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Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.225  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 7  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1068-3755 - ISSN (Online) 1934-8002 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Effect of Manganese Atoms on the Magnetic Properties of Silicon
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Abstract: It has been shown that the state of manganese atoms in the silicon lattice can be controlled with a view to varying the state and pattern of the magnetoresistance of the material. The laws governing changes in the magnetoresistance of silicon with manganese atoms (single atoms and clusters) as a function of temperature, illumination, and electric field have been determined.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Plasma-Capillary Effect in a Gap Formed by Two Vertically Mounted
Cylindrical Rods-
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Abstract: It is experimentally shown that a meniscus is raised under the action of pulsed-periodic spark discharges between the electrode and the meniscus in a capillary formed by two vertically fixed cylindrical rods. The recorded effect can be applied, for example, to intensify technological processes of the fabric impregnation.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Electrochemical Energy Storage Capacity of Surface Engineered Renewable
Carbon Derived from Industrial Tea Waste by HNO3 and K2CO3-
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Abstract: Direct electrical energy storage by supercapacitors is the leading energy storage technology. The performance of supercapacitors depends mainly upon the electrode material constituents. Carbon is the preferred energy storage material for its some main properties such as a large surface area, electrical conductivity, porosity, thermal stability, etc. Sustainable, green, renewable, low-cost and environmentally friendly carbon energy storage materials can be obtained from biomass. A larger surface area and tunable micro-porosity, which are the most important advantages, could be achieved by chemical activation of K2CO3 and HNO3. In this work, the effect of K2CO3 and HNO3 on the porosity and the electrochemical energy storage capacity of carbon derived from biomass made from the industrial tea waste were evaluated. A carbon material with a high performance of energy storage exhibiting 460 F g–1, with a surface area of 1261 m2 g–1, could be developed by activation of K2CO3 in the 1 : 1 optimum ratio (w/w). The HNO3 treatment also increased the capacitance but to a very low degree.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Effect of the Structure of Passive Oxide Films and Surface Temperature on
the Rate of Anodic Dissolution of Chromium–Nickel and Titanium Alloys in
Electrolytes for Electrochemical Machining: Part 1. Anodic Dissolution of
Chromium–Nickel Steel in a Nitrate Solution-
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Abstract: The anodic dissolution of type Kh18N10 (Cr18Ni10) chromium–nickel steel was performed in a nitrate solution (conductivity of 0.15 S/cm) under pulsed current conditions using pulse durations of 20–100 µs, current densities of 0.01–100 A/cm2, and relative pulse durations of 10 to 1 (duty cycle from 10 to 100% (direct current), respectively). Different hydrodynamic conditions were implemented, and the surface temperature was measured. The results obtained are in line with the hypothesis that the process is mediated by the formation of a semiconducting anodic oxide film with point defects that can exhibit different types of conduction. The film is described within point defect model II, and the rate of its electrochemical formation is balanced under steady-state conditions by the rate of its chemical dissolution, which is why the mass decrease per unit charge reaches a limiting value of 0.16–0.18 mg/C (under the pulsed conditions), which corresponds to a current efficiency close to 100% (assuming the highest oxidation state for alloying components of the steel in solution). In going from pulsed current to direct current conditions, the thermokinetic instability of the film is observed, i.e., it forms and then undergoes breakdown due to thermal explosion. Under such circumstances, the current yield of anodic dissolution may not only reach 100%, assuming the lowest degree of oxidation of the alloying components (thermal activation), but exceeds this value as a result of chemical interaction between the film-free surface and the electrolyte.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Erosion of an Electrode during a High-Voltage Electric Discharge in a
Liquid-
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Abstract: The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the mass value of electrode (anode) erosion during a high-voltage electric discharge in a liquid. The obtained results made it possible to determine the influence of technological parameters and operating conditions of high-voltage electric discharge installations on the mass erosion of an anode. It is noted that a decrease in the value of the mass erosion of the anode is observed with an increase in the specific electrical conductivity of the working fluid and in the length of the interelectrode gap. The comparison of mass erosion of anodes made of copper, steel, and aluminum showed that, among them, the steel anode has the highest erosion resistance during an electric discharge in water. Based on the results of the performed experimental studies, an empirical technique was developed that allows one to estimate the mass erosion of the anode in a single electric discharge in water.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Effect of Adding Y2O3 on Property of Zn Coatings via Pack Cementation
