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Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
Number of Followers: 1  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1477-7606 - ISSN (Online) 1478-2413 Published by Sage Publications  [1176 journals]
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- The effect of pre-microwave irradiation on the floatation of polystyrene,
polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinylchloride using numerous
traditional depressants-
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Authors: Hakimeh Pakbar, Saeed Ostad Movahed, Shahab Jourabchi
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The absence of an effective technique for separation of an individual plastic from a mixture of plastics, is one of the most important concern in plastics waste management. The recently introduced floatation technique used to separate the selected engineering plastics including, polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) from each other. The floatation was assisted by using the traditional depressants (chemical agents). The effects of plastics surface pre-microwave irradiation at different microwave output powers, 20–100% studied on the floatation of each plastic. Also, the effect of depressant concentration, 400–2000 mg/L on the plastics floatation was evaluated. The results showed the pre-microwave irradiation of the plastics surface at different microwave output powers and depressant concentrations had important influence on the sink-float behavior of the studied plastics with the exception of PET. It seemed, the number and type of the active sites on the plastics surface changed after microwave irradiation. There was not any regular trend for the floatability of a plastic with increasing the microwave output power. The results reinforced by the traditional identification techniques including contact angle (θ) measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra analysis. The driven equations by a design of experiment software (Design-Expert ®) showed suitable conformity between the predicted and actual plastics flotation values.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-03-29T10:16:53Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606231168655
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- Non-covalent chemical functionalization of micron-sized styrene-butadiene
rubber with silica particles via solid-state cryogenic mixing process-
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Authors: Mete Bakir
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The effective, high-value reutilization of reclaimed rubber, obtained from end-of-life tires, in the production of new high-performance tires remains an environmental and technological challenge. Cryogenically ground micron-sized rubber particles demonstrate a significant promise to realize satisfactory physical performance measures in reclaimed rubber-based tires. However, the maximum useable content of the cryogenically ground micron-sized rubber particles to be incorporated into tires is strictly limited by their ineffective interfacial chemical interactions with the host pristine rubber matrix during the post-polymerization process. Here, this work presents the non-covalent chemical functionalization of the cryogenically ground micron-sized styrene-butadiene rubber particles with reactive silica particles via a solid-state cryogenic mixing process. The highly-scalable solid-state mixing process enables the sufficiently uniform and near-homogenous distribution of the silica particles on the micron-sized rubber particles. Scanning electron microscope images highlight the micron-sized rubber particles decorated with individual silica particles. Fourier transform infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the functionalized micron-sized rubber particles demonstrate a non-covalent conjugation mechanism between the silica and rubber particles in which the chemical fingerprint of the prime rubber backbone chains remains chemically intact. The chemically functionalized cryogenically ground micron-sized rubber particles possess reactive silica particle sites that are ultimately designed to facilitate the participation of the recycled rubber particles in post-polymerization processes with host matrix which shall allow higher loading levels than the state-of-the-art configurations.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-03-28T11:57:54Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221145706
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- Nanokaolin reinforced carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber/polyurethane
blend-based latex with enhanced tensile properties and chemical resistance
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Authors: QL Aung, WS Chow, YP Yong, CN Lam
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The demand for gloves (e.g., disposable gloves, medical gloves) is increasing due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Stability in the supply chain in the glove industry is important, and thus strategies are used to solve the problem of the shortage of nitrile gloves. The blending of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with polyurethane (PU) and the use of the nanocomposite concept is among the feasible approaches. The present study aims to investigate the effects of nanokaolin (NK) on the tensile and chemical properties of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/polyurethane (PU) latex blends. Three different loadings of NK (10, 20, and 30 parts per hundred rubber) were added to the NBR/PU (at a blending ratio of 85/15). The zeta potential showed that all the NBR compounds exhibit good colloidal stability. The incorporation of NK increased the crosslink density and tensile strength of the NBR/PU latex blends. The highest tensile strength was achieved when the NK loading was 20 phr. All the NBR blends and nanocomposites (NBR/PU-based) possess tensile properties that fulfill the requirements for glove application. The chemical resistance of NBR compounds was increased by the incorporation of NK due to the higher crosslink density and barrier properties contributed by the NK.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-02-28T10:23:03Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606231161368
