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Abstract: The archaeological data on the earliest hominin behavioral subsistence activities in North Africa are derived primarily from the Early Pleistocene site of Ain Boucherit (northeastern Algeria). Ain Boucherit consists of two archaeological layers, Ain Boucherit Upper (AB-Up) and Ain Boucherit Lower (AB-Lw), estimated to ~ 1.9 Ma and ~ 2.4 Ma, respectively. Cutmarked and hammerstone percussed bones associated with Oldowan stone tools were found in both layers, with AB-Lw yielding the oldest in North Africa. The faunal assemblages from both deposits are dominated by small-sized bovids and equids. Evidence of cutmarks and percussion marks in both assemblages shows that hominins exploited animal carcasses, involving skinning, evisceration and defleshing activities. The evidence of meat and marrow acquisition is more abundant at AB-Lw with carnivore activity being scarce. However, the AB-Up assemblage shows more carnivore damage and less hominin-induced tool marks. Ain Boucherit evidence, is similar, in type and chronology, to that provided by the Early Pleistocene sites in East Africa (e.g., the Gona sites), where the oldest evidence of stone tools used in faunal exploitation have been discovered. This paper reports on the ability of early North African Oldowans to compete successfully for accessing animal resources with other predators. PubDate: 2023-05-26
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Abstract: A certain number of gold artefacts have been unearthed from the Liujiawa site and Jiezihe site belonging to the late Rui State, from the late era of the early Spring and Autumn Period to the early era of the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (710 BCE–650 BCE). To study the manufacturing technology of these gold artefacts, non-destructive microscopic observation and element composition analysis were carried out by an ultra-depth field microscope and a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results showed that all the gold objects were made of native gold, with the production processes including hammering, drawing, casting and inlaying. Most of the objects were finished by surface processing. The discovery of gold artefacts in the late Rui State period not only reflects the diversification of the gold artefact technology system in the late era of the early Spring and Autumn Period but is also the evidence of the people association and cultural communication between the Central Plains and northern China. PubDate: 2023-05-26
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Abstract: The Sant Genís Formation is located in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula (Catalonia, Spain) and is dated to the Priabonian (upper Eocene), being part of the evaporitic formations of the margin of the Ebro Basin. It is formed by a succession of sandy lutites, occasional limestone layers, marls, and local stratified gypsum and cherts, including the Sant Martí de Tous chert. The Sant Martí de Tous chert type is confirmed by its abundance at specific locations within the territory (NE Iberian Peninsula). This is an important raw material procurement area, as evidenced by the presence of this chert in the main prehistoric sites of the region (e.g., Abric Romaní) and the constant discovery of new sites in the area around the Sant Genís Formation, especially from the Neolithic period onwards (e.g., Cal Sitjo, La Guinardera Nord workshop). All these features, together with the great heterogeneity of the Cenozoic evaporitic cherts, prompted us to carry out a multi-proxy characterization for obtaining a valid criterion by which to identify this chert in the archaeological record. This very heterogeneity hampers the macroscopic characterization of archaeological cherts (e.g., at Abric Romaní), but through petrographic analysis we have been able to identify their origins and, albeit to a lesser extent, their lithostratigraphic unit of provenance within the formation. The complementary mineralogical and geochemical techniques applied in this study show that, although it is difficult to establish an exact origin, through intensive sampling and criteria such as the differential presence of Fe and Ca, some differences among the siliceous varieties within a formation can be detected. PubDate: 2023-05-24
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Abstract: Birch tar is the oldest synthetic substance made by early humans. The earliest such artefacts are associated with Neanderthals. According to traditional interpretations, their study allows understanding Neanderthal tool behaviours, skills and cultural evolution. However, recent work has found that birch tar can also be produced with simple processes, or even result from fortuitous accidents. Even though these findings suggest that birch tar per se is not a proxy for cognition, they do not shed light on the process by which Neanderthals produced it, and, therefore, cannot evaluate the implications of that behaviour. Here, we address the question of how tar was made by Neanderthals. Through a comparative chemical analysis of the two exceptional birch tar pieces from Königsaue (Germany) and a large reference birch tar collection made with Stone Age techniques, we found that Neanderthals did not use the simplest method to make tar. Rather, they distilled tar in an intentionally created underground environment that restricted oxygen flow and remained invisible during the process. This degree of complexity is unlikely to have been invented spontaneously. Our results suggest that Neanderthals invented or developed this process based on previous simpler methods and constitute one of the clearest indicators of cumulative cultural evolution in the European Middle Palaeolithic. PubDate: 2023-05-22
