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Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
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ISSN (Print) 2303-0623 - ISSN (Online) 2407-2370
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Development of Microbial Fuel Cell in Tofu Liquid Waste in Producing Clean
Energy
- Authors: Ansia Tiara, Safira Redzy Ramadhani, Abubakar Tuhuloula
  Pages: 97 - 104
  Abstract: The high need of Indonesian people for electrical energy has led to an increase in energy demand. This has triggered research efforts based on renewable technologies that are efficient and environmentally friendly. One of the renewable energy sources that is widely developed is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). MFC works by utilizing organic matter used by microbes as an energy source in carrying out metabolic activities. This study aims to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria with different concentrations of 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) on the electrical energy generated from the tofu liquid waste substrate and observe changes in pH and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the MFC system. This research method consists of several steps, namely the preparation of electrolysis equipment, electrodes, substrates, bacterial cultures, electrolytes and MFC processes. The maximum value of voltage and current in Bacillus subtilis bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with 15% (v/v) bacterial concentration which amounted to 394 mV and 10.6 mA with a bacterial population of 16.15 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 126.67 × 10-4 watt/m2. Furthermore, the maximum value for Escherichia coli bacteria occurred at the 10 hours with a voltage and current of 266 mV and 5.3 mA with a bacterial population of 15.60 × 109 CFU/mL and a power density value of 55.67 × 10-4 watts/m2. The pH value of the substrate variations with the addition of Bacillus subtilis bacteria ranged from 5-6, while with the addition of Escherichia coli bacteria variations ranged from 4-5. This system also reduces the value of biological oxygen demand.
  PubDate: 2023-11-27
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44106
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
The Effects of Raw Material Ratio and Calorific Value on Gasification Rate
from Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass (Bagasse)
- Authors: Muhammad Harry Kurniansyah, Abu Hasan, Aida Syari
  Pages: 105 - 111
  Abstract: To reduce greenhouse gas pollution by 29% in 2030 and actively fight climate change, Indonesia uses biomass as an alternative energy which can be combined with coal. Bagasse is a relatively abundant biomass that has not been effectively utilized. Bagasse can be used as a more effective alternative energy source if it is processed with co-gasification, which is the conversion of solid fuel into gas from two different fuel materials at the same time to produce syngas. The characteristics of biomass and coal co-gasification are closely linked to reactor type and gasification parameters such as temperature, gasifying agent, and mass ratio. The composition of the produced syngas changes depending on the calorific value of the coal used and the raw material ratio. The amount of syngas produced rises in direct proportion to the amount of biomass, and the quantity of air supplied causes complete combustion, so the syngas content decreases. The impact of the calorific value of the coal used, as well as variations in the ratio of the composition of coal and bagasse, on the supply of oxygen in downdraft type gasification equipment is investigated in this study. Bagasse characteristics identified by proximate and ultimate analysis indicate that this biomass can be used as an alternative source of renewable energy. The co-gasification process with 100% coal raw material has the highest temperature and the longest time; the co-gasification process with 100% sugarcane bagasse raw material has the lowest temperature and the shortest time; and the duration of the flame produced in syngas ranges from 5-6 minutes. The 25% bagasse and 75% coal ratio provided the fastest high temperature in this testing, making it more efficient. The calorific value of coal and biomass determines combustion efficiency, with 5300 cal/gr coal producing heat that lasts longer than 3800 cal/gr and 4500 cal/gr.
  PubDate: 2023-11-27
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44257
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Cellulose Isolation and Characterization of Green Seaweed C. Lentillifera
from Halmahera, Indonesia
- Authors: Puji Rizana Ayu Mentari, Ilham Andreansyah, Putri Amanda, Resti Marlina, Suharti Suharti, Siti Agustina, Firda Aulya Syamani
  Pages: 112 - 119
  Abstract: Caulerpa lentillifera or known as sea grapes is a type of green seaweed which is rich of nutritional components and widespread in the tropical regions in Asia, including Indonesia. Moreover, C. lentillifera contains of polysaccharides, such as cellulose which has the potential to various applications. In this study, C. lentillifera collected from Halmahera, Indonesia was determined for its chemical compositions (moisture, ash, extractives, hemicellulose, α-cellulose contents) and was extracted to obtain cellulose. Isolation of cellulose from C. lentillifera was done by soxhlet extracted using ethanol-benzene solvent to remove extractives, boiling to increase the amount of cellulose extracted, H2O2 bleaching to eliminate any remaining pigments and other contaminants, and freeze drying to get coarse powder of cellulose. The moisture content, ash, extractives, hemicellulose, α-cellulose of C. lentillifera were 11.94%, 31.62%, 11.53%, 35.57%, and 7.95%, respectively. The yield of cellulose obtained was 31.13% based on seaweed dry weight. FE-SEM (Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis of C. lentillifera showed colonies of diatoms in elliptical shapes. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) measurements indicating cellulose purity after extraction process. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis resulted some peaks of salt crystals in C. lentillifera and cellulose of C. lentillifera in amorphous form. After extraction, the crystallinity index of cellulose obtained was 37.3%.