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- Characterization of adhesive content in post-consumer poly(ethylene
terephthalate) bottles and assessment of its impact on poly(ethylene
terephthalate) recyclability-
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Authors: Sandro M Silva, Eliton S Medeiros, Luciana S Galvão, Amélia S F Santos
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Although the consequences of adhesive residues from post-consumer Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) beverage bottles on the performance of recycled products are known, the quantitative effects of these adhesives are not well-stablished in the literature. Therefore, these residues were determined by gravimetry, and the adhesive content range from 200 to 2800 ppm in post-consumer PET bottles, depending on the drink filled. Through FTIR analysis, it was determined that the adhesives for bottles labelling are composed by poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA). Based on these results, recycled PET with 0, 200, 700, 1500 and 3000 ppm of hot-melt EVA were processed in an internal mixer connected to a torque rheometer at 265°C for 10 min. Tensile tests indicate that 200 ppm of adhesive reduced PET tensile strength by 15%. Furthermore, when about 1500 ppm of adhesive is present, PET mechanical properties are reduced by 50%. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to warn the PET bottle production chain to reduce adhesive content used in labelling so that it should not exceed 200 ppm, if a high quality recycled PET is desirable.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-01-18T07:40:48Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606231152507
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- Compatibility of polyvinylidene chloride with mechanical recycling of
polyolefins-
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Authors: Domenico Ferrari, Aldo Sanguineti, Marco Mirenda, Yves Vanderveken
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The exceptional low permeability to oxygen and water of PVDC and the retention of barrier properties to oxygen even in humid conditions explain its success for packaging in food industry as barrier layer in Polyolefins (PO) multilayer films, whose contribution to the reduction of food waste is largely recognized. Several chemical recycling technologies have emerged in the recent years that, together with methodologies based on separation of layers by the use of solvents, will strongly increase in a near future the extent of recycling of multilayer films, including the PVDC-containing ones. At the same time, it is generally accepted that for several years these technologies will be complemented by the now dominating mechanical recycling. A lack of detailed study in the literature and a general confusion between very different PVDC grades, with and without internal stabilization, led to the idea that the dehydrochlorination of PVDC would cause a low quality of the recyclate obtained by mechanical recycling of PO in presence of PVDC and a corrosion risk for the equipment. In this study, the effect of a stabilized PVDC grade developed for coextrusion, at concentration typical of real life PO mix for mechanical recycling and in suitable condition, has been investigated in a pilot scale extruder and corrosion tests were performed. In conclusion, quantities of PVDC to be found in PO streams for mechanical recycling are compatible with a PO recyclate of excellent characteristics, even at extrusion temperatures as high as 220°C, with no damage to the PO structure, with only minimum discoloration, that can be mitigated by relatively low quantities of additives of general use in PO extrusion, and with no risk of corrosion of the equipment.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-01-13T12:20:13Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606231152268
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- Effect of crack and vibration of waste tyre rubber hybrid composite for
energy absorption applications-
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Authors: M Sermaraj, K Ramanathan, D R Rajkumar, M S Alphin
