Authors:Harish Singh Parihar, Harivansh Thakar, Hongjun Yin, Shari Allen Pages: 75 - 80 Abstract: Harish Singh Parihar, Harivansh Thakar, Hongjun Yin, Shari Allen Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):75-80 Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses characterized by loss of pleasure, whereas diabetes is a metabolic disorder which leads to high serum glucose levels. Current literature supports the development of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic illnesses including diabetes. However, depression as a potential risk factor for diabetes has attracted a lot of attention for clinicians and researchers. It has been hypothesized that both diabetes and depression may be bidirectional in nature, and each may exacerbate the symptoms or play an important role in the development of the other. The most common association between them is the diagnosis of depression in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. As the matter of fact, diabetes has been reported to double the risk of depression. In this review article, we have summarized various scientific studies to evaluate the potential of depression as a risk factor for diabetes. MEDLINE search identified various articles assessing this hypothesis. Our review of literature indicate some support for depression as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes however more clinical studies need to be performed to clarify the contribution of depression as an independent risk factor for diabetes and to check the diabetes epidemic from escalating at a higher rate. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):75-80 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191148 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Yasmeen Khan, Hafizur R Ansari, Rinki, Rishika Chauhan, Ennus T Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad Pages: 81 - 86 Abstract: Yasmeen Khan, Hafizur R Ansari, Rinki , Rishika Chauhan, Ennus T Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):81-86 Background: Eucalyptus globulus L. (family, Myrtaceae) is one of the world's most widely planted genera. E. globulus L., commonly referred to as Tasmanian blue gum, is a fast growing, evergreen tree, native to Tasmania and South-East Australia. Apart from its extensive use in pulp industry, it is also produces Oleum Eucalypti (eucalyptus oil) that is extracted on commercial scale in many countries such as China, India, South Africa, Portugal, Brazil, and Tasmania, as a raw material in perfumery, cosmetics, food beverage, aromatherapy, and phytotherapy. Materials and Methods: Traditional hydrodistillation (HD), solvent extraction (SE), ultrasonication (US), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were conducted for the extraction of essential oil from the leaves of E. globulus. Each oil was evaluated in terms of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) fingerprinting with qualitative and semi-quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS), the extract yield of essential oil was 2.60%, 2.2%, 2.0%, and 3.6% v/w, respectively, for HD, SE, US, and SFE. Results: A total of 53 compounds were identified by GCMS. Comparative analysis indicated that SFE was favorable for extraction of monoterpene hydrocarbon, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, and oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. HD, SE, and US had certain advantages in the extraction of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons organic acid and esters. Overlay, FTIR spectra of oil samples obtained by four extraction methods were superimposed with each other showing similar components. The maximum separation of compound seen at 254 nm and lesser at 366 nm by HPTLC fingerprinting which again showed superimposed chromatograms. Conclusion: It is concluded that different extraction method may lead to different yields of essential oils where the choice of appropriate method is very important to obtained more desired component with higher physiological activities. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):81-86 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191149 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Rishika Chauhan, Iftekhar Ahmad, Yasmeen Khan, Ennus Tajuddin Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad Pages: 87 - 91 Abstract: Rishika Chauhan, Iftekhar Ahmad, Yasmeen Khan, Ennus Tajuddin Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):87-91 Aim: The present investigation was aimed to characterize the fixed oil of Arachis hypogaea L. using five different extraction methods: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound assistance extraction, soxhlet extraction, solvent extraction, and three phase partitioning method. Materials and Methods: The SFE conditions (temperature, pressure, and volume of CO 2) were optimized prior for better yield. The extracted oils were analyzed and compared for their physiochemical parameters, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) fingerprinting. Anti-oxidant activity was also determined using DPPH and superoxide scavenging method. Results: The main fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids as obtained by GC-MS. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of similar major components in chromatograms. Similarly, the pattern of peaks as obtained in FT-IR and GC-MS spectra of same oils by different extraction methods was superimposable. Conclusion: Analysis reported that the fixed oil of A. hypogaea L. is a good source of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly n-6 and n-9 fatty acid with a significant antioxidant activity of oil obtained from SFE extraction method. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):87-91 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191150 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:SM Arif Zaidi, Wasim Ahmad Pages: 92 - 95 Abstract: SM Arif Zaidi, Wasim Ahmad Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):92-95 Objective: Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP), a unani polyherbomineral formulation, used for antilithiatic activity since long time. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of SPP in adult human patients with urolithiasis. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, and single-blind, clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients who have stone size below 15 mm in the age group of 15-55 years with diagnosis of calcium oxalate renal calculi were taken in the study. Out of which, only 30 patients fulfilled the criteria and completed the study. Twenty patients received SPP (Group I) and ten patients were given placebo (Group II) for 2 months. The patients were investigated for routine, hemogram, blood urea, serum creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and uric acid levels at definite time intervals. Similarly, routine and microscopic urine examination was done with radio-imaging KUB and ultrasound KUB examination, etc., which were repeated on completion of the study. Results: All patients received the same dosage of SPP or placebo for a 2-month period. On starting SPP, symptomatic relief was reported by patients. The disappearance of stones was noted in patients as confirmed by X-ray KUB and Ultrasound KUB examination. Totally