Similar Journals
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Sex Roles
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.789  Citation Impact (citeScore): 2 Number of Followers: 12  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1573-2762 - ISSN (Online) 0360-0025 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Gendered Social Perceptions of “The Poor”: Differences in
Individualistic Attributions, Stereotypes, and Attitudes Toward Social
Protection Policies-
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Abstract: Poverty is a phenomenon that affects men and women differently. In the current research, we examined social perceptions of poor men and women across three experiments focusing on attributions for poverty, classist attitudes, and stereotypes about poor people. In Study 1, participants from the general population (N = 484) made more individualistic (dispositional) attributions for men’s poverty compared to women’s poverty, blaming men more for their poverty. Participants also believed that men would manage the assistance they received from the state more poorly than women. These patterns were observed across all three studies. In Study 2 (N = 256), we also found that more individualistic attributions for why men were in poverty predicted more negative attitudes toward social protection policies concerning men. In Study 3 (N = 358), we replicated the results observed in Study 2, and found that women in poverty were described as mor communal and competent than men in poverty. We interpret these results considering the operation of traditional gender roles as well as the parallelism between stereotypes of women and poor people. Our results are relevant to the framing of the proposals by social organizations, political parties, and emancipation movements that advocate for policies and programs to address poverty.
PubDate: 2023-05-24
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- Career Identities and Gender-STEM Stereotypes: When and Why Implicit
Gender-STEM Associations Emerge and How They Affect Women’s College
Major Choice-
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Abstract: Women’s implicit associations between gender and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) may inhibit their desire to pursue and succeed in STEM careers. Little consensus exists regarding when these associations begin to develop and what may lead to changes over time. This study examined whether gender-STEM implicit associations of college women majoring in male-dominated STEM fields are less stereotypical than those who choose non-STEM, people-oriented, female-dominated majors (FDMs), whether these associations might differ between students at the start and end of their degree program, and whether these associations are related to previous STEM-relevant educational experiences or explicit STEM-gender associations. A Career Identity Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured implicit associations between personal identities and career choices and a Gender-Career IAT measured implicit associations between gender groups and careers in a sample of 240 college women (half STEM majors, half FDMs) who completed the study online. Half of each major group was composed of first year students and half were more advanced students (third year or beyond). We also assessed explicit gender-STEM stereotypes and early educational experiences related to STEM. Results indicated more counter-stereotypical associations for personal career identity and gender-career stereotypes among STEM women compared to non-STEM women, with no effect for year in school. Higher quality STEM educational experiences were also associated with counter-stereotypical scores on both IATs. Counterintuitively, explicit gender-STEM associations were related to less stereotypical scores on the Career-Identity IAT. Unexpectedly, STEM majors and advanced students reported more pronounced explicit gender-STEM associations than FDM majors and first-year students. Both IAT scores and early educational experiences predicted major choice. These results have novel implications for interventions that encourage women’s participation in STEM.
PubDate: 2023-05-22
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- Let’s Talk About Single Men: A Qualitative Investigation of Never
Married Men’s Experiences of Singlehood-
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Abstract: Existing research on singlehood has largely focused on the experiences of single women, and little is known about singlehood among men. The current investigation examined the experience of long-term singlehood through individual, semi-structured interviews with 22 never-married single men living in Poland who were aged 22–43 years. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: (1) the sense of being deficient—is there something wrong with me'; (2) navigating outside the dominant discourse of traditional masculinity, marriage and family; (3) the benefits and downsides of singlehood; (4) adaptation to singlehood; and (5) the dilemma between waiting and actively searching for a romantic partner. An analysis of single men’s narratives revealed that men experience their single status in the context of their various needs and hopes and as a status that determines their adult life course. This study contributes to the singlehood literature, highlighting the complexity of singlehood for men and the importance of traditional masculinity norms in experiencing long-term singlehood. These findings challenge stereotypical and unrealistic views of singlehood among men and have practical implications for psychotherapists, counsellors and educators working with single men.
