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CORROSION
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.955

Citation Impact (citeScore): 2
Number of Followers: 21

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ISSN (Print) 0010-9312
Published by NACE International

[1 journal]

Special Issue on Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures (in Memoriam
of Prof. Jose Antonio Gonzalez)
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  Pages: 378 - 379
  Abstract: This special issue in memoriam of esteemed Prof. Jose Antonio Gonzalez gathers contributions presented during the Research in Progress symposium organized by AMPP in 2022. The legacy and seminal work of Jose Antonio, particularly regarding the development and application of electrochemical techniques for studying corrosion in reinforced concrete structures, has impacted generations of science, engineering, and research and stands as a major contribution to the field.
  PubDate: Sat, 01 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4330
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2023)
Passivity Breakdown and Crack Propagation Mechanisms of Lean Duplex (UNS
S32001) Stainless Steel Reinforcement in High Alkaline Solution Under
Stress Corrosion Cracking
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  Pages: 426 - 439
  Abstract: The passivity breakdown and subsequent stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 2001 lean duplex stainless steel (UNS S32001) reinforcement were investigated in a highly alkaline environment containing chlorides at a low temperature. Electrochemical analysis and mechanical testing were utilized to characterize the passive film development. Fractographic analysis was performed, correlating microstructure and corrosion performance, to reveal preferential crack paths. A chloride threshold below 4 wt% Cl− for a high alkaline environment was elucidated, with pitting susceptibility factor values close to unity, having a threshold critical areal cation vacancy concentration for passivity breakdown close to the 1013 cm−2. Pit initiation leading to passivity breakdown and crack nucleation in 4 wt% Cl− was triggered for stresses above σy, developing a low-frequency peak (0.1 Hz to 0.01 Hz) of the cracking process. Current peak deconvolution demonstrated passivity breakdown was triggered by the intensification in the rate of Type II transient and exposure time, while an increase in transient amplitude was related to the crack propagation. The α phase served as a nucleation site for pits, whose propagation was arrested at the γ phase. Predominant intergranular-SCC morphology through the α/γ interface was developed following anodic dissolution given the more active nature of the α phase (most active path); minor transgranular-SCC propagated through γ phase when high-stress concentration was reached, corresponding to slip-step dissolution.
  PubDate: Sat, 11 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4229
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2023)
On the Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility of 304 Stainless Steel with
Ultrafine Grains and Comparison with Micrometer Austenitic Grains
Counterpart
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  Pages: 449 - 458
  Abstract: The intergranular corrosion (IGC) susceptibility of ultrafine grains (∼430 nm) and micrometer grains (∼3.1 µm to 9.8 μm) 304 stainless steel obtained by cryogenic rolling and reversion annealing treatments were studied. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that after sensitized treatment at 650°C for 2 h, the micrometer grains were sensitized with many M23C6 precipitates at the grain boundaries, while no precipitates were in the ultrafine grains. The immersion corrosion tests in H2SO4-CuSO4 solution showed that ultrafine grains exhibited weaker IGC attacks than micrometer grains. The double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests demonstrated the degree of sensitization decreased from 26.61% to 1.52% with the grain ultra-refinement from micrometer to ultrafine. Corrosion studies indicated that the ultrafine grains exhibited lower IGC susceptibility compared with micrometer grains. According to the findings, the large number of grain boundaries generated by grain ultra-refinement inhibited M23C6 precipitates at the grain boundaries during the sensitized process, thereby reducing the susceptibility of ultrafine grains to IGC.
  PubDate: Sun, 15 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4204
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2023)
Rapid Pitting of Copper Tube from Deposits of Cathodic Manganese in Hot
Water Systems: Mechanism and Effects of Water Chemistry
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  Pages: 459 - 468
  Abstract: A large building with water frequently above 65°C experienced at least 300 leaks in a hot water recirculating line. The leaks were unusual, as they occurred along the very top of horizontal pipes that were heavily coated with iron and manganese sediment on the bottom half of the pipe. This etiology of the leaks is inconsistent with under-deposit corrosion but consistent with a previously hypothesized mechanism of chemistry-related hot water pitting. We verify this mechanism for the first time by: (1) developing a macrocell setup to test the proposed anodic and cathodic reaction and (2) determining how water chemistry can promote or inhibit this form of nonuniform corrosion. The macrocell demonstrated that copper or stainless steel coated with manganese oxides were highly cathodic relative to an anodic exposed copper surface. Pitting current densities as high as 200 µA/cm2 were found in the worst-case conditions at pH 8.2 in waters with a high ratio of sulfate to bicarbonate. High levels of silica inhibited pitting corrosion currents, but orthophosphate inhibitors did not. No iron oxide coatings tested in this work had cathodic tendencies.
  PubDate: Sun, 19 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4250
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2023)
Mechanisms in Long-Term Marine Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in
Concretes
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  Pages: 380 - 387
