JournalTOCs

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity
Journal Prestige (SJR): 1.156

Citation Impact (citeScore): 3
Number of Followers: 14

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ISSN (Print) 2329-0382 - ISSN (Online) 2329-0390
Published by APA

[89 journals]

Clinician’s digest: Clinically oriented article summaries for Volume
9, Issue 4.
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  Abstract: Presents a collection of abstracts from Volume 9, Issue 4 edition of Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. These articles are clinically oriented and deal with sexual orientation and gender diversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 08 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000619
“I’m still not sure if the eating disorder is a result of gender
dysphoria”: Trans and nonbinary individuals’ descriptions of their
eating and body concerns in relation to their gender.
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  Abstract: Conceptualizations of eating disorders (ED) have primarily been based on the experiences of cisgender women. Yet trans and nonbinary individuals (TNB) may be at greater risk than cisgender individuals to suffer from eating disorders, disordered eating, and body image concerns. The current study takes a phenomenological approach to explore how TNB individuals conceptualize eating and/or body image issues. Qualitative data were obtained from 82 TNB participants who self-reported eating and/or body image concerns. Primary analyses focused on participants’ responses to an open-ended prompt regarding how participants understand the relationships among gender identity, gender expression, and weight and shape control behaviors. Thematic analysis identified five themes: (a) gender dysphoria, (b) puberty, (c) emotion (dys)regulation, (d) gender expression, and (e) recovery/transition. Results indicate various factors salient to gender identity and expression and eating concerns. Findings extend beyond the traditional focus on gender dysphoria by highlighting other important factors for TNB individuals, such as the function ED psychopathology serves (e.g., gender avoidance and self-punishment). This broadens the ED field’s understanding of how gender dysphoria relates to ED psychopathology, rather than focusing solely on the physical body. Distress and associated behaviors related to both gender dysphoria and eating disorder psychopathology may be reciprocal and reinforcing and, as such, should be considered in tandem in treating TNB clients experiencing EDs and body image concerns. This work may better identify ED risk and maintenance within this population and thus optimize prevention and intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000515
Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress,
community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.
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  Abstract: The minority stress model is used to explore the development of mental health disparities experienced by transgender adults. However, research so far has focused on the harmful impact of distal minority stressors, leaving proximal minority stressors understudied. This study aimed to examine the associations between mental health difficulties of transgender adults and proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity. Between December 28th, 2018 and March 1st, 2019; 143 Flemish and Dutch transgender adults (65 transgender women, 44 transgender men, 34 nonbinary adults) between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 34.79, SD = 13.62) filled out an online survey. Using multiple linear regression analyses, results confirmed that proximal minority stress was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Specifically, internalized transnegativity and expectations of rejection—but not concealment—were associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Community connectedness was not associated with mental health difficulties and did not act as a moderator, suggesting that it might not foster resilience in transgender adults. Finally, gender nonconformity was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties but did not act as a moderator. These findings partially support the applicability of the minority stress model but suggest expanding it to include stigma visibility, that is, gender nonconformity, as a determinant of mental health difficulties in transgender adults. Overall, these findings highlight that prevention and treatment strategies for mental health difficulties in transgender people should take into account internalized transnegativity, expectations of rejection, and the social stigma associated with gender nonconformity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000530
Asian-Canadian trans youth: Identity development in a hetero-cis-normative
white world.
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  Abstract: Little is known about the lived experiences of youth who belong to both the transgender and Asian communities in Canada. Existing literature on transgender identities tends to discuss identity formation from western perspectives, extrapolating from research with gay or lesbian, White individuals. Similarly, the research literature on developing ethnic minority identities, including Asian identities, tends to assume hetero-cis-normativity; consequently, the narratives and needs of youth with intersecting marginalized gender and ethnic identities tend to be obscured within these dominant and visible perspectives. The present study was an attempt at ameliorating erasure of this population by examining the lived experiences of eight Asian-Canadian transgender youth. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was utilized from a minority stress theory and intersectionality framework in order to advance understanding of otherwise invisible identities and the oppressive contexts in which marginalization is maintained. Semistructured individual interviews elicited three primary themes: (a) primacy of the experience of gender identity, (b) expression of identity, and (c) dominant scripts and lack thereof. Implications for service providers and future research are discussed, emphasizing the need to look at both “upstream” and “downstream” processes when working with multiply-marginalized populations in order not to privilege any one narrative over another. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000512
Gender identity change efforts faced by trans and nonbinary people in New
Zealand: Associations with demographics, family rejection, internalized
transphobia, and mental health.