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Abstract: The pack cementation method was applied for the preparation of four coatings. The pack mixtures consisting of Zn, Y2O3, and NH4Cl were used in this work. The impact of adding Y2O3 on the appearance, the components, and the anti-corrosion action of coatings was analyzed. The appearance was observed by scanning electron microscope. The components were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results suggested that adding Y2O3 increased the coatings thickness and perfected the coatings quality. Without adding Y2O3, the coatings obtained consisted of Zn atoms and a few Fe atoms. Minute amounts of Y atoms were detected in the coatings at adding Y2O3. The impact of adding Y2O3 on the corrosion performance of coatings was assessed by the corrosion morphology analysis and an electrochemical test. The results showed that adding Y2O3 increased anti-corrosion ability. When the additive amount of Y2O3 was 4 wt %, the coatings exhibited the largest thickness and the strongest anti-corrosion ability.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Study of an Al, Na, Li/Cl Three-Component System for
Sodium–Nickel-Chloride Batteries-
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Abstract: The electrical conductivity and thermochemical and electrochemical properties of a system consisting of melts of aluminum trichloride and sodium-lithium chlorides taken in different ratios have been studied. In this system, the electrochemical behavior of Ni2+ ions via cyclic voltammetry and the electromotive force in the modes of heating and cooling of the system were studied. It was found that the melting temperature of the melts passes through a minimum at a lithium chloride (хLiCl) content from 0.23 to 0.35. A possibility of reducing the starting temperature of a nickel-chloride battery with a partial replacement of sodium chloride with lithium chloride, as well as stabilization of its operation at a minimum temperature of 240°C, is shown. An admissibility of using the optimal compositions of the system as an electrolyte in sodium–nickel-chloride batteries has been established. It was found that the composition 0.5AlCl3–0.23LiCl–0.27NaCl has a minimum melting point (111°C), a minimum activation energy for conductivity (8.9 kJ mol–1), and a sufficiently high electrical conductivity (0.53 S cm–1 at 250°C).
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Factors Affecting the Energy Efficiency of Exothermic Transformations
during a Controlled High-Voltage Electrochemical Explosion-
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Abstract: — The analysis of the experimental studies’ results into the effect of changes in the initial conditions on the energy characteristics of the controlled high voltage electrochemical explosion (HVECE) is carried out. The main factors affecting the specific energy efficiency of chemical transformations of a water-filled exothermic blend (WEB) with 40% aluminum content in its discharge channel are determined. The authors established the rational changes' range in the main factors in which an increase in the specific energy efficiency of the WEB’s exothermic transformations in the channel of the controlled HVECE was ensured. This makes it possible to reduce the weight and size of characteristics and power consumption of the pulse current generator (PCG) to ensure the necessary energy characteristics of the controlled HVECE preset by a specific discharge pulse technology.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Modification of Cellulose Acetate Membranes with Unipolar Corona Discharge
to Separate Oil–Water Emulsion-
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Abstract: The separation of oil–water emulsion with cellulose acetate membranes modified with a unipolar corona discharge at a voltage of 5–25 kV and time of 1–5 min was investigated. Decrease in the filter roughness after the impact of the corona discharge was determined using atomic-force microscopy. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis and of electrostatic field parameters’ measurements showed a decrease in crystallinity from 0.29 to 0.27 and the formation of positive charges on the surface of the sample, while the formation of a double electric layer according to dielectric spectrometry data was not detected. During the separation of the model oil–water emulsion, an increase in efficiency was revealed as 80 to 98% and the separation productivity from 15 to 35 dm3/(m2 h) after treatment in the field of a unipolar corona discharge of cellulose acetate membranes, which is explained by a change in the supramolecular and chemical structure of the latter.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Characterization of Tin Bronze Substrates Coated by Ag + B83 through
Electro-Spark Deposition Method-
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Abstract: — The composite coatings on the surface of tin bronze substrates were formed by electro-spark deposition applying alternately the soft materials of silver and the alloy Babbitt B83. The effect of their deposition on the mass transfer, the surface roughness, the coating thickness, the surface morphology, the cross-sectional morphology, the elemental composition, and the tribological properties of the composite coatings was investigated using electronic scales, a 3D optical profilometer, a tribometer, and such techniques as scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy. The results show that the studied composite coatings were dense, with grains refined and uniformly distributed, and they functioned via the metallurgical fusion with the substrate. The silver and Babbitt B83 optimal process parameters were obtained as follows: the voltage of 60 and 30 V, the duty cycle of 30 and 30%, and the efficiency of 1 and 3 min/cm2, respectively. Under the optimal process parameters, the mass transfer was 125.2 mg, the surface roughness of the composite coatings was 19.43 μm, and the maximal thickness of the layers was 80 μm. The minimum friction coefficient of the composite coatings was about 0.177 after the running-in stage. The main wear mechanisms of the composite coatings prepared under the optimal process parameters were plastic deformation and abrasive wear accompanied by slight polishing.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Influence of Liquid Composition and Discharge Energy on Process
Productivity, Composition and Properties of Particles Produced by Electric
Discharge Erosion of WC–5TiC–10Co Alloy-
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Abstract: Increasing the hardness and wear resistance of powder alloys and coatings through the use of ultrafine-grained powders and metastable phases is a promising way in powder metallurgy. This paper presents results of the studies of the process of obtaining ultrafine powders by the electrical discharge erosion of the cemented carbide waste WC–5TiC–10Co on a special installation. An empirical model that describes the dependence of the productivity of the process on the discharge energy and properties of a liquid is provided. The dependence of the chemical and phase compositions of the obtained powders on the compositions of the used liquids and the specific energy consumption was investigated. The effect of the discharge energy on the morphological composition and the average particle diameter was examined. It was revealed that the formation of a metastable solid solution (W,Ti)C and a decrease in the concentration of cobalt induce an increase in the hardness of the resulting spherical particles from 1410HV0.05 to 2540HV0.05.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Codiffusion of Gallium and Phosphorus Atoms in Silicon
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Abstract: It has been found that the gas-phase diffusion of gallium and phosphorus atoms into silicon provides not only the compensation but also partial interaction of the elements with each other. Analysis under a scanning electron microscope has shown that, after diffusion and surface treatment, gallium and phosphorus atoms are present on the silicon surface in similar concentrations. Studies of the concentration distribution of charge carriers over depth have shown that, upon codiffusion, the solubility of gallium increases by an order of magnitude, while the charge carrier mobility decreases by a factor of three to four. Based on the obtained data, the concentration (~1019 cm–3) and energy of formation (~0.62 eV) of neutral complexes [Ga–P+] have been calculated. The results can be attributed to the electrostatic interaction of gallium and phosphorus ions during diffusion, which leads to a change in the concentration distribution of the impurities and the formation of quasi-neutral complexes of the [Ga–P+] type in the silicon lattice.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Impact Assessment of Erosion Development on Medium Motion in a
Microelectrode-
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Abstract: — The erosion impact on the microelectrode channel of the cooling medium’s motion is studied. Using the equation of continuity for a fluid flow inside the microelectrode channel, the analytical correlations were found between the change in the flow pressure drop and the number of defects (pores and cavities) of the channel’s internal cooling surface. Based on the obtained correlations, the method was proposed for an early detection of the defects’ nucleation in the channel surface layer inside the microelectrode. Simple analytical motion models for the cooling medium in the microelectrode were built. Model analysis was performed. The parameters of the microelectrode cooling medium’s motion were evaluated for finding an efficient way of removing the soil particles from the active erosion zone. The experimental results are in good agreement with the studies of other researchers.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Physical and Chemical Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Diethanolamine
Borate-
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Abstract: In this paper, the concentration functions of electrical conductivity and pH are determined for aqueous solutions of an ionic liquid based on diethanolamine and boric acid (DEAB). Correlations between the physicochemical properties of an aqueous solution of DEAB and the processes of dissociation of the system components were established. Charge carriers in DEAB solutions are shown to be anions. It was established that an aqueous solution of DEAB has unipolar electrical conductivity and anion-exchange properties with an anion transfer number of 0.79.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Influence of Temperature on Corrosion Behavior of 90/10 Cu–Ni Alloys in
Sulfide-Polluted Chloride Solutions-
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Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is a corrosive species responsible for the deterioration of metals and alloys in marine environment. In this study, the electrochemical performance of the 90/10 Cu–Ni alloy in stagnant and aerated 3.5% sodium chloride (equivalent chloride concentration in seawater) containing 0.01 M Na2S was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization technique at 23, 50, and 80°C. The surface examination and morphological studies were also employed. Polarization measurements in sulfide-infested environments revealed that 90/10 Cu–Ni alloys are adversely sensitive to the sulfide presence and exhibit very high corrosion rates at higher electrolyte temperatures in accordance with an exponential fashion. In addition, the confirmation of a corrosion attack evidencing a pitting type corrosion appearing after the metallographic characterization was applied.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Practical Characteristics of Photosensors Based on
Semiconductor–Electrolyte Contact-
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Abstract: The features of the deviation of the open circuit potential at the semiconductor–electrolyte contact where cadmium and zinc sulfides are used as semiconductor materials are considered. Models of equivalent electrical circuits that explain the observed phenomena are proposed. Some examples of devices designed on the basis of the research results are given.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- On Increments of Capillary Waves’ Instability on the Surface of the
Charged Electroconductive Jet Moving Relative to Material Medium-
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Abstract: — For the first azimuthal modes of a charged jet of an electrically conductive incompressible liquid, the increments of the instability of capillary waves, their magnitude, and dependence on the physical parameters of the task, the position of the instability zones on the set of the wave numbers were examined. It was found that the widths of the ranges of the wave numbers of unstable waves and the values of instability increments depend on the square of the intensity of an electrostatic field and the square of the speed of relative motion increasing at a higher field strength and speed. In the absence of a charge on the jet, bending instability has a threshold character, and it is realized not at any load speed value but starting from certain final value of it.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Plant Extracts: An Overview of Their Corrosion Mitigation Performance
against Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution-
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Abstract: Many industries face corrosion problems caused by the medium containing chloride ion due to its aggressive nature. The implementation of corrosion inhibitors has been recognized to be the easiest and most inexpensive approach for corrosion mitigation. Plant extracts as inexpensive, nontoxic, and biodegradable materials are found abundantly in nature. The heteroatoms, and polyfunctional groups of the active constituents present in plant extracts, make them potential candidates as corrosion inhibitors for metals. The present review includes a compilation of to-date investigations of aqueous extracts of various parts of plants for the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in the NaCl medium only. The inhibition efficiency of various plant extracts was reported based on electrochemical techniques. The type of action, the mode of adsorption, and the mechanism of inhibition were also explored. The surface characterization and theoretical accepts are explained briefly as a support to the experimental results.
PubDate: 2023-04-01
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- Design and Achievement of Superfilling Electroless Silver Deposition for
Micrometer Trenches-
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Abstract: Electroless silver bottom-up filling has been designed and investigated by linear sweep voltammetry. It was found that the addition of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) had a good inhibitory effect on the electrode reaction. Experiments showed that PEG 4000 had a strong depressing action in electroless silver deposition. Specifically, when the PEG 4000 concentration was 1.0 mg/L, the plating rate of electroless silver decreased from 5.7 to 2.3 μm/h. The bottom-up silver fillings for different-sized trenches were achieved in an electroless plating bath with the addition of PEG 4000. The trenches analysis showed that all microtrenches with different widths were completely filled by electroless silver plating.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
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- Interrelation between the Composition of Steel Treated by Electrospark
Alloying and the Properties of Resulting Composite Surface-
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Abstract: The study of elemental composition of surface composites produced by electrospark alloying (ESA) of Type 45, 65G, and St3 steels with hard T15K6 and VK8 alloys and Type 45 and St3 steels (in the “steel-on-steel” mode) showed that the formed surface layers consisted of the ESA-modified steel substrate material by ~70%. The effects that the steel composition has on coefficients characterizing the transfer of the processing electrode material onto the substrate, surface roughness, microhardness, and wear resistance of resulting surfaces were investigated. It was found that the wear resistance of the composites is mainly determined by the nature of surface being processed and, to a much lesser extent, by the processing electrode material, surface roughness and microhardness.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
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