Authors:Akın Temür, Özkan Özbilgin Abstract: Alabastron, lekythos, ampulla gibi farklı formlardan türediği düşünülen ve farklı fonksiyonel tanımlamalara sahip olan unguentariumlar Hellenistik Dönem'de pişmiş topraktan yapılmıştır. İlk örneklerin şişkin ve iğ şeklinde bir merkez bölümü vardır. Erken İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde, özellikle cam üfleme yönteminin yaygın olarak kullanılmasıyla, çeşitli unguentarium cam örnekleri üretilmiştir. İlk etapta boru, şamdan ve makara biçimli örnekler yaygınken, sonraki süreç bu biçimlerin varyantlarının oluşmasına neden oldu. Samsun Müzesi önemli sayıda cam esere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kurtarma kazısı, satın alma veya müsadere yoluyla Samsun Müzesi koleksiyonuna katılmış olan unguentariumları ele almaktadır. ve çoğu bozulmamış olarak keşfedildiğinden ciddi keşifler olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Buluntular, üretildiği ve kullanıldığı dönemin siyasi, ticari ve kültürel yapısını arkeolojik kanıtlar bağlamında anlamak için önemlidir. Ayrıca cam eser üretiminin var olup olmadığını belirlememize yardımcı olur. Anlaşıldığı üzere, bu bağlamda incelenen eserler, Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından yönetilen geniş bir coğrafyada, dönemin yaygın kültürel anlayışının bir sonucu olarak, karşılaştırılabilir modalarda yaratılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bölgenin Doğu Akdeniz kültürleri ile ticari etkileşim içinde olduğu düşünülmektedir. Samsun ve çevresinde herhangi bir cam ocağı veya cam üretimine dair bir bulguya rastlanmadığından, eserlerin yerel olarak üretilmek yerine ithal edilmiş olması mümkündür. Bununla birlikte, Antik Dönem boyunca bölgenin en köklü ve önemli kıyı kentlerinden biri olan Amisos'un ya da yakın çevresinde antik bir kent olan Neoklaudiopolis'in, kazançlı bir ekonomik hammadde olan cam üretiminden habersiz kalması pek olası görünmemektedir. PubDate: 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.810 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Alberto Bermejo MELÉNDEZ, Javier Bermejo MELÉNDEZ, Francisco Marfil VÁZQUEZ, Juan Manuel Campos CARRASCO Abstract: Nowadays, the study of ports in Hispania has a firmly established line of research highlighting the port configuration of numerous Atlantic and Mediterranean cities. Within this context, along the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula —as well as in the course of the main rivers— the port settlements that mark the water from the Mediterranean to the Cantabrian Sea have a series of structures or environments whose architectural elements seem to follow standard patterns in their structural systems and location that are perpetuated throughout their evolution. The common need to solve the various problems caused by maritime traffic and port activity linked to the commercial networks of an increasingly complex provincialized imperial economy seems to lie in their endowment. PubDate: 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.797 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Ruslan A. Tsakanyan Abstract: The "Nairi land(s)" (KUR.KUR Na-i-ri) was first mentioned in the inscriptions of the Middle Assyrian king Tukultī-Ninurta I (c. 1242-1206 BC). Currently, the "Nairi land(s)" is mentioned in 18 of the 55 known inscriptions. In historiography, the chronology and motives of the Tukultī-Ninurta I campaign to the "Nairi land(s)" have been discussed many time. However, in some cases, the existing opinions are contradictory and need to be justified. A new reading of the inscriptions of Tukultī-Ninurta I allows to discuss the date, reasons and outcome of the campaign not in isolation, but in the context of the campaigns of the first three years of his reign. PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.818 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Ana HONCU, Varga RADA Abstract: This article is about mapping the veterans’ inscriptions from Upper Moesia using ArcGIS software. How can this be done and toward what aims' By applying GIS algorithms to these datasets, we can make various maps and queries that allow us to discuss distribution and spatiality from many different angles. Such an experiment provided us the possibility of a better visualization of data in geographic context and allowed us to identify the specific locations of inscriptions and thus draw conclusions about veteran’s settlement PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.823 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Stanislav Grigoriev Abstract: Currently, incomparable dating systems are used in archaeology, based on historical chronology, dendrochronology, and two types of radiocarbon dates: LSC and AMS. But the latter suggest, as a rule, the earlier dates. Contrary to this, the intervals based on the historical chronology and dendrochronology are quite comparable. And intervals obtained by means of Bayesian statistics of AMS dates