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Enfoque UTE
Number of Followers: 1  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 1390-6542 Published by Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial  [1 journal]
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- Analysis of Ultra-Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) in a
Passive Optical Network (PON)
Authors: Nubia Manchay, Christian Tipantuña, Germán V. Arévalo, Berenice Arguero, Carla Parra
Pages: 1 - 17
Abstract: Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are essential in optical communications to meet the increasing demand for network capacity and connected users, ensuring reliable and adaptable connections for data transmissions. These networks also simplify infrastructures and efficiently utilize energy by eliminating the need for active devices. In this context, Ultra- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) is one of the most prominent solutions for data transmission. This technology uses the narrow separation between channels from 25GHz and even as small as 6.25GHz to increase the transmission capacity. This document analyzes the performance of UDWDM considering the transmission of three simultaneous channels in a PON network for which three different scenarios have been considered for the analysis with the following parameters: i) transmission speed from 10 Gbps to 17 Gbps, ii) the distance from 10 km to 20 km and iii) the separation between channels of 15GHz, 20GHz, and 25GHz. The performance metrics for the analyzed scenario are the bit error rate and the eye diagram. To ensure the reception of the transmitted channel, an analysis of raised cosine and Gauss filters is also discussed. Including these filters allows for verifying whether their use enhances the performance of the channels compared to transmission without a filter. This is crucial for understanding how filters can optimize the quality and reliability of data transmission in a PON, which is of great importance in environments where high efficiency and connection quality are required.
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1049
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Characterization of the Vegetation Community and its Contribution to a
Carbon Stock in a Dry Forest
Authors: Josselyn Muentes, Juan Manuel Moreira, César Chata, Antonella Alcívar, Iliana Zorrilla, Carlos A. Salas-Macías
Pages: 1 - 8
Abstract: The dry forest ecosystem is characterized by their rich biodiversity and adaptations to arid conditions. This study focused on determining the composition and structure of the vegetation, examining species interactions, and estimating carbon stored in its aboveground biomass (AGB) using an allometric equation proposed for mixed dry forests. We used 10 plots of 10 x 20 m to record data on trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. Taxonomic classification was initially obtained using experts and specialized databases. Ecological importance was assessed through the Importance Value Index (IVI), and species association was determined using the Indicator Value Index (IndVal%). We identified 148 individuals of 21 species, 19 genera, and 12 families in four groups with strong associations, with C. Trischistandra standing out for its high IVI. The Kruskal-Wallis test did not show significant differences in carbon stored between plots, and was estimated a storage potential of 70.47 Mg C ha-1. This research highlights the importance of key species in carbon capture, which is crucial for mitigating climate change. Effective management of these species could have a positive impact on the conservation of the dry forest ecosystem and the fight against global warming. This analysis provides a deep understanding of the structure of this ecosystem.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.990
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Analysis Of the Effect of Vegetal and Coking Coals on the Surface Hardness
of Carburized AISI 8620 Steel
Authors: Leonidas Ramírez, Nicolás Rodríguez, Isaac Simbaña, David Saquinga
Pages: 1 - 6
Abstract: In this investigation, the comparative study of the superficial hardness of AISI 8620 steel thermally treated by carburizing, using vegetable and coking coals, was developed. The objective was to propose an alternative to the element used to generate the carburizing atmosphere. The previous stages have been described, such as the preparation of the material and its verification, as well as the dimensions and characteristics, defined by the ASTM E-18 standard. By considering four variables, each one with two levels, an orthogonal array matrix of 16 experiments was generated. The surface hardness measurements were processed through an analysis of variance (ANOVA), where the significance of each variable considered as a factor was obtained. Coking coal can be used as an element for the generation of carburizing atmosphere since a maximum relative error of 3.86 % was obtained between the experimental values and the values in the literature. In contrast, the vegetable coal did not improve the mechanical properties of the steel, reaching an average hardness of 25.95 HRC after heat treatments.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.997
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Developing Fuel Efficiency and CO2 Emission Maps of a Vehicle Engine Based
on the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Approach
