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Traumatology
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.502

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 1

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ISSN (Print) 1534-7656 - ISSN (Online) 1085-9373
Published by APA

[89 journals]

Making meaning of disaster experience in highly trauma-exposed survivors
of the Oklahoma City bombing.
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  Abstract: Survivors of disasters can be expected to form meaningful perspectives on their experiences that shape their trajectories of recovery; thus, these perspectives are important to study. If humans are naturally compelled to create meaning from traumatic experiences, the creation of meaning should be evident in survivors’ discussion of the effects of the disaster in their lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study of highly trauma-exposed disaster survivors was to identify meaningful aspects or outcomes of their disaster experiences in their perspectives. This study examined a random sample (N = 182) of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing 6 months after the disaster using open-ended questions. Text responses (N = 650) were compiled, themes identified by multiple coders, responses coded into the themes, interrater reliability established, and the themes were then interpreted. A total of 6 themes were identified and grouped into 3 general categories: personal aspirations (reprioritizing life and altruism and self-improvement), connection with others (a freestanding category/theme), and making meaning (appreciation for life, religion and spirituality, and contemplating life, death, and humanity), which contained the majority of the responses. The findings from this study affirm the human need to make meaning from the experience of a traumatic disaster and suggest the potential relevance to survivors’ recovery of therapies based on the creation of meaning and the promotion of positive growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 21 Oct 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Complex trauma and posttraumatic growth: A bibliometric analysis of
research output over time.
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  Abstract: Individuals who experience complex traumatic events are potentially at risk of long-term psychological and emotional dysfunction. However, contemporary theories of posttraumatic growth, and the construct of positive psychology, reconceptualize traumatic exposure as a springboard for growth, as well as precursor to distress. Through a bibliometric analysis, the aim of this study was to assess the volume and characteristics of research output over time, inclusive of the constructs of complex trauma and posttraumatic growth. A descriptive repeat cross-sectional study of publications was conducted from the databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Psychology and Behavioural Sciences across the time-periods 1995–1998, 2005–2008, and 2015–2018. Exclusion criteria included a lack of reference to both constructs.
  Authors jointly assessed article relevance for inclusion. For each study, classifications included database, country of research institution, country of participants, type of trauma experienced, and trauma terminology. A total of 141 articles met criteria for review. Findings included an increase in output of publications addressing complex trauma and posttraumatic growth across the selected time periods. Furthermore, research outcomes from the United States concerning war veterans dominated the field. Relative to descriptive studies, there were very few intervention studies. Despite a growing interest in the conceptualization of posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of complex trauma, cross-cultural trauma, and types of complex trauma, particularly interventional studies to inform therapy were found to be absent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 09 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Perceived social support predicts psychological distress for ambulance
personnel.
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  Abstract: Ambulance personnel experience many work-related stressors, which can result in psychological distress including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression. A frequently studied coping strategy to protect against this psychological distress is social support. Social support is a resource provided by others and may be categorized as received or perceived support. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of social support on psychological distress, in the context of organizational stressors and direct traumatic events. It was hypothesized that social support would predict psychological distress outcomes (depression and PTSS) and that gender would moderate this relationship. It was also expected that social support would moderate the relationship between organizational stressors and depression, and direct trauma and PTSS. Spouse/family members were expected to be perceived as the most supportive source. A total of 105 ambulance personnel completed an anonymous survey. Hierarchical regression results demonstrated social support predicted depression and PTSS, although this was not moderated by gender. Perceived social support had a larger effect on psychological distress than received support, and the most supportive source was perceived to be spouse/family. Social support did not moderate the relationship between organizational stressors and depression or direct trauma and PTSS. Limitations to this study and these results as well as possible future directions are discussed. The increase in accuracy of social support measures and focused research on identifying work cultures that can support both male and female ambulance personnel would be valuable future directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Predictors of trauma reactions in TV news camera operators.
