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- Taxonomy and Nomenclature for the Stone Domain in New England
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Abstract: Abstract The European settlement of rural New England created an agro-ecosystem of fenced fields and pastures linked to human settlements and hydropowered village industry. The most salient archaeological result was the “stone domain,” a massive, sprawling constellation of stone features surviving as mainly undocumented ruins within reforested, closed-canopy woodlands. We present a rigorous taxonomy for this stone domain based on objective field criteria that is rendered user-friendly by correlating it to vernacular typologies and functional interpretations. The domain’s most salient class of features are stone walls, here defined as objects meeting five inclusive criteria: material, granularity, elongation, continuity, and height. We also offer a nomenclature and descriptive protocol for archaeological field documentation of wall stones (size, shape, arrangement, lithology) and wall structures (courses, lines, tiers, segments, contacts, terminations, and junctions). Our methodological tools complement recent computationally intensive mapping tools of light ranging and detection (LiDAR), drone-imaging, and machine learning.
PubDate: 2023-09-21
- Jesuit Mission Products and Object Biography: The St. Inigoes Manor
Weaver’s House, St. Mary’s County, Maryland-
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Abstract: Abstract Christian missionary groups in the Americas chose to reduce expenses by manufacturing mission products at their properties. Object-biography approaches offer a means of tracing mission-product mobility by reconstructing life histories. Archaeological investigation of a weaver’s house at the Jesuit St. Inigoes Manor in southern Maryland reveals a mission-product manufacturing site. An object-biography framework offers a means of understanding human-object relations at mission properties through the distinction between powerful “inscribed objects” vs. the everyday “lived objects” that predominate at this weaver’s house. An object itinerary of clothing portrays this site as one node among multiple points along the life histories of mission products. Finally, a critical approach to biographical writing would reassert the role of the enslaved and free women who transformed raw materials into cloth and clothing at Jesuit missions.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
- Climate Change and the Consequences of Underrepresentation in the
Archaeological Record-
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Abstract: Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant number of cultural-heritage resources will soon be affected by rising sea levels and climatic disasters. However, efforts to model the impacts of climate change provide limited, if any, considerations of structural inequality that affects resource detection and communities in the past. This article explores the relationship among legacies of historical marginalization, cultural-heritage resources, and archaeological practice in the context of climate-change discourse. The effects of this erasure are not limited to the past, but have significant and lasting implications for descendant communities in the present.
PubDate: 2023-09-14
- World War II in Western Massachusetts: Contemporary Archaeology of a Plane
Crash-
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Abstract: Abstract Mount Holyoke, a mountain in western Massachusetts, is the site of 10 World War II casualties. This contemporary archaeological study explores the ways in which the physical remains of a 1944 plane crash on Mount Holyoke exist in the present and actively shape the lived experiences of residents and visitors. The mountain is a place rich with material and ideological manifestations of the past that intervene in the present. This article weaves together strands of evidence from ethnography and physical remains, sketching recollections and understandings of the plane crash. These multitemporal and tangled stories reveal how people in the present relate to a nonabsent past and a landscape of war on the mountain. While a commemorative memorial to the disaster threatens to institutionalize and crystallize a single narrative and collective memory, individuals and families resist this process through their engagement with the site and their creative and imaginative nostalgic practices.
PubDate: 2023-09-12
- Introduction: Archaeology of the Anthropocene: Historical Archaeology’s
Response to the Climate Crisis-
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PubDate: 2023-09-08
- Circulation in Seventeenth-Century Lisbon (Portugal): Traffic Signs and
Traffic Rules-
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Abstract: Abstract By the 17th century, Lisbon was a large and complex city—the capital of a large empire in which thousands of people and goods originating from different places around the world circulated. Yet the city was still organized according to its medieval footprint, one consequence of which was numerous documented traffic problems. In 1686, King Pedro II decreed that places in Lisbon where the problems were most recurrent should be marked with signs establishing circulation rules. Consequently, 24 such signs were put up in different parts of the city, three of which still survive today, even after the destruction of the 1755 earthquake. Based on archaeological, historical, cartographic, and geographic information, this article aims to discuss how these signs are a reflection of medieval Lisbon’s circulatory patterns and how the narrow streets were not able to adequately support the circulation of large vehicles introduced in the 17th century. The combination of this information not only allows the recreation of Lisbon’s circulation patterns, but also parts of the city’s social and cultural landscape as well.
PubDate: 2023-09-08
- Revolting Things: An Archaeology of Shameful Histories and Repulsive
Realities-
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PubDate: 2023-09-06
- An Archaeology of Structural Violence: Life in a Twentieth-Century Coal
Town-
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PubDate: 2023-09-06
- Ceramic Figurines in Spanish West Florida
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Abstract: Abstract Figurines are rare in the remains of Spanish Florida. Surprisingly, however, 141 fragments and 1 complete ceramic figurine were recovered at the last two of the four locations of the presidio in Spanish West Florida on Pensacola Bay. Throughout the presidio’s existence (1698–1763) the population was sent directly from the central Basin of Mexico, where figurines have a long history. The West Florida figurine assemblage and distribution is here described in detail and compared to those found at contemporaneous settlements and shipwrecks. An argument is made that figurines are likely associated with the 1740 shift in Spanish-colonial policy from almost exclusively male garrisons to military colonies with soldier-settler families. This demographic shift brought women and children to the presidios from central Mexico in increasing numbers starting in 1741, and the argument is made that they are the reason for the appearance of figurines.