Authors: Fredy Rosero Obando, Xavier Rosero, Zamir Mera
Pages: 7 - 15
Abstract: A vehicle interacts with the road, other vehicles, and traffic control devices in real traffic conditions. The level of traffic influences driving patterns and, consequently, this can affect the vehicle´s fuel efficiency and emissions. This study aims to develop engine maps of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for a light vehicle operating under real traffic conditions. A representative passenger vehicle of the Ecuadorian vehicle fleet, powered by gasoline, was selected for the experimental campaign that was developed on a test route designed according to real driving emission (RDE) regulation. An on-board diagnostic (OBD) device was used for recording in real-time engine and vehicle operating parameters. Moreover, CO2 emissions were estimated using the fuel rate registered from the OBD system of the vehicle This study proposed a novel methodology for developing two-dimensional contour engine maps based on OBD data. The result showed that the vehicle engine operated in real traffic conditions with a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 27%, a brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 275 g/kWh, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) energy-emission factor of 716 g/kWh. In terms of distance, the CO2 emission factor for the tested vehicle was approximately 190 g/km. Overall, this study demonstrates that the OBD approach is a potential method to be used to assess the fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle operating under real-world traffic conditions, especially in Latin American countries, where portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) are not readily available.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1002
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Distributed Congestion Control Based on Utility Function
Authors: Edison Segarra Guzmán, Patricia Ludeña-González
Pages: 9 - 19
Abstract: This paper introduces the Distributed Utility Function Algorithm (D-AFU) as a notable progression in managing and optimizing network traffic within distributed settings. Based on the utility function principle, D-AFU dynamically adjusts data rate in response to ever-changing network demands, with optimal performance and a higher user experience. Contrary to the centralized model, D-AFU employs a distributed, scalable, and resilient against failures and system overloads mechanism. Its efficiency is validated using the NS-3 simulator. Three main metrics were used: the data rate allocation, utility per session, and fairness (quantified by the Gini coefficient). D-AFU displays exceptional performance and low latency, particularly vital for real-time applications with high Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.994
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Assessing the Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin as
a Biological Control Agent against Rose Sawfly Larvae
Authors: Nahdia Perveen, Eman Rashid, Huda Aitzaz, Malaika Shaheen, Haroon Gul, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Irfan Ullah
Pages: 16 - 20
Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect of M. anisopliae on sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109 conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential of M. anisopliae as a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1004
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Current Status and Challenges of IoT Research in the Ecuadorian Healthcare
Sector: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Cristina Vaca-Orellana, María Valle Dávila
Pages: 20 - 29
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling remote patient monitoring, personalized care and disease prevention. In Ecuador, research on IoT in the healthcare field is rapidly expanding. However, there’s a need for a clearer understanding of the current state of this research. This study examines the contributions of Ecuadorian authors in this field through their publications in two globally impactful bibliographic databases. The methodology employed is a systematic review using the PRISMA statement, resulting in a final stage comprising 23 articles. These publications encompass system proposals, prototypes, and reviews with applications in areas such as epidemiology, cardiology and nursing. The recurrent mention of patient information privacy is a challenge in implementing IoT-based healthcare systems. The conclusions emphasize that future work perspectives should address the challenges identified, considering the growing trend of publications from Ecuadorian authors.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1023
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Flow Patterns in Two Nanorefrigerants R600a/CuO and R410A/CuO During the
Boiling Process
Authors: Fernando Toapanta-Ramos, Elizabeth Suquillo, Carlos Cornejo
Pages: 21 - 27
