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Applied Physics Research
Number of Followers: 9  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 1916-9639 - ISSN (Online) 1916-9647 Published by CCSE  [43 journals]
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- Spin-based Atomic Periodic Model—Beyond the Periodic Table
Abstract: The present article explores the potential re-arragement of all the periodic elements in terms of the spin of their valence electron, modeling them as up-spin or down-spin pointing triangles that together result in larger triangles precluding subshells, shells and the whole electron cloud (as a spin-balanced whole). Stratification of the elements according to their ratio of principal to azimuthal quantum number creates different angular cones, that not only align the elements into a compliante alternative interpretation to Mandelung’s rule, but ultimately result in a three dimensional periodic structure (that fans out and grows radially from the nucleus), resembling the shape of a flower. The model’s energetic umbrella predicts the elements Ununennium and Unbinilium. Electrical and thermal conductivities are mapped onto the new model, suggesting the existance of an instability (peak in 2D or axis in 3D) that governs the (non-) metal nature of the elements.
PubDate: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 01:19:32 +000
- Spent Time of Orbiting Eletron Generating the Quantized Energy En in the
Hydrogen Like Atom
Abstract: Despite the large literature on hydrogen-like atoms, one cannot find any mention as to how long an electron spends in the orbit to generate the quanized radiation energy En. Here, the Heisenberg representation of operators is exteded so as to be able to deal also with imverse oprators. This is necessary when dealing with Coulomb potentials. This then allows to write down the general hydrogen-like atom in a compact form. With the help of operator algebra that includes also the inverse operators, one arrives at the differential equation of the electron trajectory with respect to time.The time solution is achieved through established coupled integral equations. While already established quantized radiation electron energy En is proportional to 1/n2, the newely derived quantized electron circular time tn(e) is proportional to n3 with n=1,2,3,..,and tn(e) being of the order of 10−16 sec in magnitude.
PubDate: Wed, 06 Nov 2024 09:52:26 +000
- Elastic Natures of the Two Kinds of Particles Related to a Mass: The
Masson and the Photon
Abstract: In 1920 Einstein wrote (Cf. Sec. I.1)space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time.It follows that the existence of a particular ether permits to define the notions of time and space developed further below. This particular ether one is an elastic medium submitted to only densities of couples, and is called "ether(or)": (or) for only rotates. In the present paper, I prove how a mass is related to a field and what the constitution of that field is. The lines of this proof are based on the fact that, even when it is immobile, a mass
is related to a frequency 
by the relation 
. This shows that a mass 
creates a field of frequency propagated in the ether. The nature of such a field is that it is an ensemble of points in the ether only rotating on themselves such that the axes of these rotations are situated on any line passing through the center of this mass.I prove that the photon possesses a specific mass that vanishes when it becomes immobile for example on a Schwarzschild horizon. Indeed, since a large mass as the sun deviates the light trajectory that passes in its neighborhood, it follows that the photon possesses a moving mass proportional to its frequency. Indeed, if the photon would not possess any moving mass how could the photon trajectory been deviated by the sun, this photon being emitted by another source as for example another star The answer to those that pretend that, it is the space which is linearly deformed is the following: if the space would be linearly deformed then we would not be able to define the notions of emplacement, distance, propagation of the light, and of time duration. This fact is confirmed by considering Einstein's reasoning following with the ether is not linearly deformed but that its points can only pivot. Now, the photon possesses an energy 
that is as to possess a mass 
defined by
PubDate: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 01:54:37 +000
- Time, Uncertainty and Graviton Emission
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to consider the external and internal periods of an energized graviton. The external period of any such graviton is given by the constant value of:
, a number integral to the Euler identity. The internal period of a graviton, however, is not constant. Instead it is calculated to be: 
. Where 
is the sum of two integers related to the amount of energy absorbed by a graviton. Because gravitons oscillate internally, it indicates string theory may be applied, to provide a deeper insight into the world of gravitons.
PubDate: Sun, 27 Oct 2024 02:50:20 +000
- Limits and Potentials of Special Relativity
Abstract: This paper presents the application of special relativity to different thought experiments. Some issues will be noted and a modification of special relativity will be presented. That modification can be tested and one interpretation of the preliminary result supports the modification.After presenting the history of special relativity, the non-simultaneity of special relativity is questioned in our macro world. In addition, some issues between light-clocks and the application of Lorentz transformation are presented. All this indicates that there is something not right with special relativity. A new proposal is presented based on an adaptation of special relativity; this new proposal solves the anomalies and could be a solution to the twin paradox. It has a prediction: a difference with special relativity which has been tested with a new experiment and the preliminary results support the new proposal. Previously, a lack of special relativistic effects has been observed in the universe [Davis et al., 2004]; that second observation is also explained with the new proposal.
