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Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.233

Number of Followers: 0

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ISSN (Print) 1019-3316 - ISSN (Online) 1555-6492
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2469 journals]

China’s Experience and Prospects for Sustainable Development
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  Abstract: By the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the main obstacle to China’s economic growth was the large-scale destruction of natural complexes and the inefficient use of resources. China was among the first countries that expressed willingness to follow the UN strategy proclaimed at the Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and adopted the concept of sustainable development. The main distinguishing feature of the national concept of sustainable development is the rejection of the idea of limiting economic growth. Thirty years later, we can see not just success but also changing models of economic development, their focus on resource conservation, and accounting for the environmental component. China’s experience in practice proves that rapid industrial growth can be accompanied by a balanced development of three areas: the economy, society, and the environment.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Microwave Emissions and the Problem of Modern Viral Diseases
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  Abstract: The results of a study on the mechanisms of the influence of an increased level of microwave radiation on the growth of infectious, primarily viral, diseases in the environment are presented. This is the radiation of the earth’s ionosphere, which reached its maximum in the late 1980s–early 2000s, following an increase in the level of solar activity since the 17th century. Over the past 30 years, the anthropogenic electromagnetic background has increased 100 times due to the development of cellular mobile communications and computerization. The predicted interaction of natural and anthropogenic sources of microwaves sharply increases their negative impact on the ecological situation. Of particular concern is the active spread in recent years of the new 5G communication standard; in the future, it is the development of the most dangerous millimeter range in our country. Energy from the environment in the microwave range can cause “unexpected behavior” in the DNA of viruses. Clarifications to the recommendations of experts on the protection of the population with the help of electromagnetic shielding, obtained in the framework of supramolecular physics of the environment, are proposed.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
The Scientometric Portrait of a Scientist as a Tool to Assess His or Her
Achievements
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  Abstract: The existing tools for assessing the scientific achievements of a scientist are analyzed critically, and their radical revision using a standardized set of scientometric indicators is proposed, including new metrics—quartile and country indices, developed by the author of this article. This will make it possible not only to draw a more objective scientometric portrait of a specialist but also to lay the foundation for the development of a new scientific area, scientometric anthropology.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Cyrillic in the Geolinguistic Space
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  Abstract: The position of the Cyrillic alphabet in the modern world and in historical retrospective is analyzed in this article. The causes and consequences of the rejection of the Cyrillic script by a number of countries are considered. Calculations of the number of users of the Cyrillic alphabet from the beginning of the 20th century and a forecast of changes in their number in the coming years are given. A steady decrease in the proportion of the users of the Cyrillic alphabet is anticipated compared to the number of those who use other alphabets (the Latin alphabet, Indic scripts, hieroglyphs, and the Arabic script). The functioning of world languages and alphabets in 2020, including on the Internet, is assessed. It is noted that the position of the Cyrillic script in the world is affected by the decrease in the number of those who speak Russian. Some proposals are made to support the Cyrillic alphabet and increase its role in civilizational processes.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
The Global Gas Market: Modern Trends and Development Prospects
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  Abstract: The current state of the global natural gas market, as well as regional aspects of gas production and consumption, are analyzed. Forecasts of the long-term development of the global market are presented, with a special focus on the countries of East and South Asia, where, according to long-term forecasts, gas demand will double by 2050, to 1092.6 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe). The environmental benefits of natural gas will support, but not determine, its role in certain markets, because the prospects for using gas in the power industry are determined primarily by its price. By 2050, China is expected to increase its consumption by almost 350 billion cubic meters (bcm) to 661 bcm, more than the countries of the European Union and the Middle East use today. The decisions already taken by the Chinese authorities will play a huge role in shaping global trends and may become a catalyst for the transition to “clean” energy. The scale of China’s renewable energy deployment and export of these technologies implies a low-carbon development path for the country. During periods of economic slowdown, the imbalance of supply and demand in the global hydrocarbon market leads to its destabilization. To predict such situations in advance, experts analyze the evolution of energy markets, considering the consequences for Russia in their forecasts. However, almost all experts are not ready to specify the period in the foreseeable future of peak gas demand even for the world’s largest economies (except for the European Union and the developed countries of Asia).