  Abstract: This paper is concerned with the mechanisms governing reinforcement corrosion in concretes in marine environments and how they influence the manner of local failure of the concrete. Despite the high pH of the concrete, air voids from inadequate concrete compaction can, under chloride conditions, produce localized pitting corrosion of adjacent steel bars. This may continue, under the hydrogen evolution cathodic reaction with the build-up of rusts causing localized concrete failure, followed by exposure of the steel to the environment, removal of the elevated concrete pH, and a subsequent much higher rate of corrosion. A completely separate deterioration process is the gradual dissolution and loss of concrete alkalis with time. This can lower the concrete pH sufficiently to permit general corrosion of steel to be thermodynamically feasible, it increases concrete permeability and it facilitates access to the environment to permit corrosion by oxygen reduction. The two processes produce different types of concrete failure. Examples drawn from actual reinforced concrete structures are given and the mechanisms explained, including the often-observed build-up of FeOOH-type rusts on the outside of magnetite rust layers well inside concretes. The implications that follow and research needs are discussed.
  PubDate: Sun, 16 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4164
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2022)
Effect of a Nitrate-Based Corrosion Inhibitor on Carbonation-Induced
Corrosion
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  Pages: 388 - 394
  Abstract: Corrosion inhibitors are additives that can work both as a preventative technique to delay the onset of corrosion or as a protection system to reduce corrosion rate, once corrosion is initiated. Several substances have been evaluated as possible candidates, both organic and inorganic in nature. Recently, a nitrate-based compound has been proposed as a corrosion inhibitor, as nitrates are still used in concrete as set accelerators. Nitrates inhibiting mechanism is similar to nitrites, the latter being the most efficient compound nowadays available. This work evaluates the effect of a nitrate-based corrosion inhibitor on carbonated-induced corrosion in concrete. Results show that the addition of calcium nitrate (4% vs. cement weight) can delay the carbonation penetration rate: the carbonation coefficient is reduced by about 30% with respect to the noninhibited specimens. Once corrosion is initiated, nitrate-based inhibitor, even at a high dosage (4% vs. cement weight), is not effective in reducing the corrosion rate: values as high as 10 μm/y were measured after about 2 y of external exposure.
  PubDate: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4160
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2022)
Carbonation, Neutralization, and Reinforcement Corrosion for Concrete in
Long-Term Atmospheric Exposures
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  Pages: 395 - 404
  Abstract: This paper presents observations of carbonation and alkali loss for well-compacted reinforced concrete columns from the exterior and interior of a 60-y-old in-land building. Calcium carbonate formation was detected only in the outermost 10 mm to 15 mm. However, alkali loss and concrete pH reduction extended much further inward but reinforcement corrosion was not observed. Theoretical thermodynamic conditions dictate that corrosion initiation of reinforcement can result only from the long-term dissolution and loss by leaching of calcium hydroxide from the concrete matrix. These appear rate-limited by the barrier effect of carbonated concrete. These interpretations provide a new model for “carbonation” initiation of reinforcement corrosion. The results also show the potential for concretes to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) for an extended time without significant risk of reinforcement corrosion.
  PubDate: Tue, 27 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4224
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2022)
Evaluating 1-Benzyl-4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole as a Green Corrosion
Inhibitor in a Synthetic Pore Solution to Protect Steel Rebars
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  Pages: 405 - 418
  Abstract: The effectiveness of 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (BPT) was evaluated as a potential green organic corrosion inhibitor to reduce the effects of corrosion on the reinforcing steel in concrete. The BPT inhibitor was assessed in synthetic pore solution (SPS, 8.33 g/L of NaOH + 23.3 g/L of KOH + 2.0 g/L of Ca(OH)2, pH: 13.6) in the presence of 2 M NaCl and following a carbonation-free and rebar passivation stabilization protocol prior to Cl− addition, similar to ASTM G180. A base solution (2.35 mg/mL) of BPT in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was prepared due to the limited solubility of BPT in water. Electrochemical techniques including open-circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic polarization curves were conducted to assess the performance of the inhibitor. The results showed that the inhibitor effectively reduces the corrosion rate of the steel rebar. The BPT optimal concentration in SPS with 2 M NaCl was 3 mM BPT with an efficiency of 85.2%. Furthermore, EIS and x-ray diffraction showed evidence of an adsorption mechanism by which BPT controls the corrosion rate of steel in 2 M NaCl.
  PubDate: Tue, 27 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4207
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2022)
Two- and Four-Electrode Configurations for Contactless Reinforced Concrete
Corrosion Monitoring
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  Pages: 419 - 425
  Abstract: The paper addresses the need for a fast and reliable method for field monitoring reinforced concrete structures. A proof of concept is presented where a noncontact procedure provides quantitative information on the concrete resistivity and reinforcement corrosion rate. A Wenner-type probe is presented, where a combination of two- and four-electrode measurements in a relatively high-frequency domain allows obtaining the information of interest. The method is based on the fact, verified by numerical simulations, that the embedded rebar works as an effective floating counter electrode and, thus, for distances higher than a critical value (1 cm in the simulations done), the ratio of concrete resistivity to the measured impedance at 1 kHz is constant and only dependent on the electrode diameter. The apparent polarization resistance measured with the four-electrode arrangement and normalized to the concrete resistivity allows obtaining the actual polarization resistance without contacting the rebar whose distance to the electrodes shall be known.
  PubDate: Tue, 27 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.5006/4200
  Issue No: Vol. 79, No. 4 (2022)