation period recorded was 13.1 ± 0.5 days (n = 13), and the average nestling period was 13.71 ± 0.88 days. It is interesting to note that the estimated hatching success was high (87.61%) in the suburbanized habitat. It seems that safe nesting sites and least predation were the most probable factors for high hatching (87.61%) and breeding success (72.73%). This is the first record of the breeding behavior of P. jocosus within the Himalayan foothills of India. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: Black pepper is also known as black gold, since this has been traded like gold during the dawn of colonialization. The produce fetches higher price in the market based on its colour, lustre as well as bulk density. Sun-drying is the common method of drying, and due to direct exposure to sunlight, characteristic shiny black colour is deteriorated. Blanching is one of the techniques to retain the colour of dried produce. But this process is time-consuming and requires extra labour and large amount of firewood. In order to find an alternative easier method to retain black colour of berries without affecting the quality parameters, an experiment was conducted with 7 treatments, viz. direct sun-drying, hot water blanching for 1 min, hot water blanching for 2 min, covering with 100- and 300-gauge polythene sheets for 3 and 5 h. Among the different treatments, covering the berries with 100-gauge polythene sheet for 3 or 5 h and subsequent drying under direct sunlight not only retained black colour of dried produce with higher dry recovery (39.31 and 39.39%, respectively) but also did not alter the quality parameters, viz. essential oil (EO) content (2.64 and 2.56%, respectively) and oleoresin content (6.75 and 6.45%, respectively) as compared to conventional sun-drying where the dry recovery percentage was 37.98% with 2.69% of essential oil and 6.96% of oleoresin content. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The objective of our study to identified and characterized the compounds from Usnea longisssimia. Lichen thallus was subjected for extraction to evaluate phytochemicals in different polarity solvents and extract yield also quantified. Chemical markers were identified in specific solvent system which was isolated by preparative. TLC and characterized through FTIR spectroscopy. Usnic acid was identified as a major marker along with Barbatic acid, Diffractaic acid, Divaricatic acid, and Fumarprotocetraic acid, respectively. The yield of usnic acid was found to be maximum in ethanol and yield varied from 1.84 to 5.06%, respectively. This study resulted that polarity based extraction affects the yield of extracts and isolation of specific compounds. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: To determine the cardiopulmonary changes in the survivors of acute COVID-19 infection at 3–6 month and 6–12 month. We followed up 53 patients out of which 28 (52%) had mild COVID-19 and 25 (48%) had severe COVID-19. The first follow-up was between 3 month after diagnosis up to 6 month and second follow-up between 6 and 12 month from the date of diagnosis of acute COVID-19. They were monitored using vital parameters, pulmonary function tests, echocardiography and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan. We found improvement in diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) with a median of 52% of predicted and 80% of predicted at the first and second follow-up, respectively. There was improvement in the CTSS in severe group from 22 (18–24) to 12 (10–18; p-0.001). Multivariable logistic regression revealed increased odds of past severe disease with higher CTSS at follow-up (OR-1.7 [CI 1.14–2.77]; P = 0.01). Correlation was found between CTSS and DLCO at second follow-up (r2 = 0.36; p < 0.01). Most of patients recovered from COVID-19 but a subgroup of patients continued to have persistent radiological and pulmonary function abnormalities necessitating a structured follow-up. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: Labeo gonius is a commercially important and potential candidate species for aquaculture systems. Our study aims to determine its morphometric characters, meristic counts, and life-stage wise length–weight relationships under captive condition. All morphometric characters are significantly correlated with total length and head length. The total length has the maximum degree of correlation with standard length (r = 0.991), whereas head length has with inter-orbital length (r = 0.902). Meristic counts indicated that the maximum coefficients of variation were for the gill rakers (8.51%), while lowest for ventral fin rays (1.10%). Gill rakers are more numerous in the species which varied from the 41 to 71. The length–weight relationship was established as W = 0.0015*L1.2836 (r2 = 0.696) for fry, W = 0.000036*L2.8271 (r2 = 0.7163) for fingerlings, W = 0.000008*L3.0924 (r2 = 0.9358) for juveniles, and W = 0.00006*L3.1726 (r2 = 0.9453) for adults. Negative allometric growth patterns were observed for fry and fingerlings (b < 3), whereas positive for juveniles and adults (b > 3). All the estimated physiochemical water quality parameters are within the permissible limit. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The use of effective IOT devices and decision learning for the prediction of crop growth in the agriculture field is encouraging ways to boost economic growth in the farming sector. Increasing operating costs and degradation of the atmosphere are the key issues in the area of agriculture. A predictive model with advanced data analysis is needed to process massive amounts of data collected through multivariate sensors deployed in the agriculture field. In classification predictive modeling achieving high accuracy is extremely challenging due to the high-imbalance characteristics of training data. There is a need to improve the classification performance of imbalanced data, which happens when there are insufficient instances of the data that represent either of the class labels. That also affects the robustness of the predictive model and significantly causes the loss of essential crop growth information and crucial details from an abnormal class. Therefore, there is a need to establish an effective classification model approach for limited and imbalanced agriculture datasets that are getting distorted in favor of the majority class while becoming unfavorably insensitive to the minority class target. This paper introduces Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), a new attribute selection methodology based on the centroid-based oversampling method, and the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier. The collected results were compared with the traditional oversampling technique. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm increases the overall efficiency in terms of accuracy by 1–4%, precision improvement by 2–4%, and recall value of 2–10%. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The control area network (CAN) bus is a standard for buses used in automobiles, enabling devices and microcontrollers to talk to one another without the need for a central processing unit. It is a protocol based on messages, and it was created specifically for use in cars. Here, CAN’s efficiency in message transfer is aimed at being put to use in irrigation, namely in the context of the automatic sprinkling of water at intervals that vary depending on the crop. The process involved is that a soil moisture sensor senses the moisture content present in the soil in that area. Accordingly depending on the moisture content to it, the water gets sprinkled in times of need and also for a required time according to the crop. The readings sensed by the soil moisture sensors are monitored by the ARM processor which compares the reading with the threshold value. When the sensed values cross the threshold, the processor sends a message using CAN bus to the receiver ARM which then triggers relay circuit to which a motor for pumping water to specific crop is connected. The water then gets sprinkled and the extra specification that is proposed here is that the time needed to sprinkle the water is prefixed according to the crop in that locality. In this paper, we present that we apply CAN in irrigation for automatic water sprinkling and with time constraint. This proposed technique can well irrigate for automatic water sprinkling for a specific period according to the crop and avoid soil dryness. There are two main objectives involved: first one is an automated irrigation and second one is controlled irrigation; automated irrigation in the sense is that the manual work by the farmer is reduced by employing two arm processors (main unit and a control unit) and a soil moisture sensor in every field. Controlled irrigation can be explained with illustration. Let us suppose on one day when the soil moisture is just lower than the threshold level and since it is less than the threshold value the processor activates the motor for a fixed time that is implied to it or the farmer has to monitor in every regular interval. So to avoid this, the farmer just needs to input the time once to the processor this needs a good knowledge by the farmer about that crop and the time. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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Abstract: The objective of this investigation is to provide framework to construct a threefold mixture model and its shifted version using Weibull, lognormal, and gamma distributions. The proposed models are examined by establishing the statistical and reliability indices. The parameter estimation using the maximum likelihood estimation method (MLE) and expectation–maximization has been proposed. The usefulness of the shifted mixture models by fitting them into the actual data set has revealed. The goodness-of-fit tests are used to compare the mixture models for the real-life data. Based on statistical testing, it is established that for small data set, shifted mixture model is the best fitted model in comparison with other single and mixed mixture distributions. PubDate: 2023-12-01
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