PubDate: Sun, 27 Oct 2024 02:47:00 +000
- Property of Tensor Satisfying Binary Law 5
Abstract: I have already reported "Property of Tensor Satisfying Binary Law 4". This article is the article that I revise contents of "Property of Tensor Satisfying Binary Law 4", and increased the report about new characteristics. I reported the establishment of M=ϵm as a hypothesis in Hypothesis1. I report proof of the establishment of M=ϵm using establishment of Definision11 in this article.
PubDate: Sun, 27 Oct 2024 02:44:43 +000
- Statistical Study of the Occurrence of Coronal Holes in the Solar Corona
During Solar Cycle 24
Abstract: In this article we look at: (a) the occurrence of coronal holes as a function of the different phases of solar cycle 24, (b) the variability of the annual number of coronal holes from 2009 to 2019, (c) the distribution of polar and non-polar coronal holes, irrespective of the phase but also as a function of the different phases of the cycle. From the phase minimum to the descending phase of solar cycle 24, the occurrences of coronal holes observed on the solar disc are 38%, 24%, 9% and 29% respectively. The annual number of coronal holes observed on the solar disc does not always follow the expected evolution of the two components of the solar magnetic field and the annual number of sunspots. Regardless of the phase of the solar cycle, the majority of coronal holes, around 65%, are located in the polar regions. During the early and late phases of the solar cycle, polar coronal holes predominate, whereas during the ascending phase and phase maximum, non-polar coronal holes predominate. The number of polar coronal holes is highest during the minimum phase of the solar cycle and lowest during the maximum phase. During the phases of the solar cycle, coronal hole activity appears to be in phase opposition with sunspot activity. There is a fairly good correlation between variations in the number of polar coronal holes and the expected evolution of the poloidal component of the solar magnetic field.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 01:20:02 +000
- Experimental Verification and Analysis of the Postulate of Relativity in
Relativity Theory
Abstract: According to the postulate of relativity in relativity theory, a flash emits from the light source in a uniformly moving car and returns to the light source after being reflected by the mirror on the roof. The person inside the car thinks that the flash returns to the light source along a vertical line, and the person outside the car thinks that the flash returns to the light source along a curve. The time taken along the two paths is inconsistent. Now, this experiment has proved, the interpretation of the postulate of relativity on light traveling paths is inconsistent with the facts. The light is not affected by any inertial framem, and will not move with the car. Light does not belong to any inertial reference frame, nor affected by any inertial reference frame. Light is different from objects. In the absence of experimental evidence, relativity theory believed that light in the inertial frame obeys Galileo's principle of relativity, which is imprudent and wrong. The laws Galileo summarized in low-velocity macroscopic state do not apply to light. This experiment proves that light travels behind the inertial frame and does not move with the inertial frame. That is, the spatial position where the light is or light travels through is the stationary reference point for the inertial frame.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 01:17:28 +000
- Early Detection of Cassava Vascular Bacteriosis (Xanthomonas Axonopodis
pv. Manihotis) by Visible Near-infrared Spectroscopy Before the Appearance
of Critical Symptoms
Abstract: Cassava is a crucial crop for food and nutritional security. It is an important source of carbohydrates in African countries. Cassava crops can sometimes be infected by leaf diseases, affecting overall production and reducing farmers' incomes. Early detection is therefore essential to reduce the impact of these diseases. Light reflections from leaves are known to convey information about plant health. In this study, healthy and inoculated cassava were detected from the reflections obtained from the leaves using a USB 4000 spectrometer with a spectral range of (350-1050) nm. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and nearest neighbours (KNNs) were used with principal components and vegetation indices as input for classification. Various performance metrics, i.e. Precision, Recall, Accuracy and F1_score for KNN, Accuracy, RMSE and R2 for ANN were calculated to evaluate the different established models. Using the principal components (PC1, PC2) we obtained the best models with the ANNs with the following metrics (R2=0.9678; RMSE=0.0146; Accuracy =98.30%) for the variety IM 84 and (R2=0.9291; RMSE=0.0354 Accuracy=91.30%) for the Yacé variety. With vegetation indices, the best performing models were obtained with KNN whose input parameters are RatiodRE_703 ((Accuracy =92.50% and F1-score=0.9449) and fWBI ((Accuracy =90% and F1-score=0.9326) for Yacé and vog 3 (Accuracy=100% and F1-score=1), DD (Accuracy=100% and F1_score=1) and dNIRmin920_980 (Accuracy=95% and F1_score=0.9373) for the IM 84. Overall, the results showed that leaf spectral reflectance can be used successfully for the early detection of cassava bacterial blight.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 01:15:01 +000
- Role of Cosmological Models in Organic Evolution in Space
