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Journal of Chemical Reviews
Number of Followers: 4  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2676-6868 - ISSN (Online) 2676-4938 This journal is no longer being updated because: the publisher no longer provides RSS feeds |
- A Comprehensive Screening of Toxic Heavy Metals in the Water of FATA
(Pakistan)
Abstract: Water adulteration is one of the serious concerns in Pakistan. Among 122 nations, Pakistan is positioned at rank 80 to provide water for drinking purposes. Water reservoirs including surface and groundwater are adulterated with toxic metals throughout the country. The acceptable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak EPA), Health risk indicators are the Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), and the Health Risk Index (HRI) is consistently contravened. The main origin of heavy metals is industrial discharge, disposal of municipal waste, and use of agrochemicals are the main sources of water adulteration. This review discusses a brief layout of toxic heavy metals in water in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Pakistan with a special insistence on heavy metal contamination. The data assembled in this review are obtained from different research articles published in national and international journals on toxic heavy metals in the particular region. Toxic heavy metals that as copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), (Fe) Iron, and manganese (Mn) are the most significant hazardous contaminants in different regions of FATA (Pakistan). The accumulation of heavy metals in the water reservoirs causes serious health risks to all living beings. This review is on the heavy metal in the water of different areas of FATA (Pakistan) in the last few years. The levels of heavy metal adulteration in different water sources were collected from various regions of FATA agencies. The research articles of respective authors helped to determine the heavy metal concentration mentioned in the standard literature. The determined concentration of some heavy metals was found safe mentioned by organizations that as the WHO, USEPA, EUC, and EPA. This review article aims to study the concentration of heavy metals in water sources of FATA (Pakistan).
- Applications of Alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) in Organic Synthesis and as
Catalysis: A Quinquennial Update (2017-2022)
Abstract: Recently, synthetic scientists have become interested in potassium alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O), also referred to as "alum," as an effective, safe, and environmentally friendly acid catalyst for carrying out various organic transformations. The current mini-review piece provides an overview of the representative catalytic uses of this easily accessible and inexpensive inorganic sulphate salt in organic reactions that have been reported from mid-2017 to the present.
- Advanced Spectrum of Imidazole Derivatives in Therapeutics: A Review
Abstract: Imidazoles are key components of functional molecules with diverse applications. Due to its adaptive qualities in chemistry and pharmacology, its derivatives have attracted great study in recent years. The rapid growth of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry indicates the promising and potential therapeutic values of imidazole-derived compounds for treating irremediable diseases. This review is aimed on advances in the pharmacological activities of imidazole during past years such as anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-tubercular, and anti-parasitic activity.
- Antimicrobial Activity and Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives: A Recent
Update
Abstract: One of the new global health risks is antimicrobial medication resistance. The creation of new and potent antimicrobial drugs is urgently needed due to the high mortality rate of this menace. One of the five-membered aromatic heterocycles subjected to the most inspection is the thiazole class. When it comes to therapeutic agents' antimicrobial action, the thiazole moiety is typically used as a fundamental framework. Many natural and synthetic thiazole derivatives have been found to exhibit significant biological activities. The current review gives a general overview of various thiazole synthesis techniques and describes various compounds with thiazole moiety with antimicrobial activity, which encourages further investigation into the development of thiazole-containing antimicrobial drugs.
- Properties and Applications of Polymers: A Mini Review
Abstract: Organic polymers are one of the most abundant groups of materials, and plastics, rubbers, fibers, adhesives, and coatings are examples of the attractive world of polymer chemistry. Natural polymers usually have a more complex structure than synthetic polymers, so the study of synthetic polymers is particularly important in terms of building simplicity. In this work, the properties and applications of polymers are discussed. Likewise, three important types of polymer compounds including polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyimides were investigated.
- A Review on Starch and Cellulose-Enhanced Superabsorbent Hydrogel
Abstract: Superabsorbent hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer units that can absorb water and organic fluids into the three-dimensional network and mimic biological cells when swollen. Hydrogels are categorized as natural, synthetic, and hybrid, depending on their constituent polymer. The novel green synthesis includes the combination of natural polymers with synthetic ones to produce eco-friendly Hydrogels. The networks are established using crosslinkers formed chemically as covalent bonds or ionic bonds and physically if intermolecular forces are involved. Starch and cellulose are naturally occurring biopolymers that make significant applications for hydrogel production. This article reviews hydrogel, its properties, classification, synthesis mechanism, and application in various sectors using starch and cellulose as copolymers. Due to the high range of availability, nontoxic nature, and biodegradability, starch and cellulose-based hydrogels find high regard in the present research era. The biopolymers beneficiation can result in the evolution of economic and sustainable methods for transforming this natural biopolymer into utilitarian organic products.
- A Recent Update on Pyridine Derivatives as a Potential Lead for Diabetes
Mellitus
Abstract: The fact that pyridine-based ring structures have a strong impact on pharmacological activity and have been used so frequently in the drug development process is largely responsible for the discovery of numerous broad range medicinal medicines. Pyridine is a fundamental heterocyclic chemical molecule with an identical conjugated six-electron system to benzene. With the rise in popularity of niacin in 1960, pyridine became an intriguing target. Pyridine and its derivatives are widely distributed in nature, where they serve a crucial role in heterocyclic chemistry and numerous uses in the field of medicine. Globally, 110 million individuals were expected to have diabetes in 1994, and 239 million were projected to have it by 2010. It was reported in 1998 that 135 million people had diabetes in 1995 and that 300 million people would have the condition by 2025. According to a later study, the number of persons with diabetes worldwide increased from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by the year 2030. According to the International Diabetes Federation's most recent projection, there would be approximately 600 million people living with diabetes worldwide by 2035, up from the previous estimate of 382 million for 2030. Given that diabetes is a global pandemic, it is clear from all of these data that novel anti-diabetic medicine formulations are required. The anti-diabetic properties of various pyridine derivatives from the research articles published up to this point are the focus of this review study.
- A Review of Tailoring Polyaniline Ionic Liquids for Long Cycle-Stable
Supercapacitors with High Capacitance
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) with tunable morphology was synthesized in ionic liquids to overcome the short cycle life of PANI-based electrodes materials for supercapacitors. It was found that the ionic liquids perform the role of a “soft” template agent and a dopant agent in the polymerization medium of PANI thanks to the non-covalent interactions between the ionic liquids and the PANI. These functions of ionic liquids lead to well-organized nanostructured morphology of PANI and an improvement of PANI-electrode wettability, and thus enhanced electrochemical performances and cycle life stability of PANI-based electrodes. However, the ability of ionic liquids in performing their role either as a soft template or as dopant agent during the PANI synthesis is largely affected by the structure of ionic liquids (head group, alkyl chain length, anion structure, and so forth). This work covers the most relevant studies on the mixing characteristic of PANI and the ionic liquids to gain an insight into the contribution of ionic liquids in controlling the morphology and the related properties of PANI.
- Huntington Disease: Mechanism of Pathogenesis and Recent Developments in
Its Therapeutic Strategies-A Short Review
Abstract: One of the leading causes of death apart from cancer is a neurodegenerative disease. Huntington's disease (HD) is such that affects the neurons resulting from the programmed degeneration of the nerve cells. It is expressed throughout the brain, most striking within the striatum and the cortex. The misfolded HD protein interrupts the other interacting proteins' activity resulting in the abnormal functioning of the nerve cells leading to the uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, emotional disturbances categorizing motor dysfunctions, and behavioural and cognitive deficits. The genomic origin of the disease can be traced to the amplification of a cysteine-adenosine-guanine repeat that encodes a polyglutamine region in the huntingtin’s amino terminal end. However, the mechanism and modality in which cysteine-adenosine-guanine expansion leads to a poisonous effect on the neuron are yet to be clearly understood. However, studies have recently revealed that change in the blueprint (mRNA) of the protein gives rise to misfolded protein and the fragments accumulate, by making interaction with the other elements in cells resulting in the problems associated with HD. Hence, as opposed to the traditional and controversial protein misfolding hypothesis, amyloid formation is the result rather than the HD cause. Although, the N-terminal fragments of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) misfolded into amyloid-like fibrils as a key signature of HD pathology. Currently, no effective remedy has been found for HD. This review highlights the possible cause, pathogenesis, and recent therapy aiming at down-regulating the expression of huntingtin (Htt), lowering the misfolding, and aggregation of the huntingtin protein.
- Prospect of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Lactic Acid Production Process: A
Review
Abstract: This article reviews the potential application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for lactic acid production from lignocellulosic materials where DESs could be used as both preatreatment and extraction solvents as an alternative to the conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids. From literature survey, conventional methods currently explored for lactic acid (LA) production have several drawbacks of low yield, impure LA, low distribution coefficient, high cost of solvents, and non-recyclability of the solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is paramount in LA production as could enhance biotechnological development in obtaining higher yield of LA through better recovery as compared with the conventional extraction methods. The prospects of using DESs for LA production is huge in that, their unfavorable properties can be overcome by tailoring them through changing the nature of the molar ratio of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) to hydrogen bond donors (HBD), by adding appropriate amount of water if the DESs is highly viscous, by changing temperature or pressure and formation of ternary deep eutectic solvent through combinations of more components. DESs differs from the conventional organic solvent and ionic liquids as it offers several advantages of recyclability, biodegradability, less volatile, non-toxic, non-flammability, high tuneability, high dissolution capability, ease, short time of preparation, and low costs as both pre-treatment and extraction solvents, but its feasibility for LA production has not been tested yet.