  PubDate: 2023-11-27
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44578
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Synthesis of Biofoam from Cassava Peel Starch, Banana Peel Starch and
Chitosan as Additives
- Authors: Yuli Darni, Eva Mayanti, Ghea Maulidaco Anandati, Simparmin Br. Ginting, Lia Lismeri, Panca Nugrahini, Herti Utami
  Pages: 120 - 128
  Abstract: Biodegradable Foam (Biofoam) material has been made for application of styrofoam substitute food packaging material from a mixture of starch with chitosan as an additive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of molding temperature on biofoam products and to determine the effect of chitosan addition on the physical, mechanical, and biodegrability properties of biofoam made from cassava peel starch (a) and banana peel starch (b) which is close to commercial biofoam standards. The production of biofoam uses variations in molding temperature of 125, 150 and 175 °C and variations in chitosan weight with variations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 grams. The resulting biofoam product was then tested for density, water absorption, compressive strength, biodegradation and functional groups with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Based on the results of the study, it is known that biofoam that is close to commercial standards is found in the addition of 3 gr chitosan weight with a molding temperature of 125 °C with a density value of 0.423gr/cm3, water absorption of 42.54% and compressive strength of 0.0045 Mpa. As for biodegradation, biofoam products will decompose 55.17% for 55 days in 0 g chitosan weight with a thermopressing temperature of 175 °C. The spectrum results obtained on biofoam have C-H, C-O, C-N, N-H, C=O and O-H functional groups.
  PubDate: 2023-12-04
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44842
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Process of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Tofu Wastewater Without
Pretreatment Using Acetobacter xylinum
- Authors: Margono Margono, Nur Isnaeni, Vika Amelia, Esa Nur Shohih
  Pages: 129 - 136
  Abstract: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an alternative cellulose source that warrants more investigation due to its limited efficiency and high production costs. This research aims to investigate the generation of bacterial cellulose from tofu wastewater using Acetobacter xylinum without pretreatment. The experiment was run on two media: tofu wastewater with and without additional sugar. The fermentation was run in a dark cabinet using a static batch method in numerous fermenter trays, each with a working volume of 1000 mL. Each experiment used 900 mL of tofu wastewater medium plus an extra 100 mL inoculum (equal to 10% v/v), which was then cultured at room temperature and harvested on days 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30. The weight of nata de soya, BC, and residual sugar were all measured from the samples. The results of the experiments revealed that the best incubation time was 18 days. The fermentation employing tofu wastewater medium with added sugar yielded nata de soya of 227.3 g/L and BC of 32.2 g/L, while the medium without added sugar yielded 103.9 g/L and BC of 9.3 g/L. The medium with added sugar yielded higher BC productivity, 1.79 g/L.day, compared to 0.57 g/L.day in the medium without added sugar. On the other hand, the BC results per sugar consumption were 0.62 g BC/g sugar and 0.36 g BC/g sugar, respectively, for the medium with and without added sugar.
  PubDate: 2023-12-12
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.47510
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Optimization of Bioethanol Production by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and
Fermentation From Rind Cocoa Fruit (Theobroma Cacao L)
- Authors: Abd. Karim, Nur Umriani Permatasari, St. Namira Ananda
  Pages: 137 - 146
  Abstract: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) production in Indonesia based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for 2020 reached 720.66 thousand tons and continues to increase every year. Increasing cocoa production can cause cocoa waste to increase as well. Cocoa waste handling can be overcome by producing bioethanol as a way to reduce the amount of waste produced. This study aims to utilize cellulose compounds from cocoa fruit waste in the production of bioethanol through several stages, namely delignification, enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase enzymes and the fermentation process with the help of Zymomonas mobilis bacteria. The results showed that the lignin level decreased by 19.5%, the hemicellulose level decreased by 6.87% and the cellulose level increased by 27.45%. Hydrolysis and fermentation stages were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM) to obtain optimum conditions. Cellulose can be optimally hydrolyzed using a pH buffer of 2 and a temperature of 30°C with a glucose concentration of 21,703 mg/mL. The fermentation process can be carried out at optimum conditions using a fermentation medium pH 10 with an incubation time of 168 hours. The bioethanol level was analyzed using a refractometer and gas chromatography (GC) with a yield of 8.43% (v/v).