PubDate: 2023-05-18
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- Altruistic and Egoistic Motivations of Male and Female Characters in
Common Sense Media Television Programming for Children-
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Abstract: Guided by previous work investigating media as a socializing agent for individuals’ expectations about gender roles in society and the model of intuitive motivation and exemplars, the present study investigated the extent to which television programing recommended as socially educational by Common Sense Media depicts male and female characters with certain altruistic (i.e., other-focused) and egoistic (i.e., self-focused) motivations for behavior. Specifically, the current study content analyzed 147 children’s television episodes to assess whether main characters were (a) male or female and (b) primarily motivated by one of 11 altruistic or egoistic motivations. Results revealed that (1) main male characters exemplified authority, security, and hedonism most often, whereas main female characters exemplified care, autonomy, and relatedness most often, (2) programming recommended for boys featured more portrayals of the authority and security motivations, whereas programming recommended for girls featured comparatively more portrayals of care, fairness, autonomy, and relatedness, and (3) main characters across socially-educational television programs were more likely to be women/girls than men/boys. Results are discussed in terms of their potential for gendered motivations emphasized in popular entertainment media to shed light on (a) how motivations for different genders are valued by content curators and (b) what motivations male or female audiences of this content would be expected to value after viewing.
PubDate: 2023-05-17
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- Correction to: It Takes Two to Tango: Links Between Traditional Beliefs
About both Men’s and Women’s Gender Roles and Comfort Initiating Sex
and Comfort Refusing Sex-
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PubDate: 2023-05-15
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- Stress Contagion and Proliferation in Diverse Cisgender Gay Couples:
Influences of Sexual Minority Stressors and Race on High-Risk Behaviors-
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Abstract: Previous studies on minority stress suggest that internalized anti-gay prejudice and masculinity are positively related to high-risk behaviors, including heavy alcohol consumption, drug use/abuse, and high-risk sex, among sexual minority men. However, less is known about the dyadic influences of these relations among cisgender male couples. The current study aims to address this gap and explore the effects of marginalized racial status and being in an interracial relationship on these associations. We recruited 296 cisgender men from the United States who were in a relationship with another man. Of those 296 individuals, 103 couples (n = 206) completed a dyadic survey. Using both individual and dyadic datasets, we tested the associations between internalized anti-gay prejudice and masculinity and high-risk behaviors at both individual- and couple-levels, along with the racial moderators. We used path modeling and actor-partner interdependence modeling to analyze the results. The results demonstrated that internalized anti-gay prejudice was positively associated with drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors at the individual level, as well as at the dyadic level (i.e., partner effects). Moreover, participants who identified as a racially marginalized person and scored higher on internalized anti-gay prejudice were more likely to use drugs and to positively influence their partner’s high-risk sexual behaviors. Theoretical contributions to the minority stress models (both individual and dyadic versions) and practical implications for risk mitigation interventions were discussed.
PubDate: 2023-05-15
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- Where to Belong: Being a Sexual and Ethnic Minority Group Member in Norway
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Abstract: Norway is perceived as an egalitarian society, providing freedom for diverse minority groups to live their lives without facing discriminatory practices. However, the lived experiences of groups who simultaneously occupy multiple minority positions might be testimony to the complex ways a society enables or hinders identity formation. Taking an intersectional approach and drawing upon in-depth, semi-structured interviews with nine queer individuals with an ethnic minority background, we explored how they negotiate where they belong, relating to social and structural elements of Norwegian society. We also examined how having multiple minority positions may affect belonging to a collective where they are or are not problematized. We developed five themes from the participants’ interviews: 1) exclusion based on being visibly different, 2) having to explain oneself, 3) struggling with heteronormativity, 4) non-acceptance by family and ethnic ingroup, and 5) majority queer community as a place of exclusion. Our analysis underlines the potentially dilemmatic ‘nature’ of having multiple minority identities. Dealing with both majority’s expectations and demands and tackling the norms and demands of family and ethnic ingroup is construed as a problem by our participants. We detail and discuss the ways in which our participants experience and relate to majority culture, racism, and heteronormativity.
PubDate: 2023-05-12
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- Comparisons of Health-Related Quality of Life among Users of Different
Types of Menstrual Products: A Study of Taiwanese University Students-
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Abstract: On average, women menstruate for approximately half of their lives. Little is known about whether and how health-related quality of life (HRQOL) differs across users of different types of menstrual products. To answer this question, this study collected data from 1,245 female university students in Taiwan through an anonymous online survey and compared users of different types of menstrual products in four HRQOL domains. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed significant differences in all four domains. For instance, regarding physical health, tampon users reported better HRQOL (β = .054) than pad users; regarding social health, tampon (β = .059) and menstrual cup (β = .071) users both reported better HRQOL than pad users. Furthermore, factors influencing HRQOL also differed between pad and tampon users. For example, having many premenstrual symptoms affected both pad (β = -.115) and tampon (β = -.172) users’ physical HRQOL; while pad users with many premenstrual symptoms also had worse psychological (β = -.085), social (β = -.100), and environment (β = -.104) HRQOL, their tampon-using counterparts were not significantly affected. Bisexual tampon-using college women reported worse social HRQOL (β = -.149) than their heterosexual peers. In addition, relationship status and varsity team membership had differential significant associations with the four domains. Future menstrual health education could focus more on introducing the different features of various menstrual products. Our empirical findings can help empower women to make informed decisions about which menstrual products could best suit their needs and improve their HRQOL.