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  Abstract: Based on their transphobic assumption that being transgender or nonbinary is pathological or otherwise undesirable, gender identity change efforts (GICE) attempt to make a person’s gender conform with their sex assigned at birth. While many professional bodies have noted that GICE practices are unethical, there has been little empirical research into the prevalence and correlates of GICE exposure. Counting Ourselves: The Aotearoa New Zealand Trans and Nonbinary Health Survey is a community-based study, which participants completed mostly online. Out of 610 participants who had ever spoken to a health professional about their gender, 19.7%, 95% CI [16.6%, 23.1%], reported GICE exposure, and a further 9.3% [7.2%, 11.9%] did not know. GICE exposure was higher among younger participants. Participants with GICE exposure were more likely than those without such exposure to report psychological distress, nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts (e.g., suicidal ideation OR = 2.39). GICE partially mediated the effect of family rejection on mental health, and internalized transphobia partially mediated the effect of GICE on mental health. These correlates between GICE and mental health replicate recent findings from the U.S. Trans Survey, and the mediation analyses help to understand potential causal mechanisms underlying these correlations. Although our findings are limited by being a convenience sample, they are consistent with the hypothesis that GICE exposure is harmful to transgender or nonbinary people’s mental health. Moreover, these findings support moves by many professional bodies to emphasize that GICE is unethical and the legal steps taken by a growing number of jurisdictions to ban such practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 16 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000537
“It’s just not comfortable to exist in a body”: Transgender/gender
nonbinary individuals’ experiences of body and eating distress during
the COVID-19 pandemic.
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  Abstract: The collective trauma of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on people’s experiences of their bodies and eating, as demonstrated by studies showing increased disordered eating and body dissatisfaction during this time. The pandemic has also been shown to have had a unique and disproportionate impact on transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals (e.g., lost gender affirming care access, elevated levels of job loss). Given that TGNB individuals already face increased risk of body distress and disordered eating compared to cisgender individuals in a nonpandemic context and have been disproportionately impacted by contextual changes with COVID-19, it is likely that the pandemic has had a distinct impact on TGNB individuals’ experiences of body and eating distress. The present study aims to understand these impacts through an inductive, reflexive thematic qualitative approach. Participants were 13 TGNB individuals (10/13 gender nonbinary/gender queer; 8/13 White). They completed semistructured audio interviews about their broad experiences of body and eating during COVID-19, as well as how they understood changes across domains of family, community, access to resources, and intersectional identities interacting with these experiences. Themes included (a) Losing Affirming Spaces and Security, (b) Gaining Affirming and Supportive Spaces Online, (c) Reflecting on Embodied Gender and Identities, (d) Realizing New Connections and Insights, and (e) Considering the Self in Social Context. Notably, each of these themes interacted with participants’ self-reported experiences of body and eating distress and, in some cases, healing. Our results illuminate risk and resilience factors and areas requiring innovation during and after COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 09 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000519
Weight misperception and thin-ideal overvaluation relative to the positive
functioning and eating disorder pathology of transgender and nonbinary
young adults.
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  Abstract: The present study examined associations among weight misperception (discrepancies between individuals’ perceived and actual weight statuses), thin-ideal overvaluation, positive mental health, and eating disorder symptoms in a large national sample of college and university students. Participants included 3,371 adult students from 78 campuses who identified as transgender or nonbinary (TNB) and completed the 2017–2018 or 2018–2019 waves of the cross-sectional multi-institute Healthy Minds Study. Via an online survey, participants completed validated measures assessing perceptual and cognitive-affective body image constructs, positive mental health, and eating disorder pathology. A structural equation model examined whether weight misperception (over- and underperception) and thin-ideal overvaluation were associated with positive mental health and, in turn, eating disorder pathology. Whether these associations differed among individuals who identified as trans men, trans women, and genderqueer/gender nonconforming and individuals with self-identified TNB identities was examined via a multiple-group structural equation model. Overall, 35% of participants exhibited elevated eating disorder pathology. Overvaluation of the thin ideal and weight overperception, but not weight underperception, were associated with lower levels of positive mental health, which in turn was associated with elevated eating disorder pathology. These associations did not differ across the assessed TNB identity groups. These findings support the continued use of a positive psychological perspective in research seeking to explain the elevated risk for eating disorder pathology found among individuals with TNB identities. Screening individuals comprising these historically overlooked groups for the presence of weight overperception and thin-ideal overvaluation via brief screening forms during routine health care visits is recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 09 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000524
The clinical irrelevance of “desistance” research for transgender and
gender creative youth.
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  Abstract: In recent years, the suggestion that over 80% of trans and gender creative children will grow up cisgender has been strongly criticized in the academic literature. Although concerns over the methodology of these studies, known as desistance research, has shed considerable doubt regarding the validity of the reported number, less attention has been paid to the relevance of desistance research to the choice of clinical model of care. This article analyzes desistance research and concludes that the body of research is not relevant when deciding between models ofcare. Three arguments undermining the relevance of desistance research are presented. Drawing on a variety of concerns, the article highlights that “desistance” does not provide reasons against prepubertal social transition or peripubertal medical transition, that transition for “desisters” is not comparably harmful to delays for trans youth, and that the wait-and-see and corrective models of care are harmful to youth who will grow up cis. The assumed relevance of desistance research to trans youth care is therefore misconceived. Thinking critically about the relationship between research observations and clinical models of care is essential to progress in trans health care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000504