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  Abstract: Previous research with general journalist samples has shown that journalists, in comparison to the general population, are at increased risk for trauma exposure and related psychological distress. Studies have seldom investigated more specific subgroups within the occupation. This study investigated current levels of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events and trauma reaction symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and stress) in TV news camera operators (N = 117). It also investigated whether trauma exposure and neuroticism were related to increased levels of trauma reaction symptoms. An international sample of camera operators participated in an online survey. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate study topics. Camera operators reported high rates of work-related and personal trauma exposure. The sample experienced greater levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms than expected in the general population, whereas fewer differences were found regarding depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. More personal trauma exposure and neuroticism significantly predicted distress symptoms of all 4 kinds, whereas work-related exposure did not. Study limitations include the limited sample size and issues related to using surveys for measuring exposure to potentially traumatic events. The findings confirm what we know about the relationship between repeated exposure to aversive events and psychological distress. It contributes to the field by expanding this knowledge to include TV news camera operators, a unique role group within the journalism industry. It is also among the first to verify the positive association between neuroticism and trauma reactions in a journalist sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Targeting treatment-resistant effects of trauma for promoting social
adjustment: An intervention mapping protocol augmented by empirical pilot
studies.
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  Abstract: Interventions that are successful in improving posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not necessarily effective for promoting social adjustment of traumatized individuals. The lack of specific evidence-based interventions for treatment-resistant effects of trauma on social adjustment is an important research gap. This study proposes the protocol of a theory-and evidence-based intervention based on a series of literature reviews, meta-analytical and pilot mixed methods studies. The intervention mapping protocol was utilized to develop a short-term intensive intervention for social adjustment of young adults with a history of trauma. The process of intervention mapping consists of 6 steps: (1) explaining the logic and needs for the intervention, (2) determining change objectives, (3) selecting effective theory/evidence-based strategies, (4) developing the protocol of the intervention, (5) planning for intervention implementation, (6) planning for evaluation strategies. Following the intervention mapping protocol and the results of our empirical pilot studies, we developed an integrative short-term intervention (consisting of approximately 20 sessions). The main purpose of this intervention is to rebuild the psychological capacities of social adjustment that have been impaired due to experiencing trauma. We introduced a plan to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention with the flexibility for further development and tailoring. Based on preliminary evaluation, the intervention is feasible to be implemented within regular mental health services for youth with a trauma history. The preliminary intervention protocol needs further testing and modification through rigorous evaluation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Predicting mental health outcomes in a sample of Somali refugee youth: The
role of child trauma.
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  Abstract: Refugee youth experience tremendous trauma before and during forced migration, which has negative mental health impacts. It is important to identify and mitigate conditions that can increase the risk of refugee youth mental health issues and to search for potential protective factors; however, little research has considered these factors among Somali refugee youth. To fill this gap in research, this study examined the impact of child traumas and preventive factors on mental health outcomes among Somali refugee youth in urban Kenya. We used snowball sampling to recruit 250 Somali refugee youth, aged 15 to 35 years, living in Eastleigh, Kenya. We used a series of multiple linear regression models to examine the associations of child trauma (child abuse, witnessing domestic violence, corporal school punishment, female genital mutilation/cutting), symptom normalization, and parental death with symptoms of common mental disorders first in a mixed-gender sample and then with a female-only sample. Results indicated that child trauma significantly predicted mental health symptoms in all bivariate analyses with both samples and in all regression analyses with the mixed-gender sample. However, in regression analyses with the female-only sample, child trauma only significantly predicted anxiety and somatic symptoms. In addition, increased symptom normalization predicted mental health symptoms, and parental death predicted anxiety and somatic symptoms. These findings increase understanding of the impact of child trauma exposures in this understudied population and provide directions for future research, particularly regarding the impact of parental loss, and intervention to decrease mental health risk in Somali refugee youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 26 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT
“I’m numb to funerals now…”: The impact of job-related trauma
exposure on youth violence prevention street outreach workers.