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Composites reinforced with landfill waste materials have find the applications in engineering materials and they can lead to reduce the environmental pollutions. Waste tyre rubber, broken ceramic tiles and wood particles are creating the environmental hazard to the surroundings. In particular, the recycling of used tyre rubber is highly challenging, but it has very good property to absorb the energy. The reinforcement of rubber as single filler in composite has the limitations in processing and applications. Hence, the above waste materials are incorporated to prepare the composite in the present work. The fracture toughness and shear strength of composites were evaluated and compared with other combinations along with pure epoxy specimen. In order to find the application of composite in dynamic conditions the vibration analysis were done. The presents of rubber decreased the fracture toughness and at the same time the incorporation of ceramic largely improved the fracture toughness of epoxy composite. The shear strength of composites increased with the addition of ceramic and wood particles. But the rubber particle has the great influence on the damping behavior of ceramic base epoxy composites. The addition of ceramic with the epoxy increased the natural frequency and decreased the damping factor. This can be compensated by the inclusion of rubber with ceramic in epoxy resin matrix. 15 wt % addition of rubber with ceramic and epoxy increased the natural frequency of 18.52% and damping factor of 288% than 5 wt % of rubber with ceramic and epoxy. The natural frequency and damping factor of ceramic and rubber based epoxy composite have the highest amount of all combinations and can be used for vibration applications to absorb the energy at high frequencies.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2023-01-13T05:27:01Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606231152508
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- Zn[B3O4(OH)3] composites fabrication based on PVC pipes scrap via
comparing melt mixing and casting procedures under the effect of electron
beam irradiation-
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Authors: ES Fathy, Mona Y Elnaggar, Heba A Raslan, Medhat M Hassan
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
In several works, scientific researchers targeted the development of polymeric materials with good mechanical and thermal properties and resist heat and fire propagation. In a new approach, this article goals to the usage of waste polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) based polymer composites derived from PVC pipes scrap filled with fixed percent of zinc borate particles (ZnB), which were prepared via two different techniques named melt mixing WPVC/ZnB (M) and casting WPVC/ZnB (C). The fabricated composites by the two methods were irradiated in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 30 kGy. A comparative study of the thermal and mechanical properties based on stress-strain curves, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E %), and tear strength were evaluated. Furthermore, the rate of heat burning (%) for the two methods has been performed. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the activation energy (Ea) calculation of the prepared samples have been considered. The observed improvements in the mechanical, thermal, and flammability behavior of WPVC were succeeded by incorporating ZnB particles. The irradiated WPVC loaded with zinc borate presented a superior flame propagation fraction when matched with their corresponding unirradiated composites. Also, WPVC composite films prepared via the melt mixing method reveal more excellent properties than those equipped by the casting process for the most investigated factors.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-30T10:31:03Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221147933
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- Evaluation of molecular transport mechanism and interfacial interactions
in doped ferrite rubber composites-
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Authors: Hema S, Aravind Nair, Sreedha Sambhudevan
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Nickel ferrites (NIFs) come under the class of soft ferrites or transformer ferrites, which are highly demanding in the electronics industry and possess usual low conductivity and ferromagnetic properties, which results in decreased eddy current losses, good electrochemical stability, catalytic action, and abundance in nature. We discuss the synthesis, characterization, and impact of synthesized NIF fillers on the mechanical and solvent transport characteristics of rubber composites. Doped ferrite composites made of natural rubber and nitrile rubber were cured at various temperatures, and the solvent swelling properties of composites containing differently doped NIFs were examined in aromatic solvents like toluene. Properties of both rubber composites were examined, including their morphology, solvent uptake, diffusion coefficient, transport mechanism, and thermal stability. Natural rubber composites found to have better swelling properties than that of nitrile rubber composites. The solvent uptake was reduced with increase in filler loading also, the increase in sorption temperature increases the swelling rate in both systems. Theoretical calculations and modelling clearly state that the diffusion mechanism is due to the polymer swelling as well as polymer relaxation.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-24T03:29:57Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221147929
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- Graphene-integrated thermoplastic vulcanizates: Effects of in-situ
vulcanization on structural, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties
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Authors: Muhammad Sarfraz, Waqas A Liaqat, Mohsin Ali, Asif A Qaiser