are very close. The problem is also aggravated by the fact that the use of the standard typological method does not allow complexes to be synchronized accurately, since the duration of existence of some type can be different in two areas. More accurate evidence can be taken from the first appearance of any cultural complex as a result of migration. Such migrations were usually forced by natural disasters. Correspondently, the latter can be used as a chronological benchmark, that makes it possible the processes in remote areas to be connected. Basing on all this, a system of chronology of the European EBA, eastern European MBA and of the so called “2200 even” is suggested. The obtained interval became younger and shorter than those based on the radiocarbon chronology. PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.817 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Murat KAYA, Gül KAYA Abstract: : According to the cuneiform tablets found in Anatolia, the names of many cities, large and small are mentioned in the Hittite era and before. The locations of the majority of these cities have been determined. According to the tablet information, the location and size of the cities can be determined according to the trade volume with the Assyrian merchants. Kuššara is a middle level trade (wabartum) center. This study was carried out on the location of the city of Kuššara, which is mentioned in many tablets. Kuššara assumed an active position in the state administration after 1750 B.C. The fact that Pithana and her son Anitta, who founded in particular the Hittite state were from this city draws attention. It is understood from the tablets that Hattusili I, who later founded the Hittite state, and the dynasties were from Kuššara. According to the information on the tablets, it is understood that it is a place close to Kaniš and Hattuša. But its exact location is unknown. PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.785 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei, Mohsen Dana Abstract: Human settlements emerged based on natural factors such as adequate water resources and suitable and fertile soil. Other factors such as altitude, slope, and slope direction, the distance to permanent water sources, and communication paths are natural substrates that affect the distribution of human settlements, some of which have a more influential role in the formation and survival of life. This study aims to investigate the status of the Iron Age settlement in the Atrak River Basin. To achieve the objectives of the research and hierarchical analysis of Iron Age sites, seven natural variables, including altitude, slope, slope direction, landing, soil type, distance to rivers, and communication routes that have been effective in establishing settlements, have been selected and by using the statistical methods in the GIS, the TOPSIS hierarchical analysis process, and Excel, and they finally been studied. In terms of statistical analysis, the distance from river, Landuse and the distance to communication routes have been assigned the most ideal values. The slope degree, above sea level and Slope Direction have the lowest ideal value, respectively. Based on this, the IAMA60 site ranked first, the IAMA49 site ranked second, and the IAMA18 site ranked third in terms of natural indicators. In the lowest rank, IAMA25, IAMA35, and IAMA56 sites are located. In addition to these, the rest of the sites are considered relatively privileged areas. PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.787 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Ovidiu ȚENTEA, Ioana MANEA, Alexandru RAȚIU Abstract: Excavations at Mălăiești Roman Fort and bath (Romania, Prahova County) undertaken in 1930, 1954, 1985, and 2011-2019 revealed a small roman fortification and its baths, between 101-118 AD. This paper will attempt to show the significance of the glassware finds through a social-cultural analysis resulting from the way the finds were distributed within the site. Our study describes the glassware fragments found during recent excavations and offers an analysis in the context of the manufacturing processes, spatial distribution, and the circumstances of their discovery as well as the chemical analysis of the typical samples. As an end result, we were able to determine their chronological, morphological, and typological properties. PubDate: 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.856 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Ioan Stanciu Abstract: The geographic area broadly corresponding to the Upper Basin of Tisa delineates the north-eastern extremity of the Carpathian Basin, which has given the evolutions taking place there over time specific characteristics. Regardless of the historical period, this area has been a connecting space between the regions north of the Carpathian Mountains and territories situated in the direction of the Superior Danube, but mostly the entire Tisa