PubDate: 2023-09-06
- Introduction: The Classroom and Beyond––Archaeology, Activism, and
Engagement in Higher Education-
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PubDate: 2023-09-06
- Chasing the Cure at Cragmor Sanatorium: The Archaeology of a Tuberculosis
Sanatorium-
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Abstract: Abstract Tuberculosis (TB), a leading cause of death from the 18th century through the early 20th, was often treated in specialized facilities called “sanatoriums.” Despite their prevalence, archaeology examining TB sanatoriums is sparse. The fact that many sanatoriums fell out of use by the 1950s and were repurposed for other functions helps explain this lack of archaeological research. Cragmor Sanatorium in Colorado Springs, Colorado, was a premier facility in the West for treating wealthy tuberculosis patients. In 1964, Cragmor Sanatorium was sold to the University of Colorado system, after which much of the original history was subsumed under a growing campus. This article combines archaeological and archival data to better understand standard and alternative health practices employed at the sanatorium in context and to illuminate institutional practices and healing strategies employed by physicians and patients during the first half of the 20th century.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
- Cultural Intertidal and Riverine Education: Using Field Schools to
Incorporate Climate Change into Historical Archaeological Research-
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Abstract: Abstract Intertidal-coastal and shallow riverine cultural sites exist in a liminal space of constant and inevitable change. Their location in the “in-between” exposes them to many changing conditions related to natural seasonal variations, storm events, and impacts of climate change, including increased frequency of storm events and sea-level rise. This interaction with change allows them to act as indicators of climate change. Their location on the threshold also makes them accessible for field schools. The following case studies show the value of a short “make-your-own” field-school pedagogy in identifying and exploring climate-change-related student-driven topics. They further highlight the need to develop monitoring regimes for intertidal sites impacted by climate change.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
- Understanding Pressures to Archaeological Heritage in the Face of Climate
Change: An Integrated Approach to Coastal-Zone Assessments in Ireland-
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Abstract: Abstract Coastal heritage and archaeological sites are part of a complex system of socioenvironmental processes whose conditions are placed at risk from increasing climate-change pressures and impacts. Cultural-heritage managers are working to increase understanding of these pressures and create ways to assess, mitigate, and/or adapt to change. Coastal-zone assessments (CZA) are a recognized methodology in several national management plans to gather detailed data in order to provide an informed assessment of current resources and any associated hazards and risks. A collaborative and innovative partnership is seeking to expand on current CZA models by integrating social, historical, and geomorphological criteria into archaeological site assessment, with aims toward the development of a resource-priority index for coastal-heritage managers in Ireland.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
- Exploring the Materiality of Late Seventeenth- and Early
Eighteenth-Century Lowcountry Colonoware through Practice-Based Analysis-
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Abstract: Abstract Colonoware—a low-fired earthenware pottery made by enslaved African and enslaved and free Indigenous potters across the Lowcountry region of South Carolina—is a clear material consequence of colonial-identity formation. This process certainly involved African and Indigenous groups, but it also drew in English, French, and Spanish colonial powers, and the various economic, political, and social networks that bound them together. While scholars have recently offered nuanced and inclusive theoretical frameworks to help situate colonoware production within the process of colonial-identity formation, these studies thus far have lacked analytical methods that operationalize the link between potting practices and colonial-identity formation through the analysis of archaeological data. In this article, we present our attempt to forge the link between practice and data by analyzing a number of attributes that illustrate various choices potters made while constructing vessels. In particular, we are interested in comparing the methods of pottery manufacturing employed by local Indigenous potters in the “Lowcountry” region around Charleston, South Carolina, prior to European colonization to the methods used by resident potters at early colonial settlements in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
- Enslavement and Autonomy in Late Eighteenth-Century Albany, New York
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Abstract: Abstract In 1998, Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc., excavated the remains of the John Bogart House basement in downtown Albany, New York. Archaeologists found a small artifact-filled barrel buried below the floor adjacent to an interior dividing wall. Most striking were the number of sharp and modified objects within this barrel and elsewhere under the basement floor that were likely hidden or lost by enslaved African Americans who occupied the space during the late 18th century. Albany underwent a dramatic social and political transformation at the end of the 18th century, causing anxiety and tension with the city. Within this uncertain post-Revolutionary climate, Albany’s African American community expressed a measure of public autonomy through the Pinkster festival. At the same time, African Americans at the Bogart House were carefully curating multivalent objects to express personal autonomy and group identity in the face of often violent repression.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
- A Biography of Place: Thinking between Text, Practice, and Space at the
Mission of St. Joseph, Senegal-
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Abstract: Abstract A “biography of place” is presented as a means for parsing the relationship between missionization and place at the Catholic Mission of Saint Joseph, Ngasobil, Senegal (1863–1930). The traditional biographical approach is a potent mode of thinking through missionary landscapes that allows the gleaning of more information about the materiality of missionization; however, here, an additional understanding of biography—one focused on the act of writing itself—is explored in order to understand the ways in which missionaries themselves thought about making the mission place. A biography of St. Joseph’s is already occurring in the archives, which are read as metaphorically hagiographic in their attribution of divine agency to the mission place as a means of producing conversion and vocation. Through these two lines of evidence, it becomes clear that mission leadership thought explicitly about how being in Ngasobil served to cultivate faithfulness and to produce religious vocations.