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Abstract: This research aims to evaluate whether the socio-environmental changes observed in the Central Pampas Dunefields (Argentina) throughout the Holocene (ca. 11,000–350 cal year BP) caused episodes of systemic stress in hunter-gatherer populations. Linear enamel hypoplasia was analyzed macroscopically with a 40 × magnifying glass and oblique light in 337 teeth from 26 adult individuals recovered from 11 archaeological sites. Data were analyzed following three levels of observation: individual, tooth, and number of dental enamel lines. 42.3% of the individuals presented linear enamel hypoplasia. The lines affected males and females similarly. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three Holocene periods. The age of growth-disruption events occurred between 2 and 6.05 years, and stress episodes are registered at earlier ages in the Late Holocene than in the other periods. The causes could be related to metabolic stress associated with weaning, post-weaning, variations in the availability of natural resources over time, development of infectious, and parasitic diseases during changes in social organization strategies and gastrointestinal diseases caused by non-potable water intake. At the regional level, Pampas shows moderate to high values of linear enamel hypoplasia, suggesting the exposure of hunter-gatherer groups to recurrent episodes of stress during the early stages of postnatal life. PubDate: 2023-05-18
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Abstract: The quantification of taxa is a major exercise in zooarchaeology. Specialists have multiplied the methods of counting animal remains, but the choice of the stratigraphic unit for these analyses (stratigraphic unit, sector of an archaeological site, occupation phase of a settlement…) constitutes an equally important, but less debated problem. In this study, we have constructed a new analysis unit that allows us to adapt the quantification of species on an archaeological site according to the volume of animal bones found there. Each chrono-stratigraphic sample (CSS) contains a sufficient number of remains for statistical analysis and preserves as much information as possible about the activities that generated the animal remains composing it. This method was then applied to a dataset of approximately 70,000 animal remains from 34 archaeological sites located in Languedoc (southern France). Their cluster analysis allowed to identify six main patterns of animal remains samples according to their taxa frequencies. Three are linked to the food sphere and the other three include remains of non-consumed species. The analysis of CSS spatial distribution on a few archaeological sites allowed to identify a recurrent sectorization of wastes according to the taxa that compose them. Finally, a diachronic analysis of the frequencies of caprines, cattle, and suids has been performed for the whole region, with the CSS and the occupancy stages as analysis units. The former allows us to identify many more trends, but above all, much finer than the latter. PubDate: 2023-05-17
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Abstract: The Early Pleistocene archeological site of Fuente Nueva-3 (FN3) preserves some of the oldest evidence of hominin presence in Western Europe, including a huge assemblage of Oldowan tools and evidence of butchering and marrow processing of large mammal bones. Moreover, there is also evidence of the regular presence of carnivores at the site, including a small proportion of bones that show tooth marks, the majority of which can be attributed to the giant, short-faced hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris, and there are 220 coprolites, most of them from the Upper Archeological Level. In order to identify the defecating agent, we analyze here the coprolites and compare them with other specimens from the literature and with scats from zoo spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). The morphology, color, size, and chemical composition of the FN3 coprolites allow us to attribute them to the hyena P. brevirostris, which is also represented at the site by fossil specimens. In addition, we evaluate the origin of the accumulation of coprolites and discuss on the role played by the scavenging hyenas in the accumulation and modification of the bone remains unearthed at the site, which allows evaluating the contribution of the giant hyena to this Early Pleistocene site. Finally, based on the lithology of layer 5 of the Upper Archeological Level, fine sands and clays deposited in a salt-lake environment, we hypothesize that this layer may have acted as a quicksand where large-sized animals like elephants were trapped and their carcasses lured scavenging carnivores. PubDate: 2023-05-17
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Abstract: The agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China has long been an essential interaction between the Central Plains and the Eurasian steppe. The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE), with the Central Plains as its political core area, occupied parts of the agro-pastoral ecotone around 3000 BP during its early extensive territorial expansion. However, little is known about the subsistence strategies of the agro-pastoral ecotone subordinated to the Western Zhou. In this study, lipid analysis was performed on potsherds from the Yaoheyuan site in northwest China. The results show that ancient people consumed millet, ruminant meat and dairy products, together with possible equine products. The low proportion of dairy exploitation indicates that ruminant animal management was meat-oriented, which may be related to lactase intolerance and cultural habits. The people at Yaoheyuan lived on an agro-pastoral economy with domesticated herbivores and rare pig consumption, revealing a turning point for the intensified pastoralism in the agro-pastoral ecotone around 3000 BP impacted by nomadic pastoralism in the Eurasian steppe and climate change. In particular, the lipid signals in Yaoheyuan pottery and the previously published data likely reflect that the heterogeneity of Zhou culture between the Central Plains and the agro-pastoral ecotone, and provide important insights into the multiple interactions between the Zhou and indigenous cultures. PubDate: 2023-05-15