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Development of Charged Particle Accelerators for Basic Science, Advanced
Technology, and Medicine
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  Abstract: Soviet and Russian scientists made a colossal contribution to the creation of charged particle accelerators as one of the main tools of modern nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. Today, accelerator technologies are successfully used not only in experimental scientific research but also in the civil and defense industries, medicine, agriculture, and other sectors, which provides a significant multiplier effect. The Russian Academy of Sciences, the Rosatom State Corporation, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, and the National Research Center Kurchatov Institute have come up with proposals for improving accelerator technology. The most important of them were discussed at the RAS Presidium meeting on September 13, 2021. This article is based on a report heard at the meeting.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Prospects for Limiting Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons
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  Abstract: The continuation of the treaty process of interaction between Russia and the United States in the reduction and control of nuclear weapons largely depends on the ability of the parties to find ways to include nonstrategic (operational–tactical) nuclear weapons (NSNWs) into this process. The positions of the parties on this issue differ significantly. The United States, according to the statements of its officials, would like to reach an agreement that includes full-scale measures of transparency and control over all nuclear warheads, including NSNW warheads. The Russian side perceives this approach as unacceptable for itself. The current difference in the views of the parties on this issue makes the prospect of reaching the next agreement, after the expiration of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Arms in 2026, rather vague. This paper is devoted to an overview of the state of nonstrategic nuclear weapons in Russia and the United States and the current directives; in addition, the Russian–American experience in the control of nuclear warheads is considered. Possible solutions are proposed to ensure progress towards reaching a new agreement on the limitation and control of nuclear weapons.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
In Search of an Advanced Strategy for the Development of Civilization 50th
Anniversary of the Limits to Growth Report to the Club of Rome
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  Abstract: This article analyzes the consequences of the publication of the first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth (1972), which, on the basis of modeling, showed the likelihood of collapse as a result of a discrepancy between the growth of the world population and the possibilities of meeting its needs under the degradation and depletion of natural resources; a strategy to overcome it, the concept of organic growth, is outlined. The author concludes that the past decades have not diminished the conceptual and prognostic significance of that work. Moreover, the severity of global problems associated with demographic growth and world ecosystem degradation has by no means been overcome; on the contrary, it is increasing. The adopted world strategy for sustainable development until the 2030s shows that humanity has taken seriously the warnings of the Club of Rome. This is one of the most important results of that remote but rather significant publication.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Assessment of Modern Water Consumption in the World and on Continents and
Its Impact on the Annual River Runoff
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  Abstract: Based on two forecast scenarios (“conditional” and “sustainable development”) of water consumption for 2010 and 2025, prepared by the staff of the State Hydrological Institute at the beginning of this century, and data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the current total (water withdrawal) and irretrievable water consumption for individual continents (parts of the world) and the world as a whole has been calculated. Water consumption in agriculture, industry, and the utilities sector is considered. Additional evaporation from reservoir water areas is taken into account. The average annual change in total and irretrievable water consumption for 2000−2017 has been determined, and with account for it, the expected water consumption in 2021 and the change in annual river runoff as a result of irretrievable water withdrawal have been assessed. The volume of waste and return waters and their dilution with river runoff resources are determined. The predominant role of Asia in world water consumption is revealed, mainly due to the use of water in agriculture, primarily in irrigated agriculture. It is also shown that in the world as a whole, especially in Asia, Europe, and North America, the multiplicity of dilution of waste and return waters with river runoff is low, which indirectly confirms the fact that rivers and water bodies are being polluted.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Decreased Stability of the Infrastructure of Russia’s Fuel and Energy
Complex in the Arctic Because of the Increased Annual Average Temperature
of the Surface Layer of the Cryolithozone
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  Abstract: The impact of facilities of various branches of Russia’s fuel and energy complex (FEC) on the Arctic permafrost zone and their stability due to climate change and the state of the upper horizons of the permafrost zone are discussed. Effective approaches are described in the design, construction, and operation of FEC facilities in permafrost. For the most significant subsectors of the energy sector (oil and gas production and transportation, electricity provision), an assessment of the economic damage as a result of changes in engineering and cryological conditions under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors was carried out. The necessity of introducing new design and construction methods, carrying out complex background and geotechnical monitoring at the FEC enterprises, and creating a center for analyzing the received data is shown.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Sociohumanistic Knowledge and the Future of Science
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  Abstract: The author’s understanding of the role of the social sciences and humanities in preserving and developing science as a sociocultural phenomenon is substantiated. This justification is built as an explication and critical analysis of the program of philosophical research in science and technology, the main content and results of which are presented in the monograph by I.T. Kasavin Science As a Humanistic Project (2020). This article describes how the search for new strategies for the study of science is carried out within the framework of Russian philosophy. The historicity of science is analyzed, and the complex topology of its genesis is shown, which does not fit into the linear scheme of historical continuity, reflecting the synchronous coexistence of different variations of science as a cultural phenomenon. The historicity of science makes us turn to the question of its cultural and historical agency; it is substantiated that this agency acquires a political character in the current activity. How can the political agency of science be perceived and consistently combined with the ethos of the expert community' According to the author, political agency and the range of interests that scientists defend in public are determined by understanding the essence of science as a cultural phenomenon. The existential and cultural-creative functions of science are emphasized; on this basis the author’s interpretation of the humanistic project suggested by Kasavin is proposed as a program for the humanization of technoscience.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Digital Technologies for Monitoring and Forecasting the Environmental