Posttraumatic stress in the trans community: The roles of anti-transgender
bias, non-affirmation, and internalized transphobia.
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  Abstract: Transgender people have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than the general population. This risk can be partially understood by conceptualizing day-to-day bias-related stressors and non-affirmation as potentially traumatic, but there is currently limited empirical evidence to support such a framework. This study aimed to explore this framework by testing the hypothesis that exposure to anti-transgender bias and non-affirmation are related to PTSD symptom severity, even after controlling for exposure to traditionally defined potentially traumatic events. Drawing upon shame-based models of PTSD, this study also tested the hypothesis that internalized transphobia partially mediates the relationships between both bias and non-affirmation and PTSD symptom severity. Cross-sectional data were collected online from 575 individuals who identified as having a gender different from their sex assigned at birth. Data were analyzed utilizing structural equation modeling. As hypothesized, participants with greater exposure to anti-transgender bias and higher levels of non-affirmation experiences had increased PTSD symptom severity, even after controlling for exposure to other trauma. These relationships were partially explained by internalized transphobia. These findings document meaningful relationships between anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, internalized transphobia, and posttraumatic stress. They provide initial support for conceptualizing anti-transgender bias and non-affirmation experiences as potentially traumatic themselves and/or as trauma response triggers and highlight a potential role of internalized transphobia in PTSD symptoms. Clinical implications for working with trans populations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000500
Investigating microaggressions against transgender individuals as a form
of social exclusion.
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  Abstract: Researchers have studied the effects of common, subtle forms of discrimination called microaggressions among various marginalized groups. We conducted three experimental studies (Ns = 45, 61, and 90) on microaggressions toward transgender individuals, connecting the microaggression and social exclusion literatures. Specifically, we hypothesized that microaggressions would have similar negative psychological effects as other forms of social exclusion (e.g., interpersonal rejection and ostracism). In Studies 1 and 2, we used an adapted recall paradigm in which participants recalled and wrote about either a control or a microaggression autobiographical event. In Study 3, we added an explicit social exclusion condition. Participants then reported how they felt during the event on measures of perceived pain, feelings of being excluded/ignored, perceived relational value, and basic need satisfaction. All three studies provide converging evidence that participants recall experiencing microaggressions similarly to how individuals typically experience social exclusion, suggesting theoretical and empirical benefits to connecting these two areas and offering avenues for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 26 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000513
“I am afraid for those kids who might find death preferable”: Parental
figures’ reactions and coping strategies to bans on gender affirming
care for transgender and gender diverse youth.
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  Abstract: Research has documented that parental figures of trans and gender diverse (TGD) youth often struggle with fear, grief, and stress as a result of antitransgender oppression. However, there is a dearth of research about how parental figures of TGD youth are impacted by antitransgender state and federal laws and bills. The present study aimed to explore parental figures’ reactions and coping strategies with recent proposed and enacted laws and bills in the United States restricting access to gender-affirming healthcare for TGD youth. A sample of 138 parental figures of TGD youth who currently or previously lived in the United States participated in an online survey where they shared their reactions and coping strategies as a result of current antitransgender laws and bills. Thematic analysis revealed four themes depicting participants' cognitive reactions, including: (a) violation of rights, (b) increased stigma, (c) decreased quality of healthcare, and (d) support for child’s journey. Also, three themes emerged about participants’ emotional reactions, including: (a) fear and anxiety, (b) anger, and (c) relief. Additionally, participants shared narratives about how they are coping with these antitransgender laws and bills, including: (a) activism and advocacy, (b) educating others, (c) seeking support from communities/groups, and (d) relocation and avoidance. Recommendations for practitioners such as debunking incorrect information about trans healthcare when working with parental figures are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000495
Assessing gender dysphoria: A systematic review of patient-reported
outcome measures.
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  Abstract: Over the last decade, the manner in which gender dysphoria is defined has changed significantly, as have the presentations of transgender clients to specialist gender services. Although the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to assess gender dysphoria is widespread, there is a lack of literature that assesses the methodological quality of these measures. To address the limits of the existing literature, the aim of the current study was to conduct a systematic review of PROMs that assess gender dysphoria. The systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA and COSMIN methodologies. Five measurement studies met inclusion criteria. Results suggested that none of the measures could be recommended for use without further development. Poor content validity was evident across all measures and internal validity and construct validity were mixed, ranging from inadequate to very good. Measures that show promise for the future include the Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale, Gender Identity Reflection and Rumination Scale, Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire, and Transgender Adaptation and Integration Measure. A need to develop reliable and valid measures that are appropriate for use with adolescent samples experiencing gender dysphoria was also identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
  PubDate: Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000486