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Abstract: Ochre has been found at many Middle Stone Age sites throughout southern Africa. Much work has been done to document these iron-rich raw materials, their modifications and their implications for past communities’ behaviours, skills and cognition. However, until recently few works focused on the Middle Stone Age Waterberg ochre assemblages. The paper presents the ochre assemblage recovered at Red Balloon rock shelter, a new Middle Stone Age site on the Waterberg Plateau. The site preserves Middle Stone Age occupations dated around 95,000 years ago. Scanning electron microscopy observations, portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy characterization document the presence of four ochre types. The MSA ochre assemblage recovered is mainly composed of specularite and specular hematite similar to the ones of Olieboomspoort and North Brabant. Microscopic observations and infrared analyses of soil sediment and of post-depositional deposits found on the ochre pieces show that this raw material specificity is of anthropic origin and not the result of post-depositional processes. Optical and digital observations of the archaeological assemblage and its comparison with a preliminary exploratory experimental one highlight the use of abrasion and bipolar percussion to process the ochre pieces at the site. The results point to the know-how and skills of the Middle Stone Age populations who inhabited the Waterberg region around 95,000 years ago. This raises the question of whether the specificities of the Waterberg ochre assemblages correspond to populations’ adaptation to the local mountainous mineral resources and the existence of a regional ochre processing tradition. PubDate: 2023-05-12
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Abstract: The major raw material documented in the archeological sites of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) is a geological material with crystalline appearance, white or colorless, foliated or seemingly massive only at the outcrop scale, with a very high quartz-rich composition, and apparently of metamorphic origin, named by us in this paper: Crystalline Quartz-rich Raw Material (CQRM). Since the early days of research in Olduvai Gorge, a long-lasting terminological imprecision has allowed defining this material in a confused way as quartz or quartzite. Stubbornness in terminological imprecision reflects the complexity and specificity of CQRM related to a protracted and complex geological history composed by quartz-bearing metamorphic rocks of varied types and origins from recycling and/or tectonic reworking of much older Precambrian orogens and cratons. Currently the term quartzite is preferred by most researchers, despite being materials that have an appearance macro- and microscopic similar to quartz and show a response to fracture mechanics, and cutting-edge functional response is closer to quartz. In our view, it is crucial to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the CQRM from the structural, metamorphic, and petrological perspectives. Bearing this in mind, the main objective of the present study is to build a robust and conclusive petrological background that will enable an accurate identification and classification of this quartz-rich mineral resource. This geological material should be identified as “quartz.” The most diagnostic features supporting this interpretation can be summarized as some of the microstructural relics identified concur undoubtedly with a hydrothermal origin of the quartz and the recognition of special deformational structures at macro and micro scale point to tectono-metamorphic overprint of the hydrothermal quartz under granulite-facies conditions during the Panafrican orogenesis about 640 Ma ago. PubDate: 2023-05-11
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Abstract: This paper presents the analysis of Early Helladic II (EH II) pottery from Keramidaki (Ancient Corinth) and the nearby settlement of Korakou. Based on macroscopic, petrographic and SEM–EDS data, the work builds on pioneering chemical research by Michael Attas who demonstrated the limited circulation of finewares in the region and posited the existence of a workshop in the area of the Corinthian Plain. The current research adds substantial detail to Attas’ insights by characterising the varied range of pottery fabrics encompassed within his chemical groups, differences in raw material choice and manipulation, and the presence of both oxidation and reduction firing regimes to achieve different surface finishes. It is suggested that the area hosted a number of potters during this period, some making a broad range of pottery types to satisfy daily consumption needs of the local community, whilst others produced a more restricted repertoire. PubDate: 2023-05-11