Abstract: Using the dynamic Friedman-Robertson-Walker Cosmological Model of the universe, the possibility of organic evolution in Space in the early universe is explored. According to this model, the universe is expected to perform simple harmonic motion between expansion and contraction. At the end of contraction, the universe assumes the smallest possible finite size with no boundary, while the entire mass of the universe gathers together as gravity particles, or gravity waves, at the center of gravity of universe. As soon as the density of the gravity particles is extremely high and the temperature reaches the flame temperature, a sudden violent explosion hurls the entire material into space uniformly in all directions when the expansion starts. It is in this period of expansion where the precursors of DNA/RNA, such as water, oxides of phosphorus, sugars, heterocyclic bases, compounds of nitrogen, etc. are formed.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 01:10:18 +000
- Why Abandon the Big Bang Theory — Science and Theology in
Astronomical Cosmology
Abstract: The Big Bang said the universe was created from ONE atom explosion. An atom exploding out of the sun, the galaxy, the universe, etc., cannot be science. Its roots in theology.97 years has passed since priest and physicist Lemaître started his Big Bang. Since then, many offsprings of it has come out, like dark energy, dark matter …… Huge amount of resource was invested into them, yet none is successful. And no hope of success within the context of the Big Bang theory.This makes me doubt about the Big Bang and the astronomy cosmology within recent 97 years. I came up with the idea of abandoning the Big Bang theory. In the April 2024 meeting of the American Physical Society, I proposed this idea of abandoning the Big Bang Theory for people’s comments, and the responses were positive. (Figure 1)Here we described why we need abandon the Big Bang theology, how to abandon it, pros and cons of abandon it, and the way to solve most important problem related to abandon it.We first try to understand the difference between theology and science.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 01:07:39 +000
- Rotor-Through-Coils Toroidal-Flux Reluctance E-Motor for Aviation
Abstract: Electrification of aviation propulsion is in progress. New electric motor architectures — beyond axial and radial fluxes — may be required to unlock its full potential in meeting the demanding functional requirements (in terms of power, weight and efficiency) and certification requirements (from airworthiness authorities) set for airborne operating engine. This article presents a new class of toroidal-flux reluctance electric motors, where the rotor travells inside the coils — the Rotor-Through-Coils (RTC) Reluctance E-Motor. Extensive finite element magnetic model analysis was conducted (including motor operational characteristics assessment), following from an existing validated approach. The power delivered by five series-mounted motors rivales fuel-injected engines powering existing acrobat airplanes, including similar dimensions. A further important advantage will follow in a sequel publication showing the substantial advantage of this motor architecture to be entirely and effeciently air-cooled (like high pressure turbines already do in turbofans), removing the added complexity, weight, cost and certification issues implied in using onboard liquid coolants.
PubDate: Wed, 16 Oct 2024 00:41:15 +000
- Quantum Temporal Resonator: Temporal Displacement Using Quantum
Entanglement and Metamaterials
Abstract: This paper discusses the Quantum Temporal Resonator (QTR), a theoretical device leveraging quantum entanglement and metamaterials with negative refraction indices to achieve controlled temporal displacement. By establishing a network of entangled particles within a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) and utilizing a resonant cavity made of advanced metamaterials, the QTR creates localized distortions in spacetime. The frequency and amplitude of temporal harmonics within this cavity are finely tuned to allow for precise temporal displacement of matter and information. Numerical simulations demonstrate the coupling between the quantum wave function and electromagnetic fields, validating the theoretical model. The results show distinctive patterns in the wave function and perturbations in the electric field, supporting the feasibility of achieving controlled temporal displacement. This study explores the theoretical framework, mathematical modeling, experimental setup, and potential applications of the QTR, providing a comprehensive analysis of its feasibility and implications.
PubDate: Mon, 14 Oct 2024 13:20:41 +000
- Electromagnetic Surface Waves in a Relativistic Magnetized Plasma
Propagating in a Cylindrical Column
Abstract: Dispersion relations of electromagnetic surface waves in a magnetized relativistic plasma propagating in a cylindrical column surrounded by vacuum are derived by means of the relativistic fluid equations. The zero order relativistic beam is assumed to stream along the direction of the axial magnetic field. The coupled equations of the E- and B-wave modes are solved analytically in terms of the cylindrical coordinates in weak or intermediate values of the magnetic field in which the cyclotron frequency is much smaller than the relativistic Doppler-shifted frequency. The entangled field components of the E- and B-waves are decoupled by assuming that the flow is incompressible. The surface wave dispersion relations of the E- and B-wave modes show a strong similarity and symmetry. The static magnetic field splits the E- and B-waves, thus doubling the modes in unmagnetized plasma. By taking the radius of the cylinder infinite, the dispersion relations in a semi-infinite plasma are derived.
PubDate: Mon, 14 Oct 2024 13:17:58 +000
- Special Relativity, Mass, and Energy; E=mc2
Abstract: The purpose of this paper to provide a proof of
using a derivation completely consistent with Special Relativity. We base our proof on the calculation of the relativistic kinetic energy, K
, and the invariance of the momentum 4-vector in Minkowski space. This proof provides a useful pedagogical method for teaching the momentum 4-vector through an excellent example to undergraduate physics students.
PubDate: Tue, 03 Sep 2024 08:24:11 +000