PubDate: 2023-05-06
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- “A Fire in my Belly:” Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s Experiences of
“Mom Rage”-
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Abstract: “Mom rage” is a term growing in popularity that refers to the anger or rage that women experience as they make their way through motherhood. This study focuses on the maternal anger experiences of 65 mothers in the U.S. to explore how women describe and come to understand their experiences with “mom rage.” Mothers in the study shared both their perceptions of “mom rage” experiences and their understanding of the personal and social implications of their anger. Findings demonstrated that women framed their experiences of “mom rage” in five ways: losing control, visualizing harm, expressing anger (with two sub-themes physical and emotional), reacting physiologically, and experiencing catharsis. Two additional themes highlighted how women’s understanding of their “mom rage” experiences were grounded in identifying contributors to their mom rage episodes and evaluations of their mom rage experience. Study findings provide insight into the emotional complexities of navigating motherhood in the U.S. Implications for destigmatizing and supporting women through motherhood, as well as limitations and directions for future research, are discussed.
PubDate: 2023-05-05
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- Self-Objectification During the Perinatal Period: The Role of Body
Surveillance in Maternal and Infant Wellbeing-
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Abstract: Pregnancy represents a unique time during which women’s bodies undergo significant physical changes (e.g., expanding belly, larger breasts, weight gain) that can elicit increased objectification. Experiences of objectification set the stage for women to view themselves as sexual objects (i.e., self-objectification) and are associated with adverse mental health outcomes. Although women may experience heightened self-objectification and behavioral consequences (such as body surveillance) due to the objectification of pregnant bodies in Western cultures, there are remarkably few studies examining objectification theory among women during the perinatal period. The present study investigated the impact of body surveillance, a consequence of self-objectification, on maternal mental health, mother-infant bonding, and infant socioemotional outcomes in a sample of 159 women navigating pregnancy and postpartum. Utilizing a serial mediation model, we found that mothers who endorsed higher levels of body surveillance during pregnancy reported more depressive symptoms and body dissatisfaction, which were associated with greater impairments in mother-infant bonding following childbirth and more infant socioemotional dysfunction at 1-year postpartum. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms emerged as a unique mechanism through which body surveillance predicted bonding impairments and subsequent infant outcomes. Results highlight the critical need for early intervention efforts that not only target general depression, but also promote body functionality and acceptance over the Western “thin ideal” of attractiveness among expecting mothers.
PubDate: 2023-05-02
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- It Takes Two to Tango: Links Between Traditional Beliefs About both
Men’s and Women’s Gender Roles and Comfort Initiating Sex and Comfort
Refusing Sex-
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Abstract: Traditional gender roles dictate rigid rules and standards prescribing which behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are considered masculine and feminine within sexual contexts, and thus internalizing these beliefs (higher traditional gender ideology) may influence sexual attitudes. Prior theorizing has primarily focused on how women’s traditional beliefs about women’s gender roles (traditional femininity ideology) and men’s traditional beliefs about men’s gender roles (traditional masculinity ideology) influence their sexual assertiveness. Yet, men can hold traditional beliefs about women, and women can hold traditional beliefs about men, and these beliefs should have important implications for sexual assertiveness. We addressed this gap by testing how both heterosexual women’s (n = 389) and men’s (n = 393) traditional masculinity and femininity ideologies associate with their reported comfort initiating sex and comfort refusing sex in their relationships. When accounting for both sets of beliefs, women’s traditional beliefs about men’s and women’s roles interacted to predict comfort initiating sex, but not comfort refusing sex. Men’s traditional beliefs about men’s roles predicted less comfort refusing sex, and their traditional beliefs about women’s roles predicted less comfort initiating sex. This novel research underscores the importance of considering beliefs about both sets of traditional gender roles for understanding people’s sexual attitudes.