Plain and the Transylvanian Basin towards the south-east. There are many settlements that can be dated roughly to the second half of the 6th century and the first half of the 7th century, alongside some funerary discoveries. However, there are few sites that were investigated extensively, at least according to current publication records. The inventories of the dwellings and of the few reported graves are lacking in diversity as handmade pottery is the norm. The current examination offers indirect proof of the agricultural activities and the domestic crafts that were undertaken there at the time, which were potentially connected to a certain degree of specialization in tool and iron utensil production, and the manufacturing of the raw matter this required. A simple, autarchic economic model can be reconstructed from the data as there are few indications of external contacts – thus, a model similar to the one commonly attributed to the Slavs of that period. PubDate: 2023-04-30 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.852 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Libin XIE Abstract: The Roman Empire was strengthened by its effective control and governance of its border areas. To a large extent, the operation and governance of the border areas are related to the safety, prosperity, and decline of the country, and also to the survival of the country. Based on the above considerations, this paper synthesizes the knowledge and methods of archaeology, geography, and other disciplines. Taking the handicraft production industry as an example, the paper analyzes the status and functions of the imperial frontier and tries to identify the successes and failures of imperial frontier management. Based on the research findings, we conclude that the Roman frontier is neither the boundary between civilization and barbarism nor a place of confrontation, friction, conflict, and war, but rather a place of national integration. PubDate: 2023-04-30 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.854 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Dan George ANGHEL, Ovidiu OARGĂ Abstract: Recently, in the Southern necropolis of Apulum, an inkwell with lead-glaze was discovered, which had been deposited as funerary inventory in a cremation tomb. Only one other ceramic inkwell from the pottery centre from Micăsasa was known in Dacia. The shape of the piece is unique and represents a transposition in pottery of metal-made inkwells. Various technological aspects suggest a local production in the area of the ancient cities of Apulum, where two workshops in which glazed pottery was also manufactured are known. In parallel, glazed pieces are a relatively frequent presence in the necropolises of this urban centre, being deposited in tombs with a rich inventory. The presence of the find is a professional symbol that reflects certain professions or intellectual pursuits. It was possible to determine through a paleo-technological experiment the manner in which the artefact was manufactured. PubDate: 2023-04-30 DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.855 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1 (2023)
Authors:Cristian GĂZDAC Abstract: The present paper is presenting the benefits of using huge database covering large areas – the Roman Empire and beyond – on a long chronological segment – 1st – 5th centuries AD. As a case study was chosen the Roman province of Dacia (mainly nowadays Romania) as a territory on which the Roman coinage was documented before, during and after the Roman administration. This paper intends to point out general and specific patterns of the coin hoarding in Dacia. DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.859 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors:Ionuț MAICAN, Anca TIMOFAN, Cristian FLORESCU, Călin ȘUTEU, Constantin-Irinel GREȘIȚĂ Abstract: The archaeological research, especially the preventive type, is usually determined by interventions and investments in a specific archaeological area, having also a powerful destructive character. The role of the topography in this research, together with the legal compulsory character, is very important; the modern measuring techniques have a special contribution in the contextualisation of the archaeological discoveries, especially for those from a documented archaeological area, due to the fact that it can be a revealing factor by bringing vestiges together and achieving a “composite” material, that can be useful to draw important conclusions related to the ”monolithic” ensemble of structures and buildings belonging to the same period. At the same time, the modern techniques for the collection, storage and analysis of the topographic-archaeological data may be significantly important for the sustainable development of a region, by preserving and highlighting the cultural heritage. DOI: 10.14795/j.v10i1.857 Issue No:Vol. 10, No. 1
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