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Problemos
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 1392-1126 - ISSN (Online) 2424-6158
Published by Vilnius University

[38 journals]

Our Peer Reviewers 2023
- Authors: Nijolė Radavičienė
  Abstract: -
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
On the Absolute and Relative Pessimistic Inductions: A Reply to S. Park
- Authors: Elijah Hess
  Abstract: -
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Progressive Confirmation of Two Mental Systems
- Authors: Miguel López Astorga
  Abstract: From current cognitive science, some theories propose that the human mind includes two systems: a system leading quick intuitions and a system ruling slow logical reasoning. Given that the systems are in the mind, one might think that their existence is difficult to check. This paper presents a way to gradually confirm the hypothesis about the two systems. It adopts the conception of the two systems as presented by the theory of mental models. Moreover, following Carnap’s proposal of reduction, the paper describes two procedures to incrementally confirm the hypothesis. One of them investigates human performance at inferences in the form of Modus Tollendo Tollens. The other one investigates inferences from an exclusive disjunction having three disjuncts.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Athens or Rome' A New Perspective on the Political Philosophy of H.
Arendt
- Authors: Simas Čelutka
  Abstract: Hannah Arendt is widely known as a philosopher who attempted to rehabilitate the ancient Greek conception of politics. According to established readings of The Human Condition, Arendt is generally regarded as a ‘Graecophile’ whose thought is underwritten by ‘Athenian nostalgia’. Arendt’s sympathies for the Greeks are hard to deny: she did indeed turn to the Athenian understanding of politics in an attempt to crystallise in it the core elements of authentic politics. However, this interpretation is excessively one-sided. In Arendt’s view, the greatest contribution to the understanding of politics was offered by the Romans, not the Greeks. The Romans were much better at dealing with the problem of stability, continuity and order of politics. In Arendt’s view, an exclusive focus on action, spontaneity and extraordinary deeds threatens to destabilise the life of the political community. By introducing concepts such as tradition, authority, the sacredness of foundation, the law (lex), as well as the political significance of promise and forgiveness, the Romans opened up a dimension of political sedimentation which was alien to the Greeks. Political sedimentation provides safeguards, without which a sustainable political existence would become impossible.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Rethinking Love as Union: “As if our boundaries were
melting...”
- Authors: Mark Losoncz
  Abstract: This article reconsiders one of the most important theories of romantic love in contemporary philosophy, the theory of love as union. Drawing on observations from transpersonal research, the article raises the question whether it is not worthwhile to accept, at least partially, a strong sense of union in the context of love. Thus the article takes a position that is not taken by anyone in contemporary philosophy. In this context, the article also briefly analyses one of the most important variants of love as union, a union with God. At the end, the suggestion is made that it makes more sense to talk about connections rather than relations in the case of fulfilled love.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Psychosis as Eluding Agency: Perspective of Phenomenological
Psychopathology
- Authors: Kristina Baranovaitė
  Abstract: In the context of the current renewal of phenomenological psychopathology, the article presents one of its fundamental assumptions – the need to meaningfully incorporate experiences of a subject who has encountered pathology into their life narrative. It discusses how, as psychosis progresses, the subject gradually loses agency of their attention and meaning-making. With the help of the novel Cosmos by Witold Gombrowicz, an episode of the active phase of psychosis is reconstructed – in the beginning, the central objects structuring the subject’s attention establish themselves as if independently of the subject. As the delusional system, created on such a basis, expands, it becomes more and more difficult for the subject to preserve the relation with the surrounding world. Creating a narrative in such a situation comes forth as a self-healing effort – an attempt to meaningfully incorporate episodes of altered experience back into one’s realm of agency. For this reason, it is emphasized that, in psychotherapy, it is important not to try to replace the subject’s narrative with a rationalized narrative created by the therapist, but rather to involve the subject in a cooperative dialogue about the personal meaning of their lived experiences.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
The Concept of Akrasia in D. Husak’s Theory of Criminal Responsibility
and the Advantages of Its Alternative
- Authors: Gediminas Šataitis
  Abstract: This article explores two concepts of akrasia and their relation to the ascription of responsibility in Douglas Husak’s theory of criminal responsibility. Ever since Plato’s Protagoras, the problem of akrasia has been tightly related to the issue of moral knowledge. By using influential texts of ancient and Christian ethics, as well as contemporary research on akratic behavior, this article outlines a different conception of akrasia, one that is based on intrapersonal conflict. In his theory, Husak employs the concept of akrasia related to moral knowledge-ignorance, albeit sourcing its presuppositions from contemporary skeptics rather than from ancient philosophy. Yet, Husak’s theory is not skeptical. The article highlights the main drawbacks of this theory. These drawbacks are grounded in Husak’s conception of the akratic agent and the ascription of responsibility to such an agent. Their analysis reveals the advantages of the concept of akrasia based on intrapersonal conflict for constructing a non-skeptical theory of criminal responsibility.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Cultural Crisis and the Phenomenological Concept of Sedimentation in E.
Husserl’s Philosophy
- Authors: Dalius Jonkus
  Abstract: Husserl names the dynamics of cultural objectifications with the term sedimentation, which includes the formulation of the discovered meaning in material sensory expressions and the reactivation of these passively existing meanings. This paper analyzes this concept of sedimentation and places it in the context of Husserl’s thoughts on the crisis of culture. Unlike the usual interpretations of Husserl’s philosophy of culture which state that the crisis of sciences arises from the inadequacy of their ‘scientificity’ and inability to solve the problems of the meaning of life, I argue that the crisis can be understood as the result of the duality of sedimentation. Sedimentations not only preserve knowledge, but also create the illusion that knowledge reproduces itself. When reflecting on the crisis of culture, Husserl turns from theoretical philosophy to practical philosophy.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
Anthropocentrism and Two Phenomenological Approaches to Animal Life
- Authors: Mintautas Gutauskas
  Abstract: This article analyzes two phenomenological approaches to animal life in the context of criticism of anthropocentrism. The first part considers the question of anthropocentrism. Beginning with the posthumanist criticism of anthropocentrism as an ideology of human exceptionalism, the article proposes to reflect human anthropocentricity phenomenologically as a condition of experience. The second part discusses San Martín and Pintos’ approach, which, grounded in Husserl’s analysis of transcendental ego, considers the human-animal relation in terms of egotic subjectivity, corporeality, and the constitution of sense. San Martín and Pintos’ position is very important in the criticism of anthropocentrism, and yet it is considered insufficient when reflecting the diversity of human-animal relations. The third part analyses Depraz’s four-stage structure of empathy and aims to determine the conditions and limits of access to animals as liminal subjects. Corporeality is considered as the most general layer; the accessibility of animal consciousness, the approach to their experience, the possibilities and limits of it are analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that the two positions can contribute to the understanding of the limits of anthropocentrism and its failures.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
A Dialogue between Pragmatism and Existentialism: W. James and F.
Nietzsche on Truth
- Authors: Reyhan Yılmaz
  Abstract: In this article, I elucidate the ways in which pragmatism and existentialism can be viewed as compatible by focusing on the notion of truth. For this purpose, I explore James’ pragmatic method and Nietzsche’s critical approach to ‘will to truth’ to reveal the notable link between them. Both thinkers react against the idea of truth as absolute, fixed, and indifferent to individuals’ practical needs. Accordingly, they argue that truth, conceived pre-theoretically, is a process immanent to subjects’ concrete experiences of life. I critically examine, through pragmatic and existentialistic considerations, how these philosophers question truth within the framework of the individual’s existence as an acting agent.
  PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000

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