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  Abstract: Similar to first responders, youth violence prevention street outreach workers, also known as streetworkers (SWs), are regularly exposed to and impacted by trauma in the context of their jobs. SWs are frontline workers responsible for engaging at-risk youth to reduce youth gang involvement and prevent, interrupt, and respond to incidents of community youth violence. This work results in SWs being exposed to trauma, yet little is known about how this chronic exposure affects their personal and professional lives. This study sought to answer this question by analyzing data from 37 in-depth, semistructured interviews with SWs from a large U.S. city. The results suggest that trauma affected this sample of SWs across emotional, behavioral, and social realms of functioning. SWs described feeling emotionally numb and psychologically distant. Some SWs reported engaging in substance use and high-risk behaviors, whereas others discussed feeling hypervigilant and burnt out. Socially, some SWs described the effects of job-related trauma exposure causing strain in their personal relationships. Despite SWs’ exposure to job-related trauma and their descriptions of the far-reaching impact of this exposure, there are many barriers to psychological treatment within this population. Strategies for reducing obstacles to intervention and increasing support for this high-risk population are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Mon, 09 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Dimensional latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder,
complex PTSD, and adjustment disorder: Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and
Nigeria.
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  Abstract: With the release of International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) in 2018, there has been a surge in studies examining the nosology of mental disorders, including disorders associated with stress, namely, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD (CPTSD), and adjustment disorder (AjD). Few studies have examined the same in low- and middle-income countries that have disproportionate levels of exposure to trauma and stressors and are underresourced in mental health services. The present study examined the latent factor structure of a joint model comprising PTSD, CPTSD, and AjD symptoms and their association with stressful and traumatic life events to assess the degree of distinctiveness between these disorders. Participants were 2,524 adults in the age range of 18 and71 years (M/SDage = 30.44/8.67) from Ghana, (n = 500; 50% female), Kenya (n = 1,006; 49.8% female), and Nigeria (n = 1,018; 50% female). Findings obtained through confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a dimensional and hierarchical second-order model comprising correlated latent factors of PTSD, DSO, and AjD provided the best goodness-of-fit indices. Furthermore, it was found that stressors were positively associated with AjD and PTSD, and traumatic life events largely with PTSD. Findings support the ICD-11 classification of related-although distinct stress-related disorders in adults from 3 African nations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Mon, 02 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Development and initial validation of the Trauma-Related Shame
Inventory—Short Form.
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  Abstract: The Trauma-Related Shame Inventory (TRSI) was initially developed to explore the construct of trauma-related shame. The purpose of this study was to develop a standard, shortened version of the TRSI to address issues regarding clinical utility, participant fatigue, and the use of unstandardized shortened versions of the TRSI in the current literature. Two samples of 228 and 199 adults who received treatment at Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Partial Hospitalizations Program completed questionnaires measuring trauma-related shame, depression, posttraumatic cognitions, and self-compassion. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to estimate 3-factor solutions for the TRSI and the 2-factor solutions of the TRSI—Short Form (TRSI-SF) in Sample 1. The TRSI-SF and the 2 subscales were psychometrically evaluated in both Sample 1 and Sample 2 by conducting scale analyses and estimating reliabilities and validities. A 10-item TRSI-SF scale with 2 subscales was developed after analyzing model fit and factor loadings in Sample 1. The confirmatory factor analyses for the 2-factor solution of the TRSI-SF showed satisfactory global fit in both samples. The psychometric properties of the TRSI-SF estimated in both samples are satisfactory. Specifically, the TRSI-SF and the 2 subscales demonstrated satisfactory reliabilities. The results of validity analyses indicated strong construct validity as evidenced by expected correlations with variables of interest. Given the negative impact of trauma-related shame on PTSD treatment outcomes, the TRSI-SF can serve as a valid measurement to expand treatment outcome research in a cost-effective manner and guide clinicians in time-limited care settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Mon, 26 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT
Psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 in a
community sample of African American adults: Exploring the role of gender.
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  Abstract: Resilience is the process of adapting effectively to various forms of adversity, stress, or trauma such that overall levels of distress are minimized and is often assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10). Despite growing evidence for its use in international samples, psychometric support for this measure with African American populations is scarce. Thus, in a community sample of African American men and women (N = 4,025, 80% women), we investigated the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC-10 across gender using a variety of statistical techniques, including multiple group confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory, differential item functioning, and examination of patterns of correlations with associated constructs. We found that the CD-RISC-10 was not equivalent across gender and that items only provide coverage at low-to-moderate levels of resilience. Although item difficulty was similar across gender, there were gender differences in item discrimination, item functioning, and patterns of correlations with associated constructs. Taken together, these results indicate that researchers should be cautious when using this measure of resilience with African American populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT