Authors:Mirosław Leszka Pages: 5 - 22 Abstract: Originating from Isauria, Emperor Zeno was a ruler who struggled more against internal opponents who made attempts to deprive him of power (usurpations of Basiliskos 475-476, Martian 479, Illus and Leontius 484-488) than against external enemies. Zeno's career, before becoming a ruler, was of a military nature. He was certainly a comes domesticorum and magister militum per Orientem, and some scholars believe that he may also have held the position of magister militum per Thracias and magister militum praesentalis. The aim of the article is to make an attempt to answer the question what the emperor, who had rich military experience, was guided by when appointing magistri militum. A review of the available information concerning the appointment of magistri militum by Zeno leads to the conclusion that these posts were a means of recruiting or rewarding people whose support the emperor needed for some reason. The highest positions of command were relatively often given to members of the imperial family or the families of influential personalities at the imperial court or their protégés. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.16 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Łukasz Pigoński Pages: 23 - 30 Abstract: The subject of my study is an attempt to reconstruct the career and military activities of Magister Militum Flavius Plinta, described in the Sozemon’s Church History writings. The writings are considered to be on of the sparce sources of information about this politician and commander of the Greek origin, living in the 5th C.E. The source indicates that Flavius Plinta was an influential person on the Byzantine court. Essential to his influential position were the relations with the Goths, whom the Empire settled in Thracia to control the Huns problem. Moreover, F. Plinta was the first of the powerful Magistri Militum in the Eastern Roman Empire, who used their status in the military system to gain political influence. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.17 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Zdzisław Pentek Pages: 31 - 40 Abstract: The article is the second part of the series “On Empresses of the Latin Empire (1204–1261)”. This one is dedicated to Agnes of Montferrat and the second wife (probably Maria) of Emperor Henry of Flanders, and the daughter of Tsar Kaloyan. This one is dedicated to Agnes of Montferrat and the second wife (probably Maria) of Emperor Henry of Flanders, and the daughter of Tsar Koloyan. The text presents their fate and the political significance of Henry's marriages. Analyses devoted to both Henry's wives show how scarce source material is available to a historian who tries to write anything about them. The childlessness of Henry of Flanders influenced the fate of the Latin Empire. I would also like to point out that Henry went beyond the current scheme of marrying women from his own cultural circle. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.18 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Dariusz Milewski Pages: 41 - 56 Abstract: The paper presents Sigismund III`s efforts to obtain foreign aid in the face of the war against the Turks expected in 1590. Polish efforts in Italy and Reich are discussed, but the main focus is on the imperial court and the Duchy of Prussia, from which the king expected the real help. I present the arguments of both sides and the reasons why Poland did not receive any aid from the emperor, but received it from Duchy of Prussia. I also point to the role of particular interests in bilateral relations between Poland and its political partners as well as the latter ones with the Ottoman Empire, which influenced the decisions on granting or refusing aid to Poland against the Turks. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.19 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Ilona Czamańska Pages: 57 - 79 Abstract: This paper was written in connection with the thesis that Polish interventions in Moldavia conducted in the years 1595–1616 were a result of the private policy of first Jan Zamoyski, and later the magnates – sons-in-law of Jeremy Movila. By analyzing the political and legal situation of the hospodars of Moldavia from the Movila dynasty towards the Polish king , I try to prove that all interventions were either completely or unofficially connected with the state policy of the Republic of Poland. The last intervention in the years 1615–1616 was the most controversial one, but the lack of support for it was not due to political reasons, but to personal ones. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.20 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Tomasz Jacek Lis Pages: 81 - 97 Abstract: This paper presents the history of anti-Ottoman rebellions, which occurred in Bosnia in the first half of the 19th century. The main initiators of these uprisings were not Christians, as it happened in Serbia, but local Muslim citizens, who were not accepting Stambuls’ agenda towards European parts of the Ottoman Empire. In the paper I would like to investigate some of the most important events in the history of Bosnia: Husejn kapetan Gradaščević rebellion; social turmoil of `30s and `40s, and the final confrontation of Herzcegovinian vezir Rizvanbegović with an army of Omer pasha Latas, who received orders to pacify riots in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper is based on the scientific literature, public archive documents and narratives sources – memoirs and travel diaries. PubDate: 2021-12-17 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.21 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Paweł Wawryszuk Pages: 99 - 116 Abstract: The aim of the article is to analyse the actions taken by the Yugoslav press against the Catholic Church. The beginning of this campaign may be dated from the middle of January 1952. During the meeting of the Executive Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito decided the break diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The press campaign focused mostly on Croatia and Slovenia, the republics with the majority of the Catholic population. The Catholic church was presented as an anti-Yugoslav factor, and the Yugoslav Catholic hierarchy and its leaders, including a head of the church, Croatian bishop Alojzije Stepinac were accused of being collaborators of the fascist regimes from the war period. On the other hand, the press avoided attacks on lower rank priests, hoping to convince them to join the pro-government associations. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.22 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Nikica Barić Pages: 117 - 139 Abstract: The Socialist Republic of Croatia, as one of republics of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, possessed its State Security Service (Služba državne sigurnosti, SDS), equivalent to similar political security services in other communist states. At the Yugoslav level there was also the Federal State Security Service. The State Security of Croatia dealt with both internal and external threats to the communist system and gathered intelligence information. In the early 1980s the State Security of Croatia gathered sizeable amount of information on the events connected with activities of „Solidarity” in the People’s Republic of Poland and the crisis that ultimately led to the imposition of state of war in Poland, as well as reaction to these events in Croatia. The main aim of this paper is to present State Security reports about with Poland in the period between 1980 and 1982. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.23 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Piotr Żurek Pages: 141 - 159 Abstract: At the beginning of the 1980s, Serbia became convinced that there was a policy in the SFRY aimed at weakening the country's most numerous nation - the Serbs. Slobodan Milošević gained political capital on his opposition to the doctrine of 'weak Serbia - strong Yugoslavia'. In the face of the collapse of Yugoslavia, the Serbian leader tried to transform the SFRY into a Serb-centric state. At the outbreak of the war, Milošević led to the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. According to the concept of the Serbian president, all Serbian lands were to unite around this country. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.24 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Nadia Czachowska-Aleksić Pages: 161 - 178 Abstract: The paper is a critical analysis of the Sandžak Day celebrations in Serbia. The ritual activities taking place during grand ceremonies as well as the historical narrative presented by the Bosnian elite are subject to reflection in this doubly peripheral area. Using such research categories as ritual, invented tradition, site of memory and historical myth, the elements that constitute the Sandžak-Bosnian identity have been characterized. Their analysis made it possible to define the mechanisms of the construction of the contemporary Bosnian discourse of memory in Sandžak and to identify the visible tendencies of this narrative. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746//bp.2021.28.24 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Justyna Teodorowicz Pages: 179 - 192 Abstract: The article discusses the problem of illness in the novel A Concert of Bach’s music by Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, a Romanian interwar writer considered to be a precursor of Romanian psychological prose. Illness, being one of the major themes in her writings, has usually been interpreted as a reflection of Romanian declining society. In the present article, we analyse the most interesting example of a sick character in Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu’s novels, that is prince Maxentiu, who suffers from tuberculosis. We suggest some possible interpretations of his case in the context of contemporary scientific research, especially in the domain of the sociology of illness. We discuss, among others, illness as a biographical disruption, the problem of character’s personal and social identity in chronic illness, as well as his attitude towards death. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.26 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Anna Borowy Pages: 193 - 206 Abstract: The main aim of this paper is the Polish translation and the comment of the chapter De lingua Moldavorum, a part of the work called Descriptio Moldaviae written by Dimitrie Cantemir, voivode of Moldavia, in the early 18th century at the request of the Royal Academy in Berlin. The translation is based on the Latin text. It is the first attempt to introduce the text of Descriptio Moldaviae to Polish readers. The commentary is based on the philological methodology and contains primarily grammar and lexical remarks. The first part of the paper is a historical and cultural introduction to the topic. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.27 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Jędrzej Paszkiewicz Pages: 207 - 229 Abstract: The aim of the paper is to present the conditions of a significant outflow of Vlachs from the Pindos region, which is commonly treated as one of traditional areas of the Vlachs’ settlement. The migrations lasted several decades, the majority of migrants stayed on the Turkish territory, although some families migrated to other countries, especially to the central-eastern Europe. The population movements were caused by worsening security and living conditions, connected with activity of bandits and political-military turbulence in the European part of the Ottoman Turkey. First, tradesmen and craftsmen migrated, then the shepherds started looking for new pastures and locations for their settlement. As a result, the Wallachian settlers dispersed through upland-mountainous regions of Thessaly, Thrace, Macedonia, Bosnia. They settled in towns in Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria or Romania. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.28 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
Authors:Wojciech Sajkowski Pages: 231 - 247 Abstract: On October 22-23, 2021 the XX Balcanicum conference was held, organized by the Commission on Balkan Studies, in cooperation with the Faculty of History of Adam Mickiewicz University (UMU). At the conference, which was held in hybrid mode (stationary and remote), 21 papers were presented by researchers from Polish and foreign centers. The conference included two thematic sessions. The first one was entitled The Ottoman terror over Europe. From the history of military struggles against the Ottoman Empire. The choice of such a topic for the first session was connected with the fact that the year 2021 marks several round anniversaries of significant armed clashes with the Ottoman Empire. These begin with the Battle of Maritsa fought on September 28, 1371. , in which the Serbian army of King Vukašin and despot Jan Uglješa was defeated. Two hundred years later, in 1571, a fleet of allied Holy League states eliminated the Ottoman Empire from the ranks of the great naval powers at the Battle of Lepanto. Fifty years later in 1621, the Polish-Lithuanian army defended Chocim. The second thematic session that took place at the conference was entitled In the Centenary of the Polish-Romanian Alliance. Romania and the Romanian principalities in European politics. The choice of this topic was related to the fact that the second important anniversary falling in 2021 was the 100th anniversary of the Polish-Romanian alliance. This was the first alliance concluded by the reborn Polish state, functioned throughout the interwar period and resulted in the Romanian state accepting a huge number of Poles after the outbreak of World War II. PubDate: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.14746/bp.2021.28.29 Issue No:Vol. 28, No. 2 (2021)
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