  PubDate: 2023-12-12
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.44363
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Kinetic Study of Non-Isothermal Reactions on the Pyrolysis of Various
Biomass Waste by using Thermogravimetric Data
- Authors: Haniif Prasetiawan, Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti
  Pages: 147 - 157
  Abstract: Population growth causes an increase in the need for petroleum. However, petroleum as primary energy is currently increasingly limited in availability. Required alternative energy sources that can be renewed to overcome these problems, one of which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is produced by a pyrolysis process using biomass such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, and empty oil palm fruit bunches (EFB), by heating in the absence of oxygen. Kinetic studies on pyrolysis of this type of biomass (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, and empty oil palm fruit bunches) were carried out using the thermogravimetric method. The Coats-Redfern method was used in this study. The purpose of this study is to obtain the most appropriate reaction kinetics model to represent the pyrolysis process for each type of biomass. In addition, to determine the optimal temperature used in forming bio-oil. Approximately 5 g of each biomass is used with a heating rate of 10°C/minute. Pyrolysis was carried out until the temperature reached 750°C. The results of the research on the selected kinetic model for each biomass is a geometric model with a correlation coefficient (R2) close to 1 and the optimum temperature for producing bio-oil is around 550 - 600°C.
  PubDate: 2023-12-13
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.49431
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Syngas Production from Updraft Co-Gasification Process Using Compost,
Coffee Husk, and Coal as a Raw Materials
- Authors: Heny Dewajani, Windi Zamrudy, Ariani Ariani, Anang Arianto, Muhammad Nur Abror Falah
  Pages: 158 - 165
  Abstract: The coffee husk biomass from plantation products and compost from household waste processing is currently underutilized. Therefore, efforts are needed to enhance the value of compost and coffee husk as raw materials for producing syngas through co-gasification processes. Due to the low calorific values of these materials, it is necessary to add materials with higher calorific values. In this study, low-quality coal was used for this purpose. The research aims to investigate the influence of airflow rate and mass composition of raw materials on the quality of syngas which produced through the updraft co-gasification process. The stages conducted in this study include raw material pretreatment and characterization, gasification process, and syngas analysis. The experimental variables used were the percentage composition of raw materials, consisting of coffee husk and coal, and airflow rates of 10, 15, 20, and 25 liters per minute. The research results indicate that syngas with the highest Lower Heating Value (LHV) was produced from the co-gasification process using raw materials with a composition of 75% coffee husk and 25% coal, along with an airflow rate of 20 liters per minute. The LHV of the syngas was 5045.56 kJ/m3, consisting of 20.28% CO and 6.89% H2.
  PubDate: 2023-12-30
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.47972
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)
Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ketapang Leaf Extract
(Terminalia Catappa L.) Assisted By Ultrasound
- Authors: Husna Syaima, Noor Hindryawati, Irfan Ashari Hiyahara, Teguh Wirawan, M. Syaiful Arief, Nanang Tri Widodo, Atika Aulia Ahmad, Gaanty Pragas Maniam
  Pages: 166 - 173
  Abstract: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants has been interesting in recent years. In the present study, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a bioreductor from ketapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa L.) assisted by sonochemical methods. This green synthesis provides an economic, eco-friendly, and clean synthesis route for silver nanoparticles. Different concentrations of AgNO3 precursors (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mM) were initially reacted with ketapang leaf extract with PVA 1% solution as stabilizers that were sonicated for 30 minutes. Silver nanoparticle colloidal solutions were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometers, Particle Size Analyzers (PSA), and Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM). Maximum absorption of silver nanoparticles was obtained at wavelength 420-450 nm. Based on UV data, the silver nanoparticles showed stability for up to 3 weeks. The XRD peaks indicated that the (111) crystallographic plane was more predominant than other planes. The average size of the silver nanoparticles was 79.7 nm from the PSA result. TEM imaging depicted that the nanoparticles were spherical. Finally, the result proved that the silver nanoparticles effectively removed the methylene blue up to 76.43% within optimum conditions (3 ppm of methylene blue, 15 minutes contact time, and 8% nanoparticle concentration).
  PubDate: 2023-12-31
  DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v12i2.48809
  Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 2 (2023)

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