Abstract: The present study aims to know the flow patterns in two nanorefrigerants R600a / CuO and R410A / CuO throughout the forced boiling process in horizontal square pipes. Those are obtained using the thermophysical properties of the refrigerants R600a and R410A in state liquid and vapor, as well as the properties of the CuO nanoparticles. The analysis was carried out using two methods: analytical and numerical. The analytical method was established by formulas and correlations through scientific articles and books to find an improvement in the two-phase heat transfer, under the conditions at an inlet temperature of 8 ° C and with a quality range of 0 to 1. This allowed to verify that by adding nanoparticles to the refrigerant, the transition between the flow regimes increases progressively, while the quality of the vapor decreases. For the numerical method, the different transition limits are specified in a simulation process in the Ansys Fluent CFD Software, under established design conditions, which consequently increases the general efficiency of any refrigeration system.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1006
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Ecological Motorcycle Taxi, incorporation of an electrolyzer as an
alternative for the suppression of pollutants and noise reduction
Authors: Manuel Antonio Rodríguez-Perez, Agustín Pio Estrada-Ramírez
Pages: 25 - 34
Abstract: Environmental pollution from transportation has been a fundamental challenge for humanity throughout history, with conventional fuels contributing significantly to environmental degradation. This project seeks to suppress pollution and reduce noise generated by motorcycle taxis, whether for personal and/or private use. The main objective of the research work was to implement an electrolyzer in the combustion system of a motorcycle taxi to suppress environmental pollution and reduce noise. Methods included vehicle preparation, electrolyzer installation, battery adjustment, hydrogen generation, emissions measurement, safety, and data collection. As a result, the electrolyzer was implemented in the single-cylinder motorcycle taxi; The noise limit allowed at work in Peru is 85 dB, which is equivalent to 100 % noise at most; When using gasoline, a value of 76.4 dB was obtained, equivalent to 89.88 % noise, and when using hydrogen, a value of 71.7 dB was obtained, equivalent to 84.35 % noise, therefore, the total noise reduction was 4.70 dB (5.53 %) than established. The discussion highlighted that hydrogen is a clean fuel, with zero emissions and only emitting water vapor instead of polluting gases [5]. The conclusion highlights the critical importance of the research, supported by the total reduction of 5.53 % of noise with this new technology and in turn external sources support that using hydrogen produced a smoother and quieter combustion; Regarding the useful life of the engine, due to the cleaner and more efficient combustion, the accumulation of waste was reduced, which benefits reducing the wear of internal components and the need for costly maintenance.
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1021
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Powder Detergent Packaging Line Improvement by Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
Methodology
Authors: Juan Pushug, Leonidas Ramírez, Isaac Simbaña, David Saquinga
Pages: 28 - 35
Abstract: This investigation was a case of study in the powder detergent packaging line and aimed to reduce all those wastes that do not add value to the product, increasing the cost of production. Reducing or eliminating waste within the manufacturing industry becomes necessary for sustainable businesses over time and keeps generating development. To achieve it, the Lean Six Sigma DMAIC methodology was implemented in a detergent powder packaging line, to identify the problems that afflicted and made production more expensive. By using quality tools (such as Pareto and Ishikawa diagrams, 5S application, Poka-Yokes, SMED, training personnel, and standardizing processes) it was possible to reduce unproductive times. Energy consumption was reduced by up to 20 %, also efficiency and machine availability increased by 10.98 % and 7.32 %, respectively. The general performance of the line increased by 15.16 %, which translates into significant monthly savings of USD 71 442.05. By applying these improvement techniques, the most significant efficiency was registered in 1 kg packages, going from 47 % to 89 %, approximately. To maintain this productivity and even to perfect it, it is necessary to hire specialized personnel who know the production processes and industrial operations.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.996
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Nutritional Physiology of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Fed on Different Wheat Varieties
Authors: Aqsa Amjad, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed, Rafia Umar, Nahdia Perveen, Muqadas Qadeer, Haroon Gul
Pages: 30 - 35
Abstract: Within the context of agricultural ecosystems, understanding the nutritional physiology of insects and their host plant preferences is essential for optimizing pest management strategies and improving crop production. In this study, we conducted an in-depth examination of the nutritional physiology of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the context of different host plants, specifically wheat varieties, in comparison to maize. Our investigation focused on key parameters, including the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) of S. frugiperda fed on different wheat varieties including: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08, and Akbar-19 in comparison to maize (NK-6654). The results revealed that S. frugiperda displayed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher RCR (8.08 g/g/day), RGR (1.50 g/g/day), and ECI (25.1 %) when feeding on maize, followed by Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR =7.00 g/g/day, RGR =1.24 g/g/day and ECI =21.4 %) and Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/day, RGR = 1.04 g/g/day and ECI =19.7 %) wheat varieties after 1 week of feeding. The lowest values of all these nutritional parameters were recorded on the Dilkash-20 variety (RCR = 2.98 g/g/day, RGR = 0.38 g/g/day, and ECI = 7.94 %). These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional interactions between S. frugiperda and the host plants, shedding light on potential implications for pest management strategies and crop patterns.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1016
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- CFD simulation of the surface pumping of heavy crude oil in eastern
Ecuador
Authors: José Omar Cabrera Escobar, Guillermo Machado Sotomayor, Diego Cajamarca Carrazco, María Magdalena Paredes Godoy, Raúl Cabrera-Escobar
Pages: 35 - 40
Abstract: The research addresses the study of heat exchange between heavy crude oil and the environment during surface pumping, specifically of a crude oil with an API gravity of 17.5, under the particular atmospheric conditions of Eastern Ecuador. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the temperature loss in a 50-meter segment of SCH-80 pipe, with a diameter of 4 inches, used for the transportation of heavy crude. This aims to understand how heavy crude loses temperature and to determine the convective coefficient, knowing that the heat loss from the fluid to the environment occurs mainly by convection. This is to determine what the temperature losses will be in longer pipe sections. For this purpose, a methodology using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed, a key tool for predicting the thermal behavior of crude in interaction with the environment. It was determined that the convective coefficient is 52 W/m2.K, and there is a temperature loss of 3.2 K in the 50-meter section. With this data, future research could evaluate potential heating technologies that facilitate the transport of heavy crude oil. This approach would allow for exploring innovative solutions to improve efficiency and effectiveness in managing heavy crude, facing one of the main challenges in its transport: managing its high viscosity
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1034
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Investigation of Wind Effects on UAV Adaptive PID Based MPC Control System
Authors: Andres Santiago Martinez Leon, Sergey Jatsun, Oksana Emelyanova
Pages: 36 - 47
Abstract: In this paper, an assessment of the state of coastal territories of Ecuador monitoring issue is conducted. The use of an autonomous robotic aerial platform is proposed as a technical solution to enhance the efficiency of remote surveillance missions performed by national security services along coastline. Considering the UAV nonlinear flight dynamics, as well as the missing information of the environment, is designed a UAV hierarchical control structure composed of an adaptive PID based MPC control strategy. The implementation of an adaptive PID based MPC controller leads to significantly improve the UAV optimal trajectory tracking task, as well as satisfy properties such as adaptiveness, self-learning, and capability of handling uncertainties caused by the unpredictable behavior of sea currents and wind loads retaining robust performance features. In this work, the investigation of external disturbances on UAV stabilization and positioning accuracy considers swirling wind flows and short-term wind gusts. These correspond to deterministic and random processes, are mathematically represented as trigonometric functions with random amplitudes determined by the gust coefficients and the wind loading periods of the pulses. The established range is given by a set of several observations of wind loads in the coastal territories of Ecuador. The analyzed data is collected from the database of national meteorological stations. Finally, the simulation process of the perturbed controlled motion of the UAV along a segmented linear trajectory, as well as the data analysis and graphics are carried out in the MATLAB environment.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1032
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Containers-Based Network Services Deployment: A Practical Approach
Authors: Christian Tipantuña, Andrés Yazán, Jorge Carvajal-Rodriguez
Pages: 36 - 44
Abstract: In recent years, virtualizing network services
and functions has enabled optimizing hardware resources on
resource-constrained devices, such as CPU, memory, and storage.
Traditional virtualization is achieved through virtual machines
using a layer known as a hypervisor. While this form of virtualization offers advantages such as scalability and portability, it has disadvantages in terms of performance compared to non-virtualized deployments. In this context, alternative virtualization technologies like containers allow virtualization on the same physical infrastructure, improving overall performance, portability, and service scalability. This paper implements the deployment of network services on the Raspberry Pi development platform, which has limited resources. This is achieved through a multi-container virtualization solution using the Docker Compose tool, based on Docker containerization technology. Finally, a performance analysis of the implemented virtualization solution is conducted in terms of resource utilization by each service.
