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Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.225  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 7  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1068-3755 - ISSN (Online) 1934-8002 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Effect of Cathode Surface Area on the Electrodeposition Rate, Composition,
and Microhardness of Co–W Coatings Deposited from a Citrate Bath-
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Abstract: Here, by the example of galvanostatic electrodeposition of Co–W coatings from a citrate bath, we demonstrate experimentally that when using the results on the deposition rate and the composition and properties (microhardness) of resulting coatings observed under laboratory conditions to develop this type of an electrodeposition process on a larger (industrial) scale the bath volume must be scaled in proportion to the increase in the cathode area. In this case, the current loading on the electrolyte, which is quantitatively expressed as the volume current density, does not increase.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020042
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- Magnetohydrodynamics with Application to the Study of Electrolysis and
Turbulence-
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Abstract: The equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are presented as continual modeling for slow motions. The original equations of the MHD environment are linearized, reduced, and applied to the analysis of environments characterized by the phenomena of electrolysis and turbulence. A continual approach for electrolysis and turbulence is presented, and the real-life ongoing studies are considering local models. The formulation of the problem and its analysis are presented as the density of the MHD-field decreases from a flat wall. Experimental studies with respect to propulsion devices in sea water are characterized.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020108
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- Influence of Substrate Surface Quality on Electro-Spark Alloying
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Abstract: Deposition of protective coatings improves the corrosion resistance and tribological behavior of the surfaces of metallic components. However, surface preparation prior to coating application increases the cost per unit area of the coating. Substrates made of St3 steel with surface roughness Ra ranging from 0.01 to 0.597 μm were prepared, including those with a layer of rust, and were subjected to electro-spark deposition of Cr–Fe–Cu coatings. The performed studies led to the conclusion that the initial surface roughness of St3 steel does not affect the nature of material deposition during the electro-spark alloying (ESA) and the structure of the deposited coatings. This is unequivocally confirmed by the data on heat resistance and tribological properties of the coatings. Electro-spark treatment can promote self-cleaning of the rust layer; however, complete elimination is not achieved, and large pores are formed in the coating. This significantly reduces the heat resistance and wear resistance of the coating.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020030
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- Effect of Temperature of Citrate Electrolyte on Properties of Co–W
Coatings-
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Abstract: The influence of temperature on the properties of nanocrystalline Co–W coatings obtained from a citrate electrolyte at pH 6.7 and deposited under natural convection conditions was studied. The influence of the electrolyte temperature on the morphology, composition, structure, and roughness of coatings, as well as their corrosion and tribological properties, is demonstrated. It is shown that the structure of the coating can change from the X-ray amorphous to the crystalline one when the deposition temperature of the coating is increased to 90°С. The average value of the mass wear of Cо–W coatings formed at 80°С and measured under the linear friction condition of 0.08 mg is 62 times lower than that of a Cr coating (4.95 mg) and 84 times lower that at the surface of steel SK-5 (6.71 mg). When testing by the reciprocating wear method, the value of the volumetric wear of Co–W coatings obtained in the 50–70°С temperature range was 0.00109 mm3, which is 55 times lower than the wear value of a Cr coating (0.0596 mm3) and 41 times lower than that of the steel SK-5 surface (0.0449 mm3). The paper also shows a slight decrease in the currents of corrosion coatings and a decrease in the dispersion values of the corrosion potentials obtained after mechanical polishing of the surface of the coatings at temperatures in the range of 20–90°С. Under the corrosive effect of 3.5% sodium chloride, an increase in the deposition temperature of the coating is accompanied by a slight increase in the corrosion current.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020121
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- Silicone Rubber Treatment with a Sodium Chloride Solution in the Presence
of an Electric Field-
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Abstract: High voltage silicone insulators that are placed close to coastal marine areas have the problem of salt fog depositing on their surfaces in the form of conductive droplets. Under the influence of an electric field, those droplets initiate partial discharges, which leads to the degradation of the hydrophobic properties of silicone rubber. This phenomenon, in which droplets serve as the cause of partial discharges, has been studied in considerable detail elsewhere. However, it remains unclear whether the droplets themselves, as moisture-laden areas, affect the properties of silicone rubber. The current work is focused on studying the combined effect of an AC electric field (E = 17 kV/cm) and a 4% solution of sodium chloride on the water-repellent properties of silicone rubber in the absence of electrical discharges. The results of the study show that the influence of moisture and an electric field leads to slowing down the droplet runoff from the inclined sample of Powersil 310 rubber. An AC electric field did not have a noticeable effect on the rate of water runoff; the slowdown was due to the pre-treatment of the sample with the solution.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020091
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- Dynamic Surface Tension of a Charged Spherical Water Droplet
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Abstract: — In asymptotic calculations of the first order of smallness in the dimensionless amplitude of water droplet oscillations, the effect of the dynamic surface tension on the oscillation parameters was investigated using a model of an ideal incompressible liquid. It was shown that the effect of the dynamic surface tension strongly manifests itself at frequencies of external influences that are inversely proportional to the water relaxation time. At such frequencies, under the action of external influences, the electrical double layer is destroyed (the ordering of water molecules in the near-surface layer is disrupted). As a result, the free energy of the surface increases, and so does the liquid surface tension. The dynamic surface tension affects the acoustic radiation from the droplet by altering the coefficient of surface tension. The contribution to the electromagnetic radiation of the oscillating droplet is made by the disruption of the order of near-surface water molecules in the electrical double layer.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020054
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- Experimental Studies of Hydrodynamic and Energy Characteristics of
High-Voltage Electrochemical Explosion in Confined Volumes of Liquid-
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Abstract: — Electric, energy, and hydrodynamic characteristics of high-voltage electrochemical explosion (HVECE) in confined liquid volumes were experimentally investigated with varying the charging voltage, the stored electrical energy, and the mass of the burnt exothermic mixture. A comparison with other methods of initiating an electrical discharge under similar conditions was conducted. The obtained results showed that HVECE allows achieving a high-voltage electrical discharge with low energy losses (less than 9%) and implementing an electrical breakdown mode close to aperiodic. It was found that HVECE generates compression waves with amplitudes up to 37% and specific impulse up to 45% higher (at a charging voltage of 25 kV and above) than in the case of electrical explosion of an initiating metallic conductor under identical initial conditions. It was revealed that increasing the charging voltage leads to a linear increase in the amplitude and specific impulse of the generated compression wave. A comprehensive analysis of the dependences of energy and hydrodynamic characteristics showed that both the stored electrical energy and the interrelation of electrical parameters of the discharge circuit with the mass of the burning exothermic mixture have a significant influence on the formation of the specific impulse of the compression wave in HVECE, determining the shape of the discharge characteristics.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020133
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- Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Materials Based on
Titanium Suboxides-
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Abstract: The influence of the synthesis conditions on the surface morphology, phase composition, and electrocatalytic activity of materials in oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions was investigated. For instance, the slopes in the potential verses the logarithm of the current density dependencies during oxygen evolution were 221 and 109 mV/dec for TiO2 nanotubes and platinum-coated layers, respectively. In the latter case, small deviations may be attributed to the structural heterogeneity of the material or the developed surface of the coating. As for pristine TiO2 nanotubes, an atypical Tafel slope was observed, almost twice the theoretical value, indicating the presence of a semiconductor component in the electrode capacitance. Studies showed that the materials are n-type semiconductors. The cathodic polarization stage leads to the formation of titanium suboxides in the nanotube recovery phase, contributing to an increase in the material electrical conductivity. This also allows for the creation of a porous developed surface matrix for the electrodeposition of catalytic metal layers. Tafel slopes were calculated for the investigated materials in the hydrogen evolution reaction. For TiO2 nanotubes, a slope of 175 mV/dec was observed. The material surface was partially blocked by hydroxides, resulting in a low number of active centers for the hydrogen evolution, and the polarization curve had a steep slope. In the case of TiO2 nanotubes coated with a platinum layer, a high number of cationic vacancies in the matrix and a deficit of oxygen ions facilitated the mobility of platinum atoms, leading to the emergence of a large number of active centers for the hydrogen evolution. As a result, the Tafel slope of the polarization curve was found to be 30 mV/dec.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S106837552402011X
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- The Influence of Springing of High-Strength Steel DP780 on the Ultimate
Possibilities of Its Formation during Electro-Hydraulic Stamping-
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Abstract: Using the example of stamping a box-shaped part from high-strength sheet steel by a pulsed electro-hydraulic method, the limiting possibilities of its shaping, taking into account the springing of the material, are studied. The influence of the radius of the curvature and the shape of the surface of the corners of the part on the change in the structure of high-strength steel DP780 and the appearance of defects in it is determined. Relations between the radius of the curvature of the surface of the part and the thickness of the workpiece at which there are no defects in the structure of DP780 steel and the limiting possibilities of its deformation are achieved with minimal springing of the material are obtained.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020066
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- Calculation Estimation of the Relative Permittivity of Nonmagnetic
Conducting Materials under the Action of Variable Conduction Current-
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Abstract: A special case of equality of the conduction current density and the displacement current density in a homogeneous nonmagnetic conducting medium was used to consider the results of approximate calculation estimation of the relative permittivity εr of nonmagnetic conducting materials (metals and alloys), which are extensively used in electrical power engineering, electric power industry, and high-voltage pulse technology under the influence of variable (pulsed) electric currents and electromagnetic fields (EMF) with various amplitude–time parameters. It was demonstrated that, in the investigated case, at low frequencies f0 of conduction current and EMF (at a frequency on the order of 102 Hz) in the range of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic waves (EMW), the materials under consideration exhibit extremely high values of the electrophysical parameter εr (on the order of 1015). For extremely high frequencies f0 of current and EMF (at a frequency on the order of 5 × 1013 Hz) in the infrared range of EMW, these conducting materials are characterized by εr values on the order of 102–104, and in terms of the electrophysical parameter εr, they approach solid dielectrics and ferroelectrics.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020029
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- Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Alloys of Ni–Re Systems
Alloyed with Zirconium, Hafnium, Tungsten, and Palladium-
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Abstract: The comparative corrosion resistance and electrochemical behavior in acidic, alkaline, and neutral media of both pure metals and the Ni–Re alloys doped with zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, and palladium were investigated. A positive effect of zirconium on the corrosion resistance of the Ni–Re alloy in all studied media was demonstrated. It is shown that the Ni–Re alloy doped with hafnium also improves corrosion resistance and compensates its reduction at introduction to a tungsten alloy. It is shown that the Ni–Re alloy doped with zirconium together with palladium has the maximum corrosion resistance.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S106837552402008X
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- Composition, Structure, and Wear Resistance of Surface Nanostructures
Obtained by Electric Spark Alloying of 65G Steel-
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Abstract: — A combination of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis has shown that the strengthened layer formed during electric spark alloying of 65G steel with a processing electrode made of the T15K6 hard alloy is a nanocrystalline material, the ratio of the crystalline and amorphous phases in which is achieved by changing the discharge energy. Since an increase in discharge energy leads to an increase in surface roughness and its amorphization, there is an optimal value of discharge energy at which maximum wear resistance of the resulting nanocomposites is achieved. At E = 0.2 J, the wear resistance of the hardened layer is 7–10 times higher than the wear resistance of the untreated surface.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020145
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- Design and Fabrication of a High-Performance Sensor for Formaldehyde
Detection Based on Graphene-TiO2/Ag Electrode-
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Abstract: This research explores the heightened sensitivity of the electrochemical formaldehyde detection achieved by incorporating a modified graphene paste electrode with a titanium dioxide-silver (TiO2/Ag) composite (GTA). The G-TiO2 matrix was augmented with varying masses of silver modifiers, namely, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g, aiming to establish the most effective composition for formaldehyde detection. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the material’s composition, revealing GTA electrode nanocomposites consisting of carbon, oxygen, titanium, and silver with the compositions of 77.05, 19.46, 2.39, and 1.11%, respectively. An electrochemical analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of the developed electrode in a 1 M K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. Furthermore, a real sample testing was performed to evaluate the practical utility of the electrode gauging its efficiency through the calculation of percentage recovery before and after treatment. The GTA electrode with a 0.4 g Ag modifier exhibited the optimal performance, as evidenced by a Horwitz Ratio stability test result of 1.38% and a limit of detection of 0.0168 µg/L. This research highlights the promising potential of the GTA electrode for the precise and sensitive formaldehyde detection, particularly in processed food products.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020078
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- Electret Properties of PET/AlOx Films with a Protective Coating Based on
Acrylic Copolymers-
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Abstract: This paper describes the study of corona electrets made of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) laminate film with an aluminum oxide nanolayer with a protective coating based on acrylic copolymers. Those films showed rather high and stable electret properties. Furthermore, dipole polarization prevailed at the acrylic layer due to the orientation of oxygen-containing groups of atoms and macromolecular segments under the corona discharge, while injected charge carriers were located predominantly in polyethylene terephthalate layer at interfaces of both PET-aluminum oxide and amorphous-crystalline regions of the polymer.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524020157
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- On the Effect of Particles on the Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
Dielectrics-
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Abstract: In this paper, an attempt to evaluate the effect of particles on the electrical conductivity of liquid dielectrics is made. For this purpose, a conductivity model is formulated taking into account the presence of relatively large charged microparticles in the dielectric. Based on calculations using the model, a comparative assessment of electrical conductivity was carried out. It is shown that in sufficient quantities, particles can significantly increase the electrical conductivity when forming double electric layers near their surface.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010071
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- Features of Propagation of Standing Electromagnetic and Electron Waves in
a Metallic Conductor with Alternating Conduction Current-
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Abstract: — Approximate calculations were made to identify the main features of the propagation of standing transverse electromagnetic waves (EMWs) and standing longitudinal de Broglie electron waves in a homogeneous non-massive non-magnetic metallic conductor of finite dimensions (radius r0 and length l0 ⪢ r0) with axial alternative conduction current i0(t) of different amplitude–time parameters. Relations were obtained for the calculation estimation of averaged propagation velocities of standing transverse EMWs and standing longitudinal de Broglie electron waves in the metal (alloy) of the specified conductor. It was demonstrated that quantized standing transverse EMWs emerging in the finite-sized metallic conductor significantly differ from ordinary transverse EMWs propagating in conducting media of unlimited dimensions. An important characteristic of the standing transverse EMWs in the considered conductor is that their axial electric field intensity leads in phase their azimuthal magnetic field intensity by an angle of π/2. It was found that, in the standing transverse EMWs in the investigated conductor, the energy of the electric field is only converted into the energy of their magnetic field and vice versa. Therefore, the standing transverse EMWs do not transfer electromagnetic energy fluxes along the metal (alloy) of the considered conductor.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010022
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- Study of Wettability Behavior of Water Nanodroplets on Platinum Surface by
Molecular Dynamics Simulation-
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Abstract: The present paper deals with a comprehensive investigation of the wettability of the platinum surface when subjected to water nanodroplets using molecular dynamics simulation. To evaluate the wettability of a solid-liquid interface, the contact angle was analyzed varied with respect to time, temperature, and energy between the atoms and the surfaces using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator. It is worth noting here that the research reveals a significant change in the contact angle which goes from a prominent 147.158° to a more favorable 123.65° in an incredibly brief period of 2 to 200 fs. That dynamic change highlights the platinum surface significant improvement in wettability and sheds light on the kinetics of solid-liquid interactions. The result also shows that the ambient temperature reduced from 320 to 285.5 K, and the droplet temperature increased from 2.43 to 170 K in the same temperature range along with a decrease in the total energy. This study emphasizes the progressive aspect of wettability by revealing that, as time increases, the contact angle consistently reduces. This shows the perspective on how the platinum surface becomes increasingly amenable to wetting by H2O nanodroplets.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010101
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- Voltammetric Determination of Nitrite Using Modified Glassy Carbon
Electrode-
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Abstract: The current study was conducted to measure the concentrations of nitrite by a glassy carbon electrode modified with MXene/La3+ doped ZnO/hemoglobin (Hb) nanocomposite as a new voltammetric sensor. Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry were employed to characterize the modification of the electrode surface. According to the analytical results, the glassy carbon electrode incorporated with MXene/La3+ doped ZnO/Hb nanocomposite was able to detect the presence of different concentrations of nitrite (0.1–700.0 μM), with the detection limit of 4.0 × 10–8 M. The proposed sensor can be proposed as acceptable electrochemical detector of nitrite in real samples.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010034
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- Multivariant Method of Conductive Electric Current Treatment of Molten
Metal-
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Abstract: The prospects of utilizing electric current treatment of molten metal simultaneously with multiple types of current in foundry production were studied. This principle in combination with various designs of electrode systems allows the formation of a multivariant topology of the electromagnetic field in the molten metal, qualitatively and quantitatively shaping differently the thermomechanical load on the melt. Conditions for improving the performance of the cast metal were found. Simulation modeling methods identified treatment options capable of actively improving the incubation processes of crystallization. The results of simulation modeling were experimentally confirmed. It was determined that simultaneous treatment with two types of current at energy consumption three times lower than that in treatment with a single current source increases the tensile strength by 13% and the relative elongation by a factor of 1.5. The relative narrowing of the specimen was 4.4%, which cannot be achieved for an alloy in the Al–Si system by other treatment methods. The eutectic structure was modified, and α-Al grains acquired a rounded shape.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010150
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- Enhancing Wear Behavior and Hardness of D5 Cold Work Tool Steel through
TiCrN Multilayer Nanocoating via Physical Vapor Deposition-
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Abstract: The purpose of this research was to enhance the wear behavior and hardness of cold work D5 tool steel by depositing a TiCrN multilayer nanocoating through the physical vapor deposition with a cathodic arc. A comparison was made between the properties of the applied coatings and the thin-film TiN and CrN nanolayer coatings produced using the same method. Various tests, including micro-hardness tests, surface wear tests, and corrosion examinations using the Tafel test, were conducted. The coating surfaces and the wear lines were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that the TiN thin-film coating, the TiCrN multilayer nanocoating and the CrN coating exhibited higher hardness of 226, 205, and 165 HV, respectively than the less coated sample (101 HV). Additionally, friction coefficients were measured and found to be 0.35, 0.3, and 0.27 for TiN, TiCrN, and CrN coatings, respectively. Furthermore, the corrosion test results demonstrated that the TiCrN multilayer coating exhibited excellent corrosion resistance. The analysis of wear surfaces revealed abrasion wear mechanisms for the TiN and CrN coatings, while fatigue wear mechanisms were observed for the TiCrN coating. Those findings suggest that the TiCrN multilayer nanocoating has potential applications in the production of tool steel pieces, complementary parts, and machine tool components.
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3103/S1068375524010113
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