PubDate: 2023-04-29
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- Gendered Mental Labor: A Systematic Literature Review on the Cognitive
Dimension of Unpaid Work Within the Household and Childcare-
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Abstract: With this literature review, we provide a systematic overview on and working definition of mental labor in the context of unpaid work—an inherent cognitive component of daily routines primarily related to domestic or childcare tasks. Our methodology followed PRISMA guidelines, and 31 full-text articles were included. Articles were peer-reviewed and published in social science, sociological, and psychological journals. The studies applied quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches including, interviews, online surveys, observations of family routines, time estimates, and experiments. The samples covered a wide age range, consisting mostly of U.S. American or European middle-class women and men (married or in a relationship). Predominantly, the articles show that women perform the larger proportion of mental labor, especially when it comes to childcare and parenting decisions. Further, women experience more related negative consequences, such as stress, lower life and relationship satisfaction, and negative impact on their careers. We offer an integrative theoretical perspective to explain the gendered distribution of mental labor and cognitive load. We consider theoretical and practical implications of these findings for reducing gender inequality in mental labor in the context of unpaid work within the household and childcare.
PubDate: 2023-04-29
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- Students’ Perceptions of Guilt, Responsibility, and Just Punishment When
Accounts of Campus Sexual Assault Conflict-
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Abstract: Students are direct participants in university procedures to respond to campus sexual assault claims under Title IX law. Yet, the ways in which students understand procedural justice in the adjudication of campus sexual assault remains understudied. We presented a sample of students at a large, public university with three hypothetical scenarios in which an accused student admits, claims to have misunderstood consent, or denies a report of forcible rape. Using mixed methods to analyze student views of punishment for each scenario, we found that participants assigned the least sanctions, guilt, and responsibility to an accused student who denied a report of rape compared to a student who claimed to have misunderstood consent. Participants assigned the highest sanctions, guilt, and responsibility to the accused student who admitted to rape. In their explanations, few students discussed concern for the victim or the victim’s right to education. When the accused student evaded responsibility, students failed to apply affirmative consent, drew on the catchphrase “he said, she said,” and expressed victim questioning and blame. Our findings suggest that victim-survivors may be exposed to criticism when an accused student contradicts a report of rape. We recommend practitioners adjust Title IX trainings and adjudication procedures accordingly.
PubDate: 2023-04-27
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- Precarious Manhood Manifests as Drive for Muscularity Among Men
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Abstract: Introduction: Precarious manhood theory posits that manhood is socially constructed and must be earned by acquiring masculine capital. Previous research has suggested that there may be a link between threatened masculinity and a higher drive for muscularity. The current study tested this hypothesis experimentally. Methods: Male undergraduate students (N = 395) were either told that they did poorly on a cognitive task explicitly tied to a masculinity norm (i.e., future earning potential) or they were not given any feedback. Results: Participants in the masculinity threat condition subsequently reported a higher drive for muscularity than did those in the control condition. Sexual orientation did not moderate this effect. Discussion: One of the ways in which men feel that they must earn masculine capital is by having a muscular body. Drive for muscularity is heightened in situations that prime threatened masculinity. The current findings imply practice implications for men struggling with negative body image.
PubDate: 2023-04-25
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- Cultural Beliefs About Manhood Predict Anti-LGBTQ+ Attitudes and
Policies-
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Abstract: This study tested whether differences in cultural beliefs about manhood can explain the large cultural variability in attitudes and social policies regarding sexual and gender minorities. If people believe manhood is an easily threatened, precarious social status (Vandello et al., 2008), then LGBTQ + groups may be targets of derogation as symbolic threats to masculinity and men’s distinctiveness. In a large pre-registered cross-cultural study of 62 countries, we tested whether country-level precarious manhood beliefs were associated with more negative attitudes, fewer rights, more restrictive laws, and less safety toward LGBTQ + groups. Hypotheses were largely supported, and these negative relationships generally held when controlling for religiosity, cultural tightness, traditional and security-related values, gender inequality, and sexism. Results suggest that the fates of societies’ most vulnerable gender and sexuality groups are related to societies’ beliefs about manhood.
PubDate: 2023-04-18
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- It Depends! Contextual Variability in Feminist Identity Disclosure Among
Binary and Nonbinary Individuals-
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Abstract: Given feminist backlash and stigma in society, whether people would publicly say that they are a feminist might depend on their social context, which could have implications for understanding who identifies as a feminist and why, as well as community and coalition-building. We therefore tested whether disclosure of feminist identity varies across interaction contexts and by gender/sex, given some gender/sex-specificities to stigma about feminist identity. In our study, we asked women, men, and nonbinary people who are feminists (N = 640) about their willingness to disclose their feminist identity in eight interaction contexts: immediate family, extended family, friends, partners, work, strangers, anti-feminists, and pro-feminists. Results revealed substantial intra-person contextual variability in feminist identity disclosure, suggesting participants’ decision to disclose their feminist identity varies across contexts. In general, participants were most reluctant to disclose their feminist identity to a stranger, with anti-feminists and work contexts showing the next greatest likelihood to not disclose. Finally, participants were most likely to share their feminist identity with their immediate family, friends, pro-feminist, and romantic partners. We also examined the disclosure pattern for each gender/sex group (women, men, and nonbinary participants). Results emphasize that holding a feminist identity might not necessarily lead to identity disclosure and that disclosure decisions may depend on contextual pressure and gender/sex considerations.