PubDate: 2024-01-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1005
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Reduction of Setup Times in a Metal Fabrication Company Using a Lean-Sigma
Approach
Authors: Omar Celis-Gracia, Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz, Francisco Javier Estrada-Orantes, Liliana Avelar-Sosa, Noe Gaudencio Alba-Baena, Fabiola Hermosillo-Villalobos
Pages: 41 - 48
Abstract: Manufacturing companies face demand fluctuations and must deliver the required quantity of parts to their customers within the required time; however, companies face different challenges in fulfilling them. One is technological advances, which make it impossible for them to compete with other countries, such as China, due to financial issues. Therefore, manufacturing companies use continuous improvement methodologies to achieve better performance in their processes. Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing are some of the best-known approaches. This article briefly presents the application of a lean sigma approach oriented to solving problems. This research proposes a methodology based on Lean Sigma that contrasts what different authors currently do: continuous improvement projects that take up to 12 months to produce results and do not solve a problem. This implementation is conducted in a process that manufactures metal parts and fails to deliver them on time to its customers. Using tools such as the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) in a production line, on-time deliveries were increased from 89 % to 96 %; at the same time, the model change times were reduced by approximately 60 %, which is required for the implementation of this methodology for only four weeks, unlike the traditional six-sigma approach that can take up to 12 months to improve the process.
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1027
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Evolution of the Polygon of the Protected Natural Area “Parque Nacional
Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano” Due to the Expansion of the Port of
Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Xochitl Citalli Hernandez, María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez, Mario Díaz-González, Ángel Morán-Silva, Fabiola Lago-Reynoso, Olaya Pirene Castellanos-Onorio, Jesús Montoya-Mendoza, Manuel Alberto Susunaga-Mirada
Pages: 48 - 55
Abstract: The Port of Veracruz, Mexico was artificially built at the beginning of the 21st century, dredging the sea floor and removing reefs to allow the entry of large ships, which led to a growth in the traffic of goods and people through it, making it the largest commercial port in all of Mexico. In 1992 the Government of Mexico decreed the area of coastal reefs near the Port of Veracruz as a protected natural area with the name of the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PSNSAV). In 2013, with the demand of international trade, the decision was made to expand the port, generating job growth in the area and an increase in the flow of containers and automobiles, also have a greater capacity to transport cereals, minerals and fuels. In contrast to the disagreements of the society due to the loss of protected space, the Parks polygon had to be modified. This work try to demonstrated that the construction of the port expansion began previous the presentation to the environmental authorities of the Environmental Impact Statement and the change in the protected limits with the disappearance of the Punta Gorda reefs and the dredging of Vergara Bay for the arrival of deep draft vessels. Through a systematic mapping of the scientific literature combined with satellite mapping and visual interpretation of images, and documentary analysis, we determined the damage to the reef system, which has protected species according to Mexican national regulations.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1014
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
- Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Manicaragua city, Cuba
Authors: Roberto Luis López Ferraz, Carlos Lázaro Castillo García, Ismabel Domínguez Hurtado, José Alejandro Solis, Lisdelys González Rodríguez
Pages: 49 - 58
Abstract: The Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are a way to visualize and represent extreme hydrometeorological rainfall events. In this article, an analysis of convective rainfall events recorded at the La Piedra Meteorological Station, Villa Clara, Cuba, was conducted. To develop IDF curves, the 2006- 2019 time series was analyzed. A partial duration series was generated, including intervals from 20 minutes to 4320 minutes, subjected to an outlier detection process. The series was divided into two categories: one for durations ≤ 720 minutes and another for durations > 720 minutes. The resulting series underwent nonparametric tests to assess their independence, randomness, homogeneity, and seasonality. Subsequently, they were fitted to the Generalized Pareto probability distribution and to a parametric equation of the Montana model, and then the curves were plotted for return periods of 10, 50 and 100. The Montana model led to obtaining correlation coefficients greater than 0.90 compared to the other methods used, significantly improving the quality of the fit in both categories. This research provides information to understand and plan the management of intense climatic phenomena and adequate risk management in an area where such studies are lacking, facilitating access to crucial data essential in the design and execution of hydraulic engineering projects in the region.
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.29019/enfoqueute.1046
Issue No: Vol. 15, No. 3 (2024)