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Gaining considerable attention as valuable plastic static-dissipative materials, conductive polymer blends are used as supercapacitors, light emitting diodes, artificial muscles and biosensors. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (PECVs) were prepared by blending ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic via in-situ compatibilization technique by using a suitable compatibilizer and curing system. Electrically conducting graphene filler was incorporated into the blend to impart electroconducting properties. Maintaining a constant PP/EPDM ratio of 80:20 for all specimens, PECVs containing different loadings of graphene filler were prepared through in-situ compatibilization method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed to investigate chemical changes ensued as a result of compatibilization reactions. Addition of graphene into the blended PECVs slightly improved their processability and thermally stable as confirmed by tests performed on Differential Scanning Calorimetery and Thermogravimetric Analyser. Mechanical aspects of the blends, inspected by operating Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell Hardness Tester, were substantially improved on account of blend compatibilization and addition of graphene. Their electrical properties measured through four-probe technique revealed significant improvement in electrical conductivity of compatibilized PECVs due to incorporation of graphene filler.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-20T07:43:06Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221147928
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- Optimising filler dosage to balance rolling resistance and grip properties
tyre tread compound-
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Authors: R Sailaja, M Arun Kumar, Tanumoy Das, Jyoti P Rath, Sarat Ghosh, LS Jayakumari
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Silica is a reinforcing filler which is known for its ability to improve wet/snow grip and rolling resistance in tyres. However, incorporating Silica in high quantities impairs other significant features like physical properties and processing behaviour of the compounds. In this study, the focus was on balancing rolling resistance and grip properties while attempting to nullify the negative effects of Silica, by arriving at an optimum ratio of combination of Carbon Black and Silica. Three different compounds were prepared – COMP_1 had CB:Silica in 2:1 ratio, whereas COMP_2 and COMP_3 had CB:Silica in the ratios 1:1 and 1:2 respectively. The impact of their dosage on various properties were investigated. Taking into consideration abrasion loss and grip properties, 1:1 ratio was deemed to possess the optimized ratio.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-20T07:30:46Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221147932
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- Reduction of filler-filler interaction and hysteresis loss of carbon black
filled rubber compound by using modified carbon Black-
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Authors: Nitya Narayan Kunti, Ranjan Sengupta
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The carbon black, used in rubber compound as reinforcing filler, improves the strength, durability, and wear resistance of the rubber compound. However, it causes filler-filler interaction and results in extensive hysteresis energy losses on deformation. This research aims to reduce hysteresis energy loss of rubber compound by reducing filler-filler interaction and by improving the filler dispersion in rubber matrix. In this study, the effect of carbon black treated with benzyl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride (BTEAC) on solution styrene butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber (SSBR-BR) system was studied. Microscopic study of dispersion and distribution of carbon black in rubber matrix was performed and a significant improvement in dispersion of BTEAC treated carbon black in SSBR-BR rubber matrix was observed. As a result of increased interaction of BTEAC treated carbon black with rubber, the filler - filler interaction was significantly reduced, resulting lower hysteresis energy loss of the compound as expressed by loss tangent (tanδ) value and it has been observed that an extent of around 15% reduction in tanδ value was achieved in rubber compound consisting of BTEAC treated carbon black. In this research, the carbon black was treated with different concentration of BTEAC, such as 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% and the best balance of rubber properties was observed for 1% and 1.5% BTEAC treated carbon black.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-17T07:40:05Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221145699
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- Melt processing behaviour and structure development in recycled PP blends
with recycled PET-
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Authors: Himangi Neve, Swapnil Thorat, Subramaniam Radhakrishnan