PubDate: 2023-04-15
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- Body Comparisons Compromise the Benefits Body Diversity Exposure has on
Body Satisfaction Among Female Adolescents and Young Adult Women-
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Abstract: Sociocultural expectations to conform to a thin beauty ideal often lead women to evaluate themselves based on physical appearance. This evaluation process can be expressed through active engagement in body comparisons which increases the risk of body dissatisfaction. Studies have also highlighted protective factors for body dissatisfaction, such as exposure to diverse body sizes. However, past literature has insufficiently addressed the links between risk and protective factors for body dissatisfaction. The current study used an experimental approach to examine if different forms of body comparisons modulate the beneficial influence of body-diversity exposure on body dissatisfaction. The sample included 241 female adolescents and young women who were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups. All groups were presented with a sequence of photos showing pairs of women with diverse body sizes. Participants either watched the figures on screen naturally, compared the body sizes of the two figures, or compared their own body size to that of the figures presented. The results showed that merely watching photos that depict body diversity or comparing the size of others’ bodies reduced state body dissatisfaction. However, watching the same photos while comparing one’s own body with others’ abolished the benefits of body-diversity exposure on body dissatisfaction and even increased body dissatisfaction among those with higher levels of trait body dissatisfaction. Age did not moderate the results. The study highlights the importance of addressing body comparisons in the framework of positive body image programs that promote exposure to body diversity.
PubDate: 2023-04-14
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- The Impact of COVID-19 on U.S. Computer Science Faculty’s Turnover
Intentions: The Role of Gender-
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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has been challenging for college faculty, with evidence that it has the potential to exacerbate pre-pandemic gender inequities in work demands (Tugend, 2020). The impact of the pandemic may be particularly difficult for women in male-dominated STEM fields such as computer science that pose additional challenges and had high attrition rates among women faculty pre-pandemic (NSF, 2019; Weisgram & Diekman, 2017). The present study examined the mechanisms through which gender may have implications for changes in turnover intentions due to the pandemic among computer science faculty, with a focus on changes in work-family conflict and workplace attitudes. A total of 317 tenure-line and non-tenure line computer science faculty across the U.S. (54.26% women, 49.84% tenured) completed a survey that included items examining whether the pandemic changed work-family conflict, work-related attitudes (job satisfaction, sense of belonging, burnout), and turnover intentions. Results of analyses indicated that identifying as a woman indirectly predicted larger increases in turnover intentions due to the pandemic, through increased work-family conflict, burnout at work, and decreased feelings of job satisfaction. The results suggest that the pandemic has the potential to increase women’s attrition from computer science faculty positions, further exacerbating their underrepresentation.
PubDate: 2023-04-07
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- Like Father, Like Son: Empirical Insights into the Intergenerational
Continuity of Masculinity Ideology-
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Abstract: Scholarly work and public commentary point to the persistence of masculinity models characterized by a sense of entitlement, the exertion of dominance, and the justification of abusive behaviors. While there is abundant theoretical work on men and masculinities, fewer empirical studies have examined how young men develop their masculine ideals. In this study, we theorize the role of fathers’ adherence to masculinity ideology in influencing the development of young men’s masculine ideals. We then provide novel empirical evidence on intergenerational congruence between fathers’ and sons’ masculinities using unique data from an Australian national probability survey. Our results reveal moderate, positive associations between fathers’ and sons’ adherence to masculinity ideology. This pattern holds for an overall measure of masculinity, as well as for each of its subscales. Fathers’ religiosity amplified the magnitude of the intergenerational correlation. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at encouraging the development of healthy masculinities amongst young men should engage their paternal figures.
PubDate: 2023-04-05
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- Correction to: Are Men Better Leaders' An Investigation of Head Coaches’
Gender and Individual Players’ Performance in Amateur and Professional
Women’s Basketball-
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PubDate: 2023-03-23
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