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Taikomoji kalbotyra
Number of Followers: 2  Open Access journalISSN (Online) 2029-8935 Published by Vilnius University  [38 journals]
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- Are the terms “creative accounting” and/or “earnings management”
appropriate to describe the phenomenon of manipulations of accounting
information'
Authors: Diana Bachtijeva, Daiva Tamulevičienė
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: The paper examines the essence of the phenomenon of manipulation of accounting information and the appropriateness of the terms “creative accounting” and “earnings management” to refer to it, and whether terms contribute to the misperception of this phenomenon. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of the terms “creative accounting” and “earnings management” used in the Lithuanian scientific and professional literature on the perception of the phenomenon of manipulations of accounting information. The study was carried out using an expert evaluation method. The results showed that the phenomenon of manipulations of accounting information was perceived by the experts as having a negative impact on accounting and accounting outcomes. However, when evaluating the terms used to describe this phenomenon, the experts pointed out that they have positive connotations. As the terms do not reflect the essence of the phenomenon being assessed, it is proposed to discontinue the use of these terms. Experts consider that the most appropriate term for this type of manipulations is “manipulative accounting”.
Keywords:
case study
Authors: Anna Verschik, Reili Argus
Pages: 9 - 27
Abstract: The article discusses family language policy in a family of ethnic Russians in Estonia where the father speaks Russian, and the mother speaks Estonian. This is the case of internalization of Estonian among ethnic Russians, a novel phenomenon in the post-Soviet countries. The data come from family conversations (6 h) and the semi-structured interview with the parents (1.5 h). There are discrepancies between the declared ideologies, management, and practices. The declared policy is OPOL and, as the father rendered it, purism because of the concern that the children will be confused otherwise. During the interview the father switched between Estonian, Russian, and English. In family conversations the mother’s speech (539 turns, of which 50 % are directed to the child) contained code-switching (7% in Russian and 8% switches within one turn in speech directed to the child). The parents claimed to speak Russian to each other, yet the mother occasionally switched to Estonian while talking to the father. In general, both family conversations and the interview proved to be linguistically more diverse than expected.
Keywords:
Lithuania, and Slovenia
Authors: Gunta Anča, Justina Bružaitė-Liseckienė, Inga Daraškienė, Dragica Haramija, Ramunė Lebedytė Undzėnienė, Saša Lesjak, Irīna Meļņika, Kotryna Motiekaitytė, Vita Kalnberzina, Maija Kalniņa, Tatjana Knapp, Velga Polinska
Pages: 14 - 34
Abstract: Easy Language serves as a communication tool designed for use by a broad spectrum of individuals within our society. Like any tool, it requires development, adjustment, and application standards. Some of these standards are common across languages and societies, while others are unique to specific languages, groups of people, or needs. This implies that language users, developers, and researchers can benefit from cooperation but also need to develop their own language- and situation-specific tools and standards of communication.
The aim of this research is to compare the change in Easy Language awareness from 2021 to 2022 among societies in Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia within a year, using such tools as surveys, in-depth interviews, and statistical analysis. The findings suggest that awareness levels vary across different countries and social groups. Furthermore, it takes more than two years to reach the levels of legal structures and political readiness necessary to embrace the needs of the entire society.
Keywords:
identity and language dominance
Authors: Justīne Bondare
Pages: 28 - 52
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of virtual communication on language use among Latvian students aged 13-25, aiming to investigate whether language proficiency, language attitudes and identity construction are mediated by language dominance and global trends foregrounded by the dominant use of English on social media. The research material consists of 1) Bilingual Language Profile (Birdsong et al. 2012), a questionnaire that targets a variety of sociolinguistic factors and assesses language dominance; 2) a questionnaire on language use across various domains as well as language ideologies. The questionnaire results indicate Latvian language dominance in terms of language history and active use, but English is regarded as a beneficial language and used as a receptive language in entertainment and with peers. The findings of the study suggest English is associated with a multilingual identity, however, this does not seem to impact the expression of adolescents’ national identity.
Keywords:
Language Maintenance. Lithuanian in Sweden. Stockholm Studies in Baltic
Languages 13. Stockholm: Stockholm University. PhD Thesis.