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Commercially available recycled polypropylene (R-PP) and recycled bottle grade polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET) were melt compounded in different proportions of R-PET in twin screw extruder at temperatures used typically for PP processing. The melt flow behaviour was investigated for these blends using capillary rheometer at different temperatures viz. 230, 250, 260°C. The crystallization and structure development was studied using DSC and XRD. The melt viscosity (η) of these blends followed the usual non-Newtonian behaviour with decrease of η with high shear rate (γ′) and saturation at low shear rate. Most noteworthy finding was that the low shear viscosity at melt temperatures of 230 and 250 showed a peak with increase of R-PET content while at 260°C there was uniform decrease in the viscosity with addition of R-PET. The high shear viscosity also showed similar trend but with less pronounced changes. This was attributed to the cross over of domain shape from spherical to ellipsoidal and finally fibrous shape according to Utracki model. At the melt compounding/processing temperature of 230°C, the R-PET phase was in semi solid state and hence it formed fibrous morphology in the PP melt which was confirmed by SEM analysis. The most interesting finding was that crystallization of both the component polymers was affected due to the presence of the other. R-PP showed nucleation effect in presence of R-PET with the shift in Tc from 118°C to higher temperature side (123°C). Even R-PET exhibited shift in the Tc from 178°C to 201°C in presence of R-PP. These results are discussed in terms of nucleation and slow heat dissipation for PET domain in PP melt together with shear induced crystallization. These structural modifications in the R-PP/R-PET blends led to improvement in properties at certain compositions processed under certain conditions.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-14T08:47:59Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221145703
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- Design of experiments to compare the reprocessing effect with Fused
Deposition Modeling printing parameters on mechanical properties of
Polylactic Acid specimens towards circular economy-
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Authors: Tanay Kuclourya, Roberto Monroy, Rafiq Ahmad
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Distributed Recycling via Additive Manufacturing (DRAM) is a closed-loop material reprocessing solution that promotes circular economy. There are several literature gaps related to material properties and recycling cycles at different stages of the DRAM process. With an approach to filling these gaps, a small contribution has been made through this work by comparing the effect of reprocessing cycles (recycling) with the effect of FDM printing parameters such as Raster angle orientation, Infill density and Extrusion Temperature. These four parameters are ranked based on their impact on the tensile properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) dog bone specimens. The Design of Experiments via Taguchi Analysis is carried out to avoid analysis of a large number of samples. The results show that recycling has the maximum impact on the tensile properties of PLA samples and can reduce the tensile strength by up to 75% in the course of four reprocessing cycles. The specimens had Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) values in the range of 20–26 MPa at the first reprocessing cycle which dropped significantly to a range of 7–9 MPa after the fourth reprocessing cycle. Additionally, a novel analysis on time and the number of specimens to be 3D printed at each reprocessing stage has also been conducted to help future researchers manage their printing schedule, especially in the recycling domain.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-12-12T10:29:38Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221145702
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- Mechanical and performance properties of re-vulcanized blends of GTR/NR
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Authors: R. Zitzumbo, María B Becerra, Beatriz Padilla-Rizo, Anayansi Estrada-Monje, Sergio Alonso-Romero
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The effect of natural rubber (NR) on the mechanical and performance properties of ground tire rubber (GTR) has been investigated. The mechanical properties of vulcanized GTR/NR blends were determined in a universal testing machine. It was found a decreasing in the mechanical properties of the GTR/NR blends as the number of re-vulcanization processes increases. This behavior was attributed to the decrease in the concentration on GTR in the vulcanized GTR/NR blend with respect to the next one, and to a structural net degradation into the re-vulcanized GTR/NR blend due to the reversion process (over vulcanization). In the loss modulus charts was observed that the peaks of the curves got smaller and wide as the re-vulcanization process increased, due to the mechanical loses and elastic gains of the GTR/NR re-vulcanized blends. On the other hand, in the performance results was found that the cut growth values of Flexion Ross were more affected by the thickness of the plaque of vulcanized rubber than for the number of re-vulcanization processes of the GTR/NR blend. In addition, as the re-vulcanization processes increased, the structural degradation of the tridimensional cross-linked net, increased as well, more severely from the fourth re-vulcanization process. It could be concluded that the GTR/NR blends with high GTR content, could be used in the sole shoe fabrication, taking care that the thickness is ≤ 4.5 mm, and that the GTR/NR blends have not been subjected to more than two re-vulcanization processes.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-11-23T07:54:58Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221118637
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- Surface interactions of model microplastic particles in seawater
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Authors: Amir Muhammad Noh Amin Abdul Rahman, Lim Zhan Yan, Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid, Ku Marsilla Ku Ishak, Muhammad Khalil Abdullah, Arjulizan Rusli, Raa Khimi Shuib, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makthar, Mohamad Danial Shafiq