PubDate: 2023-08-31
- Act Local: Climate-Change Policy at the County Level in South Florida
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Abstract: Abstract Climate change is at the forefront of local government policy in south Florida. Impacts to archaeological and historical sites, however, are often relegated as a casualty of development as local leaders make decisions about where to place critical infrastructure and develop areas in a sustainable way. While all cultural resources have historical significance, not all levels of significance are equal. Accordingly, counties and other government entities will have to make difficult decisions as they evaluate the need for seawalls and other necessary infrastructure measures that may impact cultural resources. Case studies from Palm Beach, Collier, and Miami-Dade counties describe two prioritization strategies within two different regional compact frameworks. These frameworks each have specific strengths and were devised specifically for resources in their compact areas. This article explores prioritization of threatened archaeological sites, reviews the South Florida Regional Climate Change Compact and other local jurisdictional alliances’ participation in the process, and, finally, considers how prioritization can inform academic research as well as infrastructural improvements.
PubDate: 2023-08-30
- The Shape of Things: Archaeology, Environmentalism, and Plastic
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Abstract: Abstract The archaeology of plastic is many things at once: an environmental crisis, a growing impact on existing maritime and terrestrial archaeological resources, an advancement in material culture, and the foundation of future archaeological deposits. It is the shape of things as they are now and the shape of things to come. This article explores the intersection between the environmental crisis of unfettered plastic production and archaeology, with an eye toward understanding archaeology as a platform for activism and public outreach during the continuing climate crisis. It offers new paths forward for addressing plastic pollution in the discipline of archaeology as well as actions concerned citizens can take individually.
PubDate: 2023-08-28
- An Historical Archaeology of Labor in Convict Australia: A Framework for
Engagement-
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Abstract: Abstract Between 1788 and 1868 Britain transported some 171,000 male and female convicted felons to Australia, in the process establishing the foundation European population and instituting a process of invasion and colonization. The convict “system” remains a signature theme in Australian historical and archaeological research, contributing to a multitude of areas of investigation: punishment and reform, colonialism, and colonization process, as well as social aspiration and cultural transformation. This article provides an overview of the history, organization, and physical structure of the system. It then describes recent efforts to reunify the trajectories of archaeology, history, and historical criminology through cross-disciplinary projects, questions, and themes. It includes a description of the authors’ Landscapes of Production and Punishment research framework, which views the organization and administration of the convict system, as well as the shifting balances between punishment and reform, through a labor-systems analysis. This line of inquiry broadens the scope of archaeological interest away from its focus on prisons and institutional sites. It embraces a wider range of labor settings and products, including the dispersal of convicts across urban and frontier areas, and the operational logic behind the system. It also views the convicts both as individuals and a labor force, and the raw materials, roads, buildings, and other items they extracted, constructed, or manufactured equally as “products” of the regime.
PubDate: 2023-08-24
- Water Heritage and the Importance of Local Knowledge in Climate Action
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Abstract: Abstract Thousands of significant archaeological and heritage sites line the coasts of every continent, threatened by loss and damage from rising sea levels and other cascading impacts, such as flooding, landslides, increased salination, erosion, or even the shift from being land-based heritage to being submerged or underwater heritage. There is a need for a sustainable initiative across the national, regional, and local levels to manage this degenerative process. To date, however, measures for mitigating climate change impacts remain insufficient. There is also the need for a further push in thinking about how coastal archaeology and culturally submerged sites may be remembered or, if on the cards, protected. The Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network (CITiZAN), a national project working across coastal sites in England, works with communities to support and empower them in identifying and understanding their immediate environment and the relevance of the heritage therein. In this article, the CITiZAN team presents the range of vulnerable coastal heritage found across England, discusses why there is limited capacity or resources to protect these sites, and highlights the communities that have either reactively or proactively responded to changing climate conditions and, in so doing, provide examples of resourcefulness and resilience. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of communities in understanding intertidal-zone and coastal heritage, and the relevance of water heritage to understanding climate change impacts terrestrially.
PubDate: 2023-08-23
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