Authors: Anna Verschik
Pages: 1 - 2
Abstract: -
PubDate: 2023-02-27
DOI: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.19.1
- Temporal characteristics of child-adult conversations: utterances and
turn-taking
Authors: Viktória Horváth, Valeria Krepsz
Pages: 3 - 13
Abstract: Since its inception, conversation analysis has focused on the question of how participants achieve a fast and smooth alignment between two turns. Most research has analyzed adults’ conversations, but much less has been known about child-adult interactions. The aim of this study is to analyze the temporal patterns of children’s utterances and turn-taking (TT). Twenty adult-child conversations (ages 5 and 7) were selected from the GABI database. Articulation rate, duration of interpausal units, pauses, and FTO-value (Floor Transfer Offset) of turn-taking launched by the children were analyzed. Temporal patterns did not differ between the two age groups, but individual differences were found within both groups. TT mostly occurred with a gap, but children were also able to take the floor immediately. TTs after a gap were significantly longer than after overlapping speech. The results provide new information on the communicative competence in childhood, particularly regarding timing patterns and organization of child-adult dialogues.
PubDate: 2023-05-11
DOI: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.19.2
- Speaker stance and engagement across disciplines in Lithuanian university
lectures: the case of mes ‘we’ in medicine and business administration
Authors: Greta Maslauskienė
Pages: 14 - 32
Abstract: To gain a greater understanding of how speakers construct their disciplinary-situated identities and interact with their addressee(s) in Lithuanian spoken academic discourse, this corpus-based exploratory analysis focuses on the use of mes ‘we’ as a marker of stance and engagement in lecturers’ speech in Lithuanian university lectures on business administration and medicine. The data reveals that the lecturers in business administration used only the inclusive mes ‘we’, which is known to promote student involvement and strengthen lecturer-student rapport. The instructors in medicine frequently employed the exclusive reference to indicate their belonging to professional communities and highlight their level of expertise in the discipline, creating a sense of distance between the lecturer and the student audience.
PubDate: 2023-06-19
DOI: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.19.3
- Rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts
in the humanities: the case of Lithuanian, English, and Russian
Authors: Erika Gobekci
Pages: 33 - 56
Abstract: Over the past few decades, research article abstracts have been receiving increased attention of scholars. While abstracts in English have been extensively researched, there are few studies on abstracts in Russian and no studies on abstracts in Lithuanian. This study investigates the rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts across different humanities disciplines in Lithuanian, English and Russian. My aim is to detect similarities and differences in abstract structure and corresponding linguistic features within the three different academic writing traditions. I seek to answer the question which writing tradition, the Anglo-Saxon or the Continental, is closer to Lithuanian academic writing. This study employs contrastive qualitative and quantitative analysis and corpus-based methodology. The results highlight aspects of abstract writing that may be relevant for researchers while preparing abstracts of their research articles in these three languages.
PubDate: 2023-08-10
DOI: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.19.4
- Why do Infinite Forms Matter: Analysis of Verbs from the Lexical Database
of Lithuanian Language Usage
Authors: Jolanta Kovalevskaitė, Erika Rimkutė
Pages: 57 - 77
Abstract: From the corpus data, we observe that in the real language usage, the particular verb does not appear in all theoretically possible finite and infinite verb forms in the morphologically rich Lithuanian but is used in those forms which are relevant for the verb patterning. On the one hand, by teaching vocabulary, is it important to represent lexis in these relevant forms – frequently used forms, and, on the other hand, in grammar teaching, there is a need to provide learners with appropriate vocabulary, e.g., by teaching infinite forms, to use verbs, in the usage of which, these forms are relevant and frequent.
In this paper, we provide language teaching practitioners with the data about the frequently used Lithuanian verbs and show which of them and how often appear in infinite forms (participles in passive and active voice, adverbial participles, half participles). As a research data we use 200 verbs from the Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage which was developed on the basis of the written subcorpus of the Pedagogic corpus of Lithuanian. The investigated verbs belong to the frequent vocabulary: in the corpus of approx. 700,000 tokens, these verbs are used 100 times (and above). First, we analysed, which verbs appear in infinite forms, second, we checked whether frequent and typical infinite forms are included into corpus pattern(s) of these particular verbs, and if there is a link between the infinite form and a particular meaning of the verb.