Situation in Siberia
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  Abstract: This article is dedicated to ecological monitoring of Siberia. The regional features of environmental problems are presented, and an integrated approach to the organization of digital monitoring as a tool for understanding what is happening and its forecasting is proposed. An approach to the digitalization of environmental monitoring based on digital platforms, which provide the collection, storage, and processing of large amounts of data in a distributed network of sensors, and satellite information, as well as services for modeling and forecasting, is considered. The results of digital monitoring in the Baikal natural territory are presented. This article is based on a report heard at the RAS Presidium meeting on June 22, 2021.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Study of the Fundamental Causes Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union is
an Urgent Problem for Russian Science (Russian Federation Council)
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  Abstract: Abstract According to the author, Soviet localization policy and the almost complete expulsion of Russians from the administrative apparatuses of the Union republics predetermined the avalanche-like sovereignization at the end of the 1980s–beginning of the 1990s. The factor that accelerated this process was the ill-conceived chaotic policy adopted by the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CC CPSU) and the Politburo, headed by M.S. Gorbachev.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
“Ah, Comrade Descendants, Socialism was Built on Trickery”
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  Abstract: This article contains a polemic with conclusions by B.N. Mironov. The author points out that the 1920s forced the authorities in the USSR to use the external signs of the federal structure to establish control over the national margins of the former Russian Empire. Federalism, in her opinion, was a lateral and induced branch of the party goal. During the 1920s, many national leaders who had previously collaborated with the Soviet government were replaced, killed, or exiled. A monopolistic organization of power, reliance on the administrative levers of control, a strict hierarchy of the political elite, and the ideologization of the political system as a whole were established in the country.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
On the Circumstances of the Decision to Deploy Troops to Afghanistan
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  Abstract: This article examines the context in which the highest political leadership of the Soviet Union made the decision to deploy troops to Afghanistan and points out the utmost level of secrecy of the corresponding resolution adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CC CPSU Politburo). The inconsistency of the drafting of this decision, “Concerning the Situation in ‘A,’” with the Politburo document drafting norms then in force, is noted.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
The Fight for Economic Reform in Russia, 1990–1991
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  Abstract: This article researches not a big, but an important period in the modern history of Russia, which became a transitional stage from a socialist to a market economy. It analyzes the main characteristics of the country’s economy and the circumstances of the transition to the market. The leading role in transforming the economic and political system belonged to the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia. The “economic” sovereignty of the republic has become the core of Russia’s state sovereignty. The implementation of the declaration required changes in legislation and the management system. Freedom of entrepreneurship, banking, loans, and other innovations have set the task of creating clear and reliable forms of property rights and corresponding guarantees of the state. Normative legal acts of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted to establish Russia’s economic independence and the transition to market relations caused a “war” of laws, in which the presidents of the USSR and Russia, Union and Russian deputies, ministers and regional leaders participated.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
Domestic and Foreign Islamic Studies in the 1980s and the
Soviet–Afghan War
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  Abstract: The author of this article holds that the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan was used by the opponents of the Soviet Union both in the West and in Central Asia to revive pan-Turkic ideas and to present the Soviet Union as an opponent of Islam in all its manifestations. To a certain extent, this situation was based on a serious study of the history and current state of Islam abroad. Soviet Islamic studies turned out to be on the far periphery of scientific interests. In the context of the outbreak of the conflict, domestic Islamic studies were found to be catching up. Research did not support knowledge at the level necessary for making political decisions. Politicians did not listen to experts; on the contrary, scientists tried to guess what the government wanted to hear from them.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
Events of April 1978 in Afghanistan and Subsequent Entry of Soviet Troops:
Some Assessments of Events and Key Personalities
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  PubDate: 2022-03-01
On the History of the Entry of Soviet Troops into Afghanistan. Commentary
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  Abstract: Abstract The author analyzes in detail the circumstances of the April Revolution in Afghanistan, believing that it was a coup carried out by revolutionary-minded officers of the Afghan army in spring 1987, which predetermined the subsequent entry of Soviet troops in 1979. This event, as the author argues, was completely unexpected not only for the Soviet leadership, but also for the USSR Embassy in Kabul. Relations between the USSR and former Afghan leadership were quite successful. Neither the USSR embassy nor Soviet advisers in various state structures provided assistance to the rebels. However, the course proclaimed by the new leaders of Afghanistan, N.-M. Taraki and Amin towards building socialism, demonstrative orientation towards the USSR, and reliance on its support in combating political opponents turned the Soviet Union into a forced ally of the government led by the PDPA. D.B. Ryurikov explores the gradual escalation of the Soviet–American conflict. In his opinion, a mixture of truthful information and seemingly plausible “bogus stories” from various sources, which led Soviet decision-making bodies to military intervention, assessed the situation and its prospects as very difficult, which led to the entry of a limited Soviet army contingent into Afghanistan.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01
From Indigenization to Sovereignization: How the Disintegration of the
Soviet Union Was Prepared
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  Abstract: Having analyzed the unique statistical material of the 20th century, the author examines the national composition of the USSR institutions of governance: executive, legislative, and judicial authorities, the CPSU apparatus at the level of the highest authorities of the Soviet Union; and republican and local institutions, as well as in the army and law enforcement bodies. According to the author, since the 1930s, there has been a gradual displacement of Russians and their replacement with representatives of the “titular nations” in all the union republics, which turned the USSR federal structure into the “cradle” of new states that appeared on the ruins of the Soviet Union.
  PubDate: 2022-03-01