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Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of combustion structures, the fuels used, the structure maintenance and the range of related domestic activities. An experimental programme was carried out in which replicas of archaeological Iron Age combustion structures were put to work. Based on the available archaeobotanical records, various fuel types (wood, grasses, palm leaves and animal dung) were used. Variables such as increased heating and times were measured in order to determine whether variations occurred depending on the fuels used, the type of structure, the location, or the weather conditions. The possibility of their use for cooking was also tested. A combination of methodologies was applied for integrated analyses: anthracology, phytoliths, calcitic microfossils, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, micromorphology and chemical analysis of hearth surfaces. Observations and data recorded during the experimental tasks, together with the results of the interdisciplinary analyses, contribute to a better understanding of the Iron Age archaeological combustion structures. PubDate: 2023-05-10
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Abstract: Recent bioarchaeological analyses at the Neolithic Anatolian site of Çatalhöyük have revealed considerable variation in skeletal completeness, preservation, articulation, and flexion among burials. Furthermore, organic remains from burnt contexts demonstrate that many bodies were tightly bound and wrapped using cordage, matting, textile, and animal hides. Some of the observed variation is suggestive of a period of delay between death and final burial for certain individuals, likely as part of a multi-stage funerary rite, perhaps seasonal in nature. It appears that some bodies may have been processed in such a way as to facilitate their temporary storage prior to burial. We examined bone samples from 57 Çatalhöyük individuals using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging techniques to determine whether specific funerary treatments can be associated with specific patterns of microstructural preservation. As endogenous gut bacteria released into the body at the onset of putrefaction are believed by some researchers to be responsible for particular patterns of microscopical focal destruction (MFD) observed in cortical bone, the lack of such bio-erosive features has been used to infer anthropogenic treatments aimed at reducing soft tissue body mass. A previous study of skeletal material from Çatalhöyük claimed to identify bacterial bioerosion in rib thin sections but did not make use of SEM. In the present study, our analyses reveal limited evidence for bacterial MFD, which highlights the fact that standard light microscopy is insufficient for properly documenting microbial bioerosion. While there is a range of variation among other taphonomic variables observed in the current study, it is difficult to associate this variability with specific human interventions. Furthermore, the complex role of local environmental and depositional factors must also be taken into account. As such, caution must be taken when using the presence/absence of bioerosion in human bone alone to assess ancient funerary practices. PubDate: 2023-05-10
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Abstract: The study presented here deals with the manufacturing technologies of cooking pots in Iron Age II Judah (ca. 1000–586 BCE). Two aspects were studied on an assemblage of ca. 500 cooking pots: paste preparation with a highlight on temper analyses as well as fashioning and finishing techniques. The research is conducted as a part of a substantial multi-disciplinary study of cooking ware in Iron Age Judah, combining technological, typological, petrographic, and chemical aspects. New cooking pot types appeared during the Iron Age II, with the apparent existence of regional production centers for cooking pots in this period. The results indicate that the cooking pots were made following three technical groups, reflecting a stable technical and technological continuity alongside the rise of specialized production in various regional production centers. Temper analysis carried out through petrography shows a slow shift from calcite-calcareous tempering towards quartz tempering (which may be partly or entirely naturally present in the clay selected). These results will also be discussed in relation to the morphological typology of the vessels and petro-fabrics identified in the more extensive study. Resting on several analytical methods, this paper aims to characterize the cooking pot production system, thus providing insights into Iron Age Judah’s pottery craft organization. PubDate: 2023-05-10
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Abstract: Samples taken from the canopic jars of Djehutyhotep, chief of Tehkhet (Debeira), Lower Nubia, and local versions of Egyptian canopic jars from Sai, Upper Nubia, suggest that the materials used for mortuary ritual unguents in Nubia may have differed from those used in Egypt. Nubian samples consisted of plant gum and bitumen, whereas those from Egypt conformed to the standardizing black resinous liquid recipe used for mummification and other funerary rituals. However, there may be time frame issues to be considered as most samples analyzed from Egypt date to later periods. A standard black funerary liquid was used at Amara West, Upper Nubia, probably poured over a wrapped body, which might suggest that the gum and bitumen mixture was reserved for filling canopic jars, perhaps indicating that the use of canopic jars in Nubia differed from their use in Egypt. Evidence from the canopic jars of Djehutyhotep, local versions of canopic jars from Sai, and the sample from Amara West also indicate a source of bitumen that was not the Dead Sea, which was the main (although not only) source used in Egypt. The new results from the analysis of the Djehutyhotep canopic jars and previously published results from Sai point towards alternative ritual practices associated with local conceptions and uses of canopic jars in colonized Nubia. These samples and data from Amara West further reveal that the bitumen used in mortuary contexts in Nubia originated elsewhere than bitumen used in Egypt, which might have implications for our understanding of colonized Nubia as part of other trade networks independently from Egypt. PubDate: 2023-05-08
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Abstract: In this paper, X-ray microtomography, scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive spectroscopy, second harmonic generation imaging microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry were combined for the scientific examination of the surface treatment techniques and degradation characteristics of hemp textiles from six mid-Qing thangkas. The results showed that kaolinite was added as a filler in the production of the canvas, and the fiber morphology and molecular structure of the six hemp thangka textiles were disparate from those of fresh hemp. Specifically, the canvas fiber surfaces were rough, with twisting, deformation, fracture, and decreased cellulose crystallinity indexes. Those results indicated that all six thangkas had undergone significant degradation, which was relatively severe in samples TK16 and TK18. By complimentary evidence derived from the above analyses, the information on the production techniques and degradation degrees of this group of precious thangkas were obtained, thus enabling the accurate assessment of the preservation status of the thangkas and providing a scientific basis for its conservation and restoration. PubDate: 2023-05-06
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Abstract: Dian Basin in Yunnan province is an important center for both early agricultural production and centralized state formation. Settled agricultural villages are present in the province since at least the third millennium BC, and by the first millennium BC, the Dian Culture, a highly specialized bronze polity, flourished in the Dian Basin and surrounding area, until it was conquered by the Han in 109 BC. The increased deployment of flotation at recent archaeological excavations in Yunnan allowed the reconstruction of agricultural practices from the Neolithic to the early Bronze Age, documented at Baiyangcun, Haimenkou, and Xueshan among others. However, archaeobotanical evidence relating to the pivotal period right before and after the Han conquest have so far been lacking, with only limited written records about agricultural production in the Shiji by Sima Qian. Here we present for the first time direct archaeobotanical evidence relating to this transitional period as revealed by rich Han period deposits found during the 2016 excavation of Hebosuo, the largest Dian settlement investigated in Yunnan so far, dated by direct AMS on charred cereal grains and artefactual evidence as spanning from between 850 BC–220 AD. Following the Han conquest, the main components of the agricultural system did not undergo radical changes, but the weedy flora indicates a heavier reliance of wet-land rice systems, evidencing a higher level of water management or even irrigation practices, and the consequent intensification of the agricultural production. These findings on shifting agricultural regimes in Yunnan also contribute to current debates about the interplay between intensification, food risk, and ecology in times of political instability. PubDate: 2023-05-04
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Abstract: The site of Tegelbarg can be described as a Late Neolithic stratified occupation deposit, including a shell midden, situated on the Baltic coast in Northern Europe. Spatially and temporally separated from its famous Danish counterparts, it presents an intriguing anomaly in a full-fledged agricultural society. We present a combined perspective on the chronology and the character of this occupation using archaeological soil micromorphology and the Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates. The earliest human presence predates the shell midden formation. A coffin grave, in which a crouched inhumation burial was placed, dates to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. The late 3rd millennium BC occupants provided a flint dagger to this grave, up to two centuries later, as an act of remembrance. Subsequent settlement activities included the construction of hearths, the production of flint daggers, and the intensive use of coastal resources. The absence of fish bones can be explained by taphonomy, instead of prehistoric subsistence strategies. Landscape changes led to the site’s abandonment and the start of peat development. PubDate: 2023-05-03
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Abstract: Ceramic objects account for over 90% of the cultural material recovered from archaeological sites in the Caribbean. However, little research has been conducted on molecular evidence for past food production from these same vessels. Forty ceramic sherds from Isla de Mona have been analysed by GC–MS and GC-C-IRMS in order to address questions surrounding foodways in the Greater Antilles prior to and post European arrival. We evaluate evidence for dietary changes to illuminate aspects of cultural exchange between Indigenous populations and the first generations of Spanish colonists. Here, we show that plant residues are found in a variety of pottery forms, with some evidence for non-ruminant and ruminant fats. The dearth of marine biomarkers is curious given the volume of fish bones found in archaeological contexts on Isla de Mona and may offer evidence for spit-roasting, pit-roasting, or the use of a ‘barbacoa’ to cook fish on the island. The ubiquity of plant residues in a variety of pottery forms may relate to the large-scale cultivation and export of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas. PubDate: 2023-05-03
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