All verbs (except of three verbs with no infinite forms) were included into one of three groups: 1) 11 verbs which occur in the infinite forms frequently (more than 50% of all forms – finite and infinite) and, accordingly, typical; 2) 117 verbs with the infinite forms making up from 10 to 50%; 3) 69 verbs, with the infinite forms making up less than 10% of all verb forms. Interestingly, the verbs of the first group, usually have only one infinite form, e.g., participle in passive voice which makes up more than 50% of all forms of verb. These cases are also frequently observed in the second verb group. Thus, if the verb tends to be used in infinite forms, it is important to know which infinite form is relevant to that particular verb.
In the Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage, lexical and grammatical patterning of the word is represented in the form of corpus patterns. In this study, we showed the interrelation between the frequently used infinite forms of the verb and its corpus patterns (also, corpus patterns related to particular meaning of the polysemous verb). We can expect various applications of the provided data in the Lithuanian as a foreign language teaching: the provided data about the verbs typical and frequent in infinite forms and the corpus patterns including these infinite forms can be used for building vocabulary training as well as for developing grammar exercises.
PubDate: 2023-07-07
DOI: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.19.5
- Editorial Board and Table of Contents
Authors: Meilutė Ramonienė
Pages: 1 - 4
Abstract: -
Keywords:
Authors: Meilutė Ramonienė
Pages: 1 - 4
Abstract: -
Keywords:
Authors: Meilutė Ramonienė, Jūratė Ruzaitė
Pages: 5 - 9
Abstract: -
Keywords:
– justified and necessary, or not'
Authors: Lydia Risberg
Pages: 53 - 73
Abstract: On the example of Estonian language planning, this research paper explores whether it is justified and necessary to give recommendations for the meanings of words. The focus is on the general language. Technical language is out of the scope of this research. First, a brief overview of the history of Estonian language planning and the development of Standard Estonian, as well as the current situation is provided. Then the paper focuses on recent research on the meanings of words in Estonian. The purpose was to revise the recommendations for the meanings of words by Estonian language planning. The research is based on the common approaches in Estonian linguistics today – the usage-based linguistics and corpus linguistics. The paper argues that recommendations by language planning for the meanings of words are not justified nor necessary in the general language, even if some explanations on the choice of words are relevant (e.g., for offensive words).
Keywords:
Hungarian Language Consulting Service
Authors: Zsófia Ludányi, Ágnes Domonkosi
Pages: 74 - 88
Abstract: Applying the framework of Language Management Theory, the paper explores how language consulting services may be involved in the management of various language problems experienced by speakers. Focusing on the discourse-shaping activity of everyday speakers, Language Management Theory is a comprehensive theoretical framework aimed at the detection, analysis and treatment of linguistic and communicative problems. One viable path toward solving language problems is for language users to contact a language consulting service. The paper shows how the Language Consulting Service of the HUN-REN Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics applies problem-management practices to the spelling and language use problems of inquirers. The practice of institutional language consulting provides a bridge between simple and organised language management processes, and between the micro and macro levels of management. In today’s complex linguistic context, which promotes linguistic diversity, the role of language consulting services is primarily to provide a data-driven and discursive approach to language problems, working closely with the language users themselves.
Keywords:
Authors: Aleksandra Ivanauskaitė, Inga Hilbig
Pages: 78 - 98
Abstract: This paper investigates the usage of singular and plural forms of address in contemporary Lithuanian. The object of the research is the pronouns tu and jūs, and second-person verbs. The aim of the present study is to analyze how and why singular and plural forms of address are used and which social and psychological factors determine this usage. The research data consists of 111 discourse completion tests filled by university students. For a deeper insight, 6 semi-structured in-depth interviews with students and young people who have just finished their studies were also conducted. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were combined for both data collection and analysis.
Based on the results, it can be concluded that the distribution of forms of address in situations where the sociolinguistic and pragmatic choice was not obvious was approximately equal. Statistically significant variables were found to be sex and age. However, as the qualitative aspect of the study reveals, the usage of these forms depends on diverse and subtle variables, including social distance, relative power, and age, as well as their interaction within specific communicational situations. The study confirms that plural forms of address generally convey respect, formality, and polite distance, while singular forms indicate friendliness, intimacy, and familiarity. Nevertheless, both formal and informal forms of address can also be employed as impoliteness strategies. In some cases, the switch between the forms of address is caused by mutual agreement, while in others, it occurs on its own and indicates changes in social or psychological circumstances. The choice between singular and plural forms of address is often complex and not always fluent; therefore, interlocutors may seek to avoid them altogether and navigate a delicate balance between formal and informal ways of addressing people.