First page: 3
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Microplastic is classified as fragmented polymeric particles up to 500 microns in diameter. In an aqueous system, microplastic does not always present as a single particle, and these microparticles tend to aggregate and subsequently causing severe ecological risks. The exploration of the underlying mechanisms on how microplastics aggregate in seawater and freshwater enables the prediction of their diffusivity, distribution, and bioavailability in the water environment. In this study microplastic model systems of polypropylene (PP) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were used to investigate the interactions and aggregation size between microplastics in seawater and with the response anionic sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant dosages via electrophoretic mobility and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements, supported by the UV-Vis spectrum analysis. This investigation revealed that mobile ions present in water ecosystems played a vital role in the surface interactions between microplastics and their aggregation behaviour. The surface charge of both PP and PVC microplastics were switched to a positive value at 5 wt.% of AOT and continued in the negative regime with increasing AOT concentration. Upon the addition of surfactant, surface charge neutralization and aggregation of PP and PVC microplastics were detected; however, the restabilization of microplastic was observed with increasing concentration of surfactant.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-09-14T07:41:09Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128043
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- Acidic hydrolysis of recycled polyethylene terephthalate plastic for the
production of its monomer terephthalic acid-
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Authors: Muhammad Saiful Islam, Zahidul Islam, Rashed Hasan, AHM Shofiul Islam Molla Jamal
First page: 12
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles, after some pre-processing, were chemically depolymerized for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), an important monomer of PET resin. The optimized condition of PET hydrolysis was 100°C with 80% v/v aqueous sulfuric acid liquor for 30 min reaction time. The terephthalic acids (TPAs) were filtered out from the reaction mixtures with a sintered glass filter. The viscosity of recycled hydrolysis liquor was measured before it was used in a successive batch of PET depolymerization. The viscosity of hydrolysis liquor increased gradually from 5 mm2/s to 87 mm2/s. TPA yields were obtained from 85.03 ± 0.03% to 99.20 ± 0.06% and the color of TPA changed from bright white to off-white in the final batches. The structure of TPA was confirmed by FTIR, mass analysis, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The purity of TPA was found to be 95–98% from the HPLC study via external calibration technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the thermal degradation patterns of TPAs and residual weights. This experiment reveals that repeated use of sulfuric acid hydrolysis liquor would be a good option for PET depolymerization in terms of resource utilization, TPA quality as well as sustainability.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-09-15T02:58:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128038
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- A pressure-sensitive adhesive made from macca carbon for medical use
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Authors: Jitladda Sakdapipanich, Phawasoot Rodgerd, Sutaporn Yakkul, Supinya Nijpanich
First page: 26
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Macca carbon (MC), derived from high-temperature carbonized macadamia nut-in-shell wastes from macadamia nut processing, exhibits a high surface area, high number of electrons, and high efficiency in emitting far-infrared (FIR) radiation at wavelengths between 4 and 20 μm. Numerous inventions have demonstrated promising results in health improvement applications, such as increased blood circulation, less inflammation, and enhanced life expectancy. In this study, MC and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were coupled to form a new bandage called an MC cohesive bandage. It was manufactured by combining various quantities of MC powder with PSA and applying it to a spandex fabric tape. The peeling test, water permeability, and skin irritation were examined. The quantity of FIR radiation between 6 and 14 μm and the thermal properties of MC cohesive bandages were investigated. The FIR penetration effectiveness was determined by measuring the temperature rises from the streaky pig skin covered with MC cohesive bandages at various depths.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-09-18T05:39:50Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221128044
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- Thermal aging and automotive oil effects on the performance of electron
beam irradiated styrene butadiene rubber/waste and microwave devulcanized
rubber blends-
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Authors: Heba A Raslan, ES Fathy, SE Abdel Aal
First page: 40
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
Replacement of virgin polymer with its waste become one of the special technique that capture the efforts of many researchers and industrialists alike. In this context, this work discussed the partial replacement of waste tire rubber (WR) and microwave devulcanized rubber (DWR) at different ratios on the properties of virgin styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as one of the most essential components of synthetic rubber in the tire production. Fixed percent of tetramethylthiuram disulfide and spindle oil were added at the first, then the WR mixture was exposed to different microwave times. Microwave devulcanization value at time 6 min gave the highest devulcanization percent. The prepared blends were exposed in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 50 and 100 kGy. FTIR, different mechanical parameters, thermal stability (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy of the fabricated specimens have been explained. Effect of automotive oil and thermal aging at different temperature, 70oC and 100oC on the tensile strength and elongation at break (E%) of the unirradiated and irradiated prepared blends have been estimated. Mechanical measurements of all examined specimens after thermal aging and oil immersion were least affected. Moreover, these factors before and after oil dipping and thermal aging revealed that unirradiated and irradiated SBR/DWR blends have superior properties than SBR/WR.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-10-22T02:37:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221136148
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- Development of polyurethane/polyethylene terephthalate/fiber glass
polymeric composite from internal auto parts waste-
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Authors: Laura C Fujii, Marcos Y Shiino
First page: 64
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
The use of polymers in the automotive industry has been growing significantly, the recycling of these materials is a major challenge nowadays, since most polymer parts comprises of different types of polymers, and they are joined by chemical adhesives due to their lack of good compatibility. This characteristic hampers the recycling of such polymers, and makes separation economically unfeasible, as a consequence, their final destination has ended up in landfills. In this sense, the present research developed a technique to verify the recyclability of the manufacturing waste polymer auto parts from industry processes, through the polymer layup process to obtain a composite (fiberglass, polyester fiber, polyurethane) in the form of flat panel. To achieve the objectives, the polymers were individually analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry to assist in the definition of the overlap of joined polymers, in which differentiates from the conventional method of polymer blend by extrusion. The preformed polymer was consolidated by a hot press. The polymer composites were evaluated by three-point bending test and their structure was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results in flexural properties indicate a suitable consolidation strategy when compared with results in literature, which is explained by the presence of glass fiber and PET in the final composition. Through the SEM images, it enabled to observe a good interface between the glass fiber and the polyester-based polymer matrix of the wastes, directly influencing the mechanical results of the material.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-10-26T03:56:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221136155
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- Effect of Cu-Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of chlorinated
polyethylene nanocomposites-
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Authors: MT Ramesan, S Suvarna
First page: 81
Abstract: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, Ahead of Print.
This work insight into the structural, morphological, thermal, conductivity, dielectric and mechanical properties of chlorinated polyethylene/copper alumina (CPE/Cu-Al2O3) nanocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of the nanocomposites ensured the presence of Cu-Al2O3 in the polymer chains of chlorinated polyethylene. The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) clearly showed the amorphous nature of the pure polymer and the crystallinity imparted by the addition of the nanosized Cu-Al2O3 into the polymer. The surface morphology of CPE and CPE with different filler loadings was examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and the images showed the presence of hemispherical particles of nanometric size. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposite system was determined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis, and the Tg values showed an increase with the loading of nanoparticles. Investigation of electrical conductivity and impedance properties at room temperature with varying applied frequencies demonstrated an enhancement in electrical properties with the addition of nanoparticles. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss exhibit an increasing nature with frequency. The mechanical properties of the polymer nanocomposites, such as tensile strength, modulus, hardness, and impact resistance, were improved while their elongation at break was decreased by the addition of Cu-Al2O3. Several theoretical models were correlated with the experimental tensile strength to study the reinforcing mechanism of Cu-Al2O3 reinforced CPE.
Citation: Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology
PubDate: 2022-10-27T01:53:58Z
DOI: 10.1177/14777606221136152
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