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Pages: 331 - 333 Abstract: I've been thinking a great deal about the trajectory of our journal. As Editor, I've been writing about how exciting it is to see the content for each issue develop over time. I've mentioned to anyone who will listen that I love talking with authors about ideas, and I love reading each iteration of the articles as they go through revisions. So, of course I ask myself, “Well, how did we get here'” In exploration, I started at the beginning. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.331 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 334 - 358 Abstract: ABSTRACTThis article presents an overview of the creation and development of emergency associations for the protection of archives, libraries, and museums in Germany. This is a response to several wake-up calls, notably the Elbe floods of 2002, the destruction by fire of a significant portion of the Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar in 2004, and the collapse of the Cologne City Archive building in 2009. The emergency associations have come together on a voluntary basis to offer mutual support in the event of natural and human-made disasters.Drawing on the experience of the Augsburg association founded in 2015, the author explains the role and success of the new networks. Annual meetings have consolidated regional and nationwide collaboration, and deepened experience and preparedness. Training courses and major incident exercises with fire services as well as the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief form the bedrock of the cooperation. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.334 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 359 - 401 Abstract: ABSTRACTThis case study re-evaluates a large-scale project carried out by the National Archives of Australia (NAA) between 2003 and 2006. The project aimed to identify obsolete digital media (physical data carriers) in its collection and to describe and recover the data from the carriers using a third-party data recovery provider.11 A detailed process for data recovery was developed that included the capture of a full audit trail of steps in the data recovery process. The project was completed in four stages: phase 1 obtained bit-level images from the carriers; phase 2 extracted individual bit-files from the carriers; phase 3 identified duplicate files and proprietary or complex file formats; and phase 4 was a final report that documented processes, made recommendations on future processes, and provided lessons learned. Recent work described in this article indicates that files extracted from the carriers in 2004–2005 can be accurately rendered in current computer environments. The ongoing significance of the project is that it is an early demonstration of the success of bit-level preservation and the need to create disk images as part of a preservation workflow, suggesting a sustainable methodology for digital preservation. The project also influenced archival policy at the NAA and influenced the development of subsequent software tools that became widely known in the broader digital preservation community. The focus on archival principles of authenticity, integrity, chain of custody, and provenance of the recovered records were key learnings to ensuring long-term access and usability. Finally, the metrics resulting from the project, for example, rates of readable carriers and rates of data recovery by carrier type, are useful data from a point in time that correspond quite closely to similar data recovery projects undertaken by other institutions at about the same time and provide a benchmark for future research. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.359 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 402 - 442 Abstract: ABSTRACTAs academic and cultural heritage institutions increasingly offer digital collections and services, technical upskilling—the process of acquiring and/or expanding technical skills—has moved from an individual prerogative to an institutional imperative. In this publication, the authors share their experiences with, and lessons learned from, a series of four collaborative technical skills development initiatives—the ArchivesSpace-Archivematica-DSpace Workflow Integration Project (2014–2016), a series of Curation Team Workshops (2015), a Technical Skills Pilot Project (2017–2018), and the development of a Bentley Audiovisual Quality Control Utility (2019)—at the University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library. In doing so, the authors advocate for the value of increasing the technical literacy and skills of entire teams/units (as opposed to focusing on the development of individual skills) and provide information and best practices that will enable and empower other institutions to undertake similar initiatives. They conclude by making the case for organizational cultures that value learning together. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.402 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 443 - 479 Abstract: ABSTRACTThis article describes how redesigning a program's assessment practices for teaching with primary sources (TPS) can provide a clear framework for talking about the impact of educators' work in archives and can provide feedback on how to refine instruction practices for greater results. The authors share a description of their assessment redesign process accompanied by analysis of the implementation of our new assessment tool in the hope others will consider the design and goals of their own assessment practices. The authors' work demonstrates that reflection on existing tools, development of new goals, and design of new assessment strategies can yield inspiring new data on program impact and highlight areas for improvement. By illustrating the authors' redesign process, this article also demonstrates the types of impacts and outcomes that educators can measure for TPS and points to the huge potential of TPS in local history contexts and elsewhere. The authors' revised student assessment moved archives staff from relying on self-reported, affect-focused data to better understanding the outcomes of their work with students: the impact of project-based learning in archives; the value that students find in various aspects of their encounters with archives; the role that TPS in local history contexts plays in connecting students to their community; and the transferability of research skills that students learn through TPS activities. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.443 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 480 - 510 Abstract: ABSTRACTReference services form the core function of any type of library. Even when faced with shrinking budgets and staff sizes, library and archives workers continue to provide reference services to meet the demands of researchers. Yet a critical analysis of the internal systems used for archival and special collections reference work is lacking compared to the robust body of research about users of collection materials. This article presents findings from a national survey about reference staffing and scheduling models in archival and special collections repositories conducted immediately prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey data revealed specific models for staffing and scheduling used by participating institutions, respondents' level of satisfaction with staffing and scheduling models, and the most common challenges and successes related to reference services. The responses also conveyed information about the number of special collections and archives staff participating in reference services, the average length and frequency of shifts, and typical service hours. The findings indicated overall satisfaction among respondents in terms of their unit's staffing and scheduling models, with larger institutions reporting higher satisfaction rates across all categories than smaller institutions. Yet many survey participants reported budget constraints and staffing shortages that negatively impact public services operations. Although the results do not pinpoint a single approach to reference staffing and scheduling that will work for all archives and special collections units, qualitative responses suggest that successful reference models depend on sufficient staffing, internal buy-in and cooperation among employees, and support from supervisors and administration. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.480 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 511 - 532 Abstract: ABSTRACTDrawing on literature from personal information management studies and on the topic of documentation of American military experiences, this article aims to help the archival profession understand the personal digital archiving practices of modern soldiers. During the summer of 2019, the author conducted oral history interviews with US Army soldiers at Fort Hood to address the questions of what personal records soldiers keep of their military experience, what they do—if anything—to preserve them, and how they value them. This study found that both military and socio-technological factors contribute to a lack of digital recordkeeping among modern soldiers, that soldiers' reliance on social media as ad hoc digital preservation tools leads to poor digital preservation practices, and that a majority of soldiers do not see their digital records as worthy of future historical study. The article concludes with a discussion of actions that can address these issues. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.511 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 533 - 555 Abstract: ABSTRACTThe overall aim of this article is to push for access to born-digital archives, including email archives. It argues that the digital revolution has led to huge changes, but it also brought us back to an earlier situation. The world of big (digital) data is not so different from the world of big (paper) data. There is a danger of repeating the mistakes that were made in the twentieth century with large paper archives, which have often remained uncataloged, hidden, and inaccessible to users. The first section looks at the impact of the More Product, Less Process (MPLP) movement on archival repositories over the past fifteen years. Originally conceived as a response to the huge increase in paper records and uncataloged collections, MPLP has been increasingly applied to digitized collections to increase access. However, few institutions have applied MPLP to born-digital collections, and accessibility remains a huge problem. In the next section, this article presents the kind of research that can be done once access to these born-digital collections is achieved. The final section examines the MPLP approach in relation to artificial intelligence/machine learning. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.533 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 556 - 586 Abstract: ABSTRACTOver the last twenty-five years, cultural heritage professionals have formed aggregations—of finding aids, digital object metadata, or related forms of description—in order to overcome barriers to creating and presenting structured, consistent, and interoperable description and to enable expanded access. Now most of these aggregators are struggling to update their infrastructure, meet user needs for access to archival collections, and engage with some of the most promising conceptual, technical, and structural advances in the field. In 2018–2019, the “Toward a National Archival Finding Aid Network” planning initiative identified what aggregation has accomplished, articulated the key challenges facing aggregators, identified which areas could benefit from collaborative work, and created a vision for that work. With the near-completion of a research and demonstration by the California Digital Library, “Building a National Finding Aid Network” (NAFAN), the project and the archival profession have an opportunity to learn from the past and transform access to cultural heritage. However, none of the large-scale aggregations in the United States present a viable model for sustainability. Sustainability will become possible if they overcome the factors that have limited the success of aggregation so far. These include an over-focus on implementing new technical standards and infrastructure and under-focus on the real limitations: lack of knowledge of end user needs and attempting to accomplish too much without the needed resources. By drawing on both the background research described in this article and the further research conducted during the current NAFAN project, this and other cultural heritage enterprises have an opportunity to create a future in which access to cultural heritage is equalized and expanded for both institutions and end users. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.556 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 587 - 608 Abstract: ABSTRACTIn the last twenty years, scholars have reimagined information literacy to better address an overly saturated world of information and the growing participatory culture of Web 2.0. Outside of library and information science (LIS), researchers have promoted transliteracy—the intersection between information, visual, digital, and other literacies—to help students find and assess information. Within the LIS discipline, metaliteracy has provided a foundation to rethink information literacy frameworks, redefining students as creators who produce and share information. Relatively few studies exist, however, on how to leverage literacies in support of student digital scholarship projects. Likewise, digital humanities professors promote metaliteracy in the classroom, yet fewer scholars create digital humanities projects or write case studies about them outside of research institutions, prestigious private colleges, and larger, well-established public history programs. This case study examines a class project for a small undergraduate Introduction to Public History course at Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi (TAMU–CC), a regional university with a comparatively large population of historically underserved students. Working with one archivist, two librarians, and the professor, students established a digital home for the ongoing South Texas Stories oral history project. Through this project, students learned and practiced various aspects of primary source literacy, information literacy, visual literacy, and digital literacy. The authors argue that such digital projects promote both metaliteracy and transliteracy, offering students a holistic learning experience during which they can practice their skills and that these types of projects are feasible at all kinds of institutions, even those with largely historically underserved populations. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.587 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 609 - 637 Abstract: ABSTRACTThis article explores the ongoing and long-term impacts of programs that support new modes of professional growth, particularly cohort-based programs that focus on the goals of community and network building, through a case study of the Archives Leadership Institute (ALI). This study seeks to understand how and why programs such as ALI assist and support archivists with their professional careers and wonders about the ways in which the profession benefits more broadly from programs like this. Ultimately, this article finds that programs such as ALI often benefit the professional careers of individual archivists, but that the broader impact for the field merits additional consideration and thought. Finally, this article draws together patterns, feedback, challenges, and suggestions for thinking about and developing future initiatives that support the growth of the archival field. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.609 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 638 - 677 Abstract: ABSTRACTThis article analyzes 65 North American graduate archival education programs' course listings against current professional standards as crystallized in the 2016 Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies (GPAS). The study addresses the following research questions: 1) What types of programs list graduate archival education courses', 2) What types of courses do these graduate archival programs currently list', 3) To what extent do archival programs' courses conform to GPAS', and 4) What are the implications of a program's conforming or not conforming to GPAS'The authors' findings indicate an overriding tendency for graduate archival education programs to be hosted by LIS programs, especially under the auspices of iSchools. They identified a great diversity of graduate archival education programs and course listing combinations. Most important, they analyzed the archival curriculum coverage of 65 graduate archival programs to discern conformance with GPAS curriculum requirements. Although their findings may be used by programs for self-study, they also call into question the overall utility of GPAS and suggest the need for a more flexible approach. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.538 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 678 - 699 Abstract: ABSTRACTSince the 1936 founding of the Society of American Archivists, the archival field has struggled with the challenges inhering in professionalization, namely the merits or demerits of institutional or individual accreditation or certification. In 1989, SAA helped establish the Academy of Certified Archivists (ACA), which confers individual certification by written examination. In 1993, ACA modified its bylaws to require graduate education to be eligible for the exam. But, although a relationship clearly exists between certification and education, scholars have not explored, much less profited from, the insights of archival educators. This qualitative case study uses semistructured interviews with thirty-three tenure-track or tenured faculty program directors from graduate archival programs across North America to understand how educators perceive and address certification. Findings reveal that educators are ambivalent about certification, its relationship to graduate education, and its vocational value. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and offer suggestions for research and practice. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.678 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 700 - 703 Abstract: Current events worldwide have called attention to archival work and centered archives in national discussions of power, representation, and accountability. Threats to Ukraine's archives from the Russian invasion,22 litigation over presidential administration records in the United States,33 and investigations into Indigenous boarding schools in Canada and the United States,44 among other events, emphasize conversations that have been happening in the archival profession about ownership and control over records and information, the tension between privacy and the public's right to information, and the role archivists should play in combating misinformation. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.700 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 704 - 707 Abstract: By Lustig Jason.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. 280 pp. Hardcover, EPUB. $74.00. Hardcover ISBN 9780197563526. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.704 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 708 - 712 Abstract: By Hoyer Jen, Almeida Nora.Sacramento: Litwin Books, 2021. 244 pp. Paperback, $55.00. ISBN 978-1-63400-089-5. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.708 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 713 - 716 Abstract: By Lee Lanning Michael.Guilford, CT: Stackpole Books, 2021. 349 pp. Hardcover, EPUB. $29.95. Hardcover ISBN 978-0-8117-3974-0. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.713 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 717 - 720 Abstract: Edited by Gomes Daniel,, Demidova Elena,, Winters Jane,, Risse Thomas.Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2021. 297 pp. eBook. $119.00. ISBN 978-3-030-63291-5. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.717 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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Pages: 721 - 725 Abstract: By Rice Jenny.Columbus: The University of Ohio Press, 2020. 198 pp. Softcover. $ 34.95. ISBN 978-0-8142-5579-7. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.17723/2327-9702-85.2.721 Issue No:Vol. 85, No. 2 (2022)
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