Keywords:
– problems and solutions
Authors: Gábor Tillinger
Pages: 89 - 103
Abstract: The accusative case has a widespread use in Hungarian, as it marks direct objects, and it is also used to form certain types of adverbials. In standard Swedish, nouns used as direct objects are never marked, and expressing the direct object function is linked to invariant structural positions in sentences, while traces of (formal and functional) accusative remain in active usage for personal pronouns only. Besides, the Hungarian accusative usually causes extra difficulties for Swedish native speakers because of the resemblance of the Hungarian accusative suffix ‑(V)t and the Swedish suffixed definite article ‑(e)t for neuter nouns in singular.
The paper demonstrates different types of mistakes made by Swedish university students learning Hungarian, comparing their difficulties to those of other students having Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic or Finnish as mother-tongue. A similar issue concerning accusative in the South Saami language is presented as well. The paper also discusses how the Hungarian accusative can be effectively introduced to Swedish learners.
Keywords:
ethnic identity and the Lithuanian language
Authors: Loreta Vilkienė
Pages: 99 - 121
Abstract: This article focuses on the diasporas of Lithuanian Origin in Kazakhstan and their links with Lithuanian ethnic identity and the Lithuanian language. This research aims to answer the question of what strategies were chosen by three generations of the target diaspora to maintain Lithuanian identity and the Lithuanian language. Also, the paper is exploring the reasons that encouraged specific decisions and behavior of the target diaspora. The research material was 38 qualitative semi-structured interviews collected in November 2021 during the expedition in Kazakhstan. The interviews were qualitatively analysed using the adapted Bamberg’s (2011) Narrative Practice and Identity Navigation model. The analysis of the case of the diaspora of Lithuanian origin in Kazakhstan revealed that three generations of the diaspora have preserved their Lithuanian ethnic identity and expressed favorable attitudes towards Lithuanianness, Lithuania, and Lithuanians. However, the Lithuanian language, which is not necessarily considered part of the ethnic identity of the target group, was not maintained. It can be said that the second generation does not know the Lithuanian language. However, the third generation shows a more active relationship with the Lithuanian language and wants to learn it. There are various reasons why the Lithuanian language is not being passed down to the next generations, namely: 1) the consequences of social trauma, such as the abandonment of the first generation’s language as a survival strategy; state policies promoting Russification; 2) the formation of mixed families of deportees, 3) conflicts between the first generation and their relatives in Lithuania, the broken contacts reduced the possibilities of communication in Lithuanian; lack of available Lithuanian-speaking individuals to communicate with, as there are no larger Lithuanian communities; 4) the pursuit of economic prosperity and integration, particularly for those who voluntarily migrated to Kazakhstan, etc.
Keywords:
Authors: Minna Intke-Hernandez
Pages: 104 - 125
Abstract: This paper studies how embodiment is realised in distance and online language learning. Eleven students from the University of Helsinki Language Centre participated in the study. The interviews conducted were thematic, and the research question was as follow: How is embodiment evident in students’ narratives about online language learning' I apply nexus analysis (Scollon & Scollon 2004, 2007, 2009) as the analytical method of this study. Focusing on the connections between narratives of historical bodies and language learning in online contexts, four distinct discourses emerged in the data: 1) the lack of embodiment; 2) embodiment as a matter of power; 3) private, safety-giving embodiment; and 4) embodiment in relation to the material and social world.
Keywords:
English with CLAWS7: impact of learner errors
Authors: Liina Tammekänd, Reeli Torn-Leesik
Pages: 121 - 135
Abstract: The present paper, which is a continuation of Tammekänd and Torn-Leesik’s (2022) study, aims to examine how learner errors affect the CLAWS7 tagger’s automated assignment of part-of-speech (POS) tags to a sample of 24,812 words of the Tartu Corpus of Estonian Learner English (TCELE). Learner errors causing tagging errors in the sample were identified, based on which a working error taxonomy was created. The POS-tagged and error-tagged samples were collated and compared to map correlations between learner and tagging errors. Error groups that correlated with significantly increased rates of tagging errors were identified. Possible reasons were suggested to account for the impact of learner errors on the tagger’s performance. The CLAWS7 tagger misanalysed only 2.8% of forms representing learners’ language errors but assigned wrong tags to every fifth spelling error (22%).
Keywords:
Quantitative research on spelling over the period of 1950–2021
Authors: Ramune Čičirkaitė
Pages: 122 - 142
Abstract: Quantitative analysis of spelling among primary school pupils revealed that the spelling of primary school pupils was highly variable, but not chaotic. Despite deviations from norms, primary school pupils, probably based on the internal consistency of spelling, attempted to establish uniformity in their spelling by writing the same sounds or their combinations with the same orthographic codes. The theoretical consistency, grounded in spelling conventions, was statistically significantly higher in the essays of older primary school pupils compared to their younger counterparts, suggesting a potential influence of superior cognitive abilities in older children.
The analysis confirmed the assumption that spoken language is a primary factor contributing to spelling variations in our primary school children. Its impact is particularly prominent in grades 1–2. Although teachers use corrections to maintain spelling consistency, only one-seventh of primary school children’s spelling remains unaffected by it.
It was determined that spoken language alone accounted for spelling variations in one-fifth of primary school pupils. Additionally, one-fifth exhibited a stronger influence from causes other than spoken language, indicating a diverse range of factors affecting spelling. A small portion of primary school children had spelling influenced exclusively by factors unrelated to spoken language.
Contrary to common assertions in the public sphere, the data of this research did not support claims of a decline in literacy among schoolchildren. No statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of words failing to meet norms when comparing the spelling of primary school pupils from the Soviet era to the current period. Current primary school children do not exhibit a significantly higher tendency to write based on spoken language than their counterparts in the Soviet era.
Keywords:
Authors: Olympia Tsaknaki
Pages: 141 - 148
Abstract: According to research findings, learner corpora can have many functions in the field of Applied Linguistics. This was the thinking behind the creation of the KPG Learner Corpus of French1. This interlanguage corpus is comprised of written productions in French obtained from Greek-speaking learners/users of French who participated in the differentiated and graded certification examinations for the National Foreign Language Exam System (Κρατικό Πιστοποιητικό Γλωσσομάθειας
Keywords:
child-directed speech in Turkish
Authors: F. Nihan Ketrez
Pages: 149 - 157
Abstract: Terms of address in Turkish spontaneous pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech were compared in terms of the proportion of diminutive and hypocoristic morphemes attached to various types of bases. The goal of the study was to see whether there was any difference in their distribution in different addressee groups that could be attributed to the asymmetrical communication in pet-directed speech. The results showed that, in Turkish, a language poor in diminutives and hypocoristics, the asymmetry is not observed in the distribution of diminutive and hypocoristic forms. It is observed, however, in the morphopragmatic expression of endearment in general that included the possessive morphology, which seemed to be an alternative form used instead of diminutives and hypocoristics or along with them.
Keywords:
them'
Authors: Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė, Ineta Dabašinskienė
Pages: 158 - 171
Abstract: The emotional bond between pets and their owners is intimate in many cultures, where pets are often regarded as family members or even children. Communication with pet animals is frequently likened to infant/child-centered speech situations (Mattiello et al. 2021: 150). Pet owners commonly employ specific language forms that convey sympathy, empathy, or playfulness. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of pet-directed speech in Lithuanian, utilizing a questionnaire survey conducted through the Google Forms platform.
Survey data reveal that women, predominant in this study, often perceive pets, particularly dogs and cats, as family members, bestowing upon them the status of children. This is evidenced by the frequent use of diminutives and onomatopoeia. The profusion of adjectives employed to depict pets supports the assertion that such communication is influenced by anthropomorphism, attributing human-like characteristics to pets. The regular use of diminutives when addressing pets or describing their belongings, such as food and toys, indicates that diminutives serve a pragmatic function. They make the speech act more playful, enabling owners to accomplish their goals in a less formal, friendlier manner, even when discussing less pleasant topics.
Keywords:
Authors: Jonas Stepšys
Pages: 172 - 182
Abstract: While studies on the acquisition of adjective agreement in the Lithuanian language are scarce, some research indicates that children face challenges in understanding morphosyntactic relationships, leading to errors in the use of adjectives and nouns in agreement. Consequently, children may switch less common inflections to more common ones, select declension paradigms based on analogy to other words, and exhibit errors in the grammatical category of gender. The present study investigates adjective agreement in bilingual children. Thirty-five bilingual children residing outside Lithuania completed a task based on a corpus of children’s and child-directed speech. The experimental task aimed to capture the diversity of adjective and noun paradigms. Test choices included, alongside the correct one, a paradigm error (a different paradigm inflection), a number error (a different number in the target paradigm), and a gender error (a different gender in the target paradigm). Results reveal that bilingual children encounter the most difficulty with agreement due to inflectional diversity, involving changes in inflection from unproductive to productive paradigms and copying noun inflections. Agreement errors in gender and number are also associated with paradigm diversity.
Keywords:
Authors: Laima Jancaitė
Pages: 183 - 207
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present criteria for identifying adjectival Lithuanian participles, which function as adjectives but have participial forms, and to explain how adjectival participles can be identified through corpus data analysis. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that adjectival participles are considered as adjectives in dictionaries. Moreover, the devised identification criteria may be of added value for part-of-speech tagging, teaching Lithuanian, and other related domains.
The article examines the concept of adjectivization, proposing a potential classification of Lithuanian participles based on the extent of their adjectivization (i.e., fully adjectival and partially adjectival participles). It also suggests criteria for identifying adjectival participles. The criteria, categorized into grammatical, semantic, derivational, and quantitative, are distinguished based on prior research and a pilot study. The data for the pilot study was extracted from Mokomasis lietuvių kalbos vartosenos leksikonas (The Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage), encompassing 200 most frequent verbs and 49 adjectives with participial forms analyzed across two Lithuanian corpora. In addition, the order of criteria application is demonstrated in the present paper. In total, 185 frequent verbs were analyzed in the corpora to identify adjectival participles based on the following parameters: (1) the inclination of the participle to form an adverb with the suffix -ai; (2) its propensity to generate comparative and superlative forms and be used with adverbs of measure/degree; and (3) its inclination to be used attributively without verbal arguments. Methodologically, a quantitative approach was applied to analyze the data (only frequent participle forms were examined, as it is hypothesized that particularly frequent participles are adjectival).
The results show that the proposed criteria, along with quantitative information, aid in the identification of adjectival participles. Seventeen identified participles are classified as separate words rather than verbal forms by Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language); one identified participle is categorized as an adjective by
Keywords:
repetition test
Authors: Eglė Krivickaitė-Leišienė
Pages: 208 - 220
Abstract: The aim of this study is to compare research data collected using two different non-word repetition test procedures (live stimuli vs. audio-recorded stimuli). The study sample consists of 100 typically developing children (aged 4;00–5;11) and 50 adults (mean age ~ 30).
The comparison of the different modes of the non-word repetition test suggests that the presentation of the stimuli (live vs. audio-recorded) influences the accuracy of the test results. The study found that visual stimuli significantly improved non-word repetition accuracy for both children and adults compared to audio-recorded stimuli (F(1.98) = 8.250, p < 0.005) and (F(1.43) = 8.927, p < 0.005), respectively. It was expected that visual stimuli would have a greater effect on adults than on children, but this hypothesis was not supported by the results.
Keywords:
Authors: Velga Polinska, Dite Liepa
Pages: 221 - 229
Abstract: The research is devised as a case study focused on the study course “Easy Language for Social Inclusion” developed within the ERASMUS+ project “Promoting Easy-to-Read Language for Social Inclusion/PERLSI”. The discussion is contextualized within a broader discourse on the training opportunities available for translators in the project countries (Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia). The macro-level of analysis introduces the socio-political frame of discourse on inclusion and information accessibility. The meso-level discussion evolves around the Easy language translator’s profile, based on the best practice offered by German scholars (Maaß and Rink 2020) and the immediate experience acquired during the project. Micro-level analysis offers insights into the course syllabus, the study materials developed to ensure the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for reducing cognitive load at lexical, syntactic, and textual levels as well as the visual language of the text.
Keywords:
