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Gettysburg Historical Journal
Number of Followers: 0  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2327-3917 Published by Gettysburg College  [2 journals]
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- The Spartacus Rebellion, More Than a Slave Revolt
Authors: Gavin J. Maziarz
Abstract: The Spartacus Revolt is commonly known for its titular leader, whose deeds have been romanticized in movies and other media. While Hollywood has led many to believe Spartacus was a revolutionary leader working to end slavery in the Roman Empire, this is not an accurate characterization. However, that does not mean that the Spartacus Revolt was nothing more than a historical footnote, although not for its leader. In fact, the revolt should be seen as a revolt of a middle class of veterans in the Roman Empire who wanted greater social standing than the end of the Social War had afforded them, rather than a revolt merely by slaves.
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:23:17 PDT
- Lenses, Focus, and Fluidity: Lessons from Medieval Queer History
Authors: Reese Hollister
Abstract: The Medieval era is sometimes overlooked within the field of Queer and Transgender History, but a recent shift in focus has revealed new discoveries and interpretations. This historiographical analysis posits that in the Middle Ages, gender and sexuality were much more fluid than previously believed.
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:23:11 PDT
- Monuments of Legitimacy: 17th Century Tokugawa-Sponsored Architecture as
Political Objects
Authors: Ziv R. Y. Carmi
Abstract: This work aims to synthesize art history, historical memory, and Tokugawa-era Japanese politics with an art history approach and cultural analysis. It takes a more complete look at the politics of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s death and the significance of memorial and religious architecture as political works. It examines the utilization of architecture as a way to elevate and legitimize the Tokugawa, demonstrating that policy was not the only way for the Tokugawa to solidify their legacy and suggesting that key figures like Ieyasu were more important to the religious and political structures of Tokugawa Japan in death than they were in life.This paper begins by discussing the immediate political effects of Ieyasu’s death and the establishment of the Nikko Toshogu before discussing the physical aspects of the shrine and comparing it with the Ise Shrine to establish the relationship between the shogun and the Emperor. Finally, it examines the mausoleum of Sūgen-in, Tokugawa Iemitsu’s mother, in order to contextualize the shift of the architectural style of female mausoleums to emulate those of their male counterparts, showing a growing inclusivity towards women in establishing the legacy of the Tokugawa during the early Edo Period.
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:23:06 PDT
- Featured Piece: Ukraine is Suffering
Authors: Bill Bowman
Abstract: This year’s featured piece was written by William D. Bowman, a professor in the History and International & Global Studies Departments. Prof. Bowman’s research focuses on modern European history, with an interest in German/Austrian history and cultural in particular.
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:23:01 PDT
- Letter from the Editors
Authors: Erica Uszak et al.
Abstract: We are proud to present this year’s twenty-first edition of The Gettysburg Historical Journal. Having spent the last two years working with each other and our authors over Zoom, the chance to meet in person with student editors and faculty advisors has given us an experience that the current editorial board has not had in the past. Despite the difficulties we continue to face since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic—mental exhaustion, uncertainty towards the future—we have been lucky enough to receive submissions from many Gettysburg College students, as well as a substantial number from undergraduate students outside of our area. Through the works we have accepted this year, we gain knowledge of history through difference perspectives and learn how these narratives reveal new information about our past.
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:22:57 PDT
- Gettysburg Historical Journal 2022
Abstract: Complete Issue of the Gettysburg Historical Journal 2022
PubDate: Tue, 23 Aug 2022 12:22:50 PDT
- Hans Staden's Warhaftige Historia: How a Tale of Brazilian Captivity
Affirmed Staden's Protestant Identity
Authors: Joy Zanghi
Abstract: Hans Staden’s Warhaftige Historia detailed his experience as a captive to the Tupinambá in Brazil in the 1550s. The text serves as a gateway into the minds of Europeans in Brazil during this time period. After spending years working for the Catholic Portuguese in Brazil and nine months as a captive, native Hessians viewed Staden as a “foreigner” upon his return to his homeland. Staden used his text as a way to confirm his identity as a staunch Protestant and a devoted Hessian through a dedication to Prince Philipp and numerous allusions to his faith. In addition to solidifying his identity as a Protestant, Warhaftige Historia also allowed Staden to reaffirm his German identity after spending so many years in Brazil. Warhaftige Historia exhibited the tension between French and Portuguese colonizers, who Staden distanced himself from in order to verify his identity as a loyal Hessian. Warhaftige Historia, a highly political and propagandistic piece, served the purpose of affirming Staden’s loyalty to Hessian Prince Philipp and the Protestant faith after spending many years outside of his native land.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:56 PDT
- The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context
of the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Hannah Labovitz
Abstract: The Civil Rights Movement occurred throughout a substantial portion of the twentieth century, dedicated to fighting for equal rights for African Americans through various forms of activism. The movement had a profound impact on a number of different communities in the United States and around the world as demonstrated by the continued international attention marked by recent iterations of the Black Lives Matter and ‘Never Again’ movements. One community that had a complex reaction to the movement, played a major role within it, and was impacted by it was the American Jewish community. The African American community and the Jewish community were bonded by a similar exclusion from mainstream American society and a historic empathetic connection that would carry on into the mid-20th century; however, beginning in the late 1960s, the partnership between the groups eventually faced challenges and began to dissolve, only to resurface again in the twenty-first century.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:51 PDT
- From Georgian England to the Arctic: Gender and Cultural Transformation in
the Samuel Hearne Expeditions (1769-1772)
Authors: Bridget B. Kennedy
Abstract: From 1769 to 1772, Samuel Hearne embarked on the first European overland expedition to the Arctic under orders from the Hudson’s Bay Company. In search of copper reserves and sites for future company forts, the Hudson’s Bay Company outfitted Hearne with a group of Chipewyan and Cree guides that would take him to the lands past the Arctic Circle where no other European had been. As the only European in his expedition party, Hearne had to quickly adapt to the Athabascan way of life and found his English and imperialist cultural ideas challenged by his native travel companions. Hearne also became especially entrenched in the gendered aspects of Arctic indigenous life and saw first-hand sexual division of labor, marital wrestling contests, polygamy, and murder over the course of his three expeditions. Through his experience of gender in the Arctic, Hearne underwent a cultural change and by the end of his journey no longer viewed himself superior to the natives because of his European origins. Hearne returned to Europe with a more balanced view of indigenous culture and continues to be remembered and studied today for his unique cultural perspective.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:46 PDT
- The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia: An Extraordinary
Success or an Ordinary Failure'
Authors: Vamika Jain
Abstract: This paper will examine the effectiveness of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia at providing some measure of transitional justice to the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime. It delves into an expanded role of tribunals that extends beyond the courtroom and seeks to highlight faults and success of the ECCC as lessons for future iterations of international courts and tribunals.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:41 PDT
- From Uneven Bars to Uneven Barriers: The Marginalization of Black Women in
Gymnastics
Authors: Chinaza K. Asiegbu
Abstract: Especially in sports that are societally regarded as feminine, such as gymnastics and figure skating, Eurocentric beauty standards are an unspoken feature of the game. Undergirded in ethnic disparities within gymnastics are financial and aesthetic barriers for black women, specifically. This essay will explore the sport of gymnastics as a case study to demonstrate the ways in which black women have historically been excluded from ‘feminine sports.’ I argue that black female gymnasts have been historically marginalized from mainstream gymnastics on the basis of finances and white conceptions of femininity, both two components crucial to success in the gymnastics realm.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:36 PDT
- Featured Pieces
Authors: Michael Birkner et al.
Abstract: This year’s feature pieces were written by Michael J. Birkner and Ian A. Isherwood, both professors in the History Department. Prof. Birkner’s research focuses on nineteenth- and twentieth-century America, especially the life and career of Dwight Eisenhower, as well as on the history of Gettysburg College. Prof. Isherwood specializes in memory studies and the history of World War I, and directs a digital history project on First World War letters.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:30 PDT
- Letter from the Editors
Authors: Lillian Shea et al.
Abstract: Even amid the Covid-19 pandemic, The Gettysburg Historical Journal has not forgotten its commitment to publishing the best of undergraduate research. We are heartened to witness students’ continued dedication to excellent work in an array of historical topics. Despite the difficulties we still face—mental and emotional exhaustion, shuttered archives, limited in-person research opportunities—we received a particularly high volume of submissions this year. We are proud to present work from our peers at Gettysburg and around the world in this twentieth edition of our journal. Through the stories we encounter in the past, we gain insight into the human experience in a variety of contexts and receive the tools to work towards a better present and future.
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:26 PDT
- Gettysburg Historical Journal 2021
Abstract: Complete Issue of the Gettysburg Historical Journal 2021
PubDate: Mon, 10 May 2021 13:54:19 PDT
- An Augustan Accident: The Paradox of Augustan Sex and Marriage Laws and
Augustan Ideology
Authors: Lillian Shea
Abstract: Augustus, born Gaius Octavius, curated a specific image of himself and his purpose for the Roman people, starting with his rise to power following his victory at Actium in 31 B.C.E. and culminating in his later construction projects. Augustus was generally successful at crafting a Pax Romana in which the people were fed, the Empire’s borders expanded, and the armies at peace. However, Augustus was fallible. When promoting themes of fertility, he enacted laws to actualize his ideology, restricting marriage based on class, ordering a minimum number of children per couple, and condemning adulteresses. Never before had state law punished citizens for sexual deviance and so plainly distinguished the bottom of moral hierarchy. In creating a model of moral behavior through law, Augustus also necessitated the existence of its antithesis, the prostitute. Additionally, Augustus put himself at odds not only with the sexual desires of the aristocracy but also with his own ideology. He attempted to hold the past as a golden standard to which Rome ought to return. Yet, many of Rome’s ancestors would have been criminals under Augustus’s sex laws. Ultimately, Augustus’s laws did more to damage his own ideology than consolidate his power and control the aristocracy.
PubDate: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 14:23:12 PDT
- Some Corner Forever: The Imperial War Graves Commission and the Meaning of
the Great War
Authors: Cameron T. Sauers
Abstract: This paper argues that sites administered by the Imperial War Graves Commission played a significant part in the British public’s mourning and understanding of the meaning of the Great War. Pilgrimages, due to their popularity, size, and accessibility, allowed the countless bereaved families to grieve the losses that they suffered during the war. Their visits to cemeteries were powerful experiences because of the painstaking work done by the IWGC to bury identified bodies, honor unidentified remains, and enshrined names for those whose remains could not be identified. The IWGC was a bureaucratic organization that overcame the cultural challenge posed by the question of how to memorialize hundreds of thousands of war dead. IWGC Director Fabian Ware oversaw the commission and was instrumental in creating a bond amongst the dead that redefined them to be an extension of the empire, in effect creating a constituency where the tombstones and memorialized names became grasped as a single entity.The IWGC relied on planned cemeteries and accompanying funerary, centered around the complex web of meaning that families, the nation, and the Empire assigned to the Great War. More than 100 years since the creation of the first IWGC cemeteries, the cemeteries remain a powerful reminder of the cost and meaning of the Great War.
PubDate: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 14:23:02 PDT
- "Immortal until his work is done": Northern Methodists and the Klan in
Reconstruction Alabama
Authors: Christopher T. Lough
Abstract: Although the congressional report from the 1871 Ku Klux Klan Hearings has featured prominently in the historiography of Reconstruction, the insight it offers into its witnesses’ religious experiences has gone largely unnoticed. Using the testimony of Arad Simon Lakin, a Northern Methodist preacher who ministered in Alabama following the Civil War, this article seeks to fill in the gaps. Lakin’s work and the violent resistance he encountered is understood as a microcosm of the Christian life in the Reconstruction South. Building on analyses of the Ku Klux Klan as the embodiment of apocalyptic rhetoric in Southern evangelicalism, I argue that its persecution of Lakin and other Northern Methodists fits into its broader efforts to hasten the coming of God's judgment, which ultimately found success with Redemption.
PubDate: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 14:22:52 PDT
- The Celtic Queen Boudica as a Historiographical Narrative
Authors: Rachel L. Chenault
Abstract: The story of Boudica, the Iron Age Celtic queen, has been echoed through multitudes of historical narratives, stories, poems, novels and even movies. Boudica led a rebellious charge against Roman colonists in Ancient Britain, and was eventually defeated. Now she stands as a woman who fought back against one of the most powerful empires in the world, during a time in which women had little to no place in history at all. Contemporary Roman historians Tacitus, born approximately around 56 or 57 C.E., and Dio, born around 150 C.E., both recorded the events of Boudica’s rise and fall, in retrospect to her defeat. These two Classical sources laid the foundation for the development of her history from the Renaissance up until the 21st century. Now, archaeological research in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries has shed light on the truth of Boudica, an event which occurred over a thousand years before, in 60 or 61 C.E. Boudica as a historiographical narrative can show trends in historical authorship since the Classical sources were written. Boudica became a model of the ‘useable past,’ and often was a venue for historians to communicate their own political opinions. It is in this way that she serves an important purpose of showing historiographical trends, but using modern schools of thought does not always provide the full truth in what happened during Boudica’s life. This paper will evaluate Boudica as a useable character in the past, and what that means for historiographical study today through the lens of ancient historiography, gender in history and post-colonialism.
PubDate: Tue, 01 Sep 2020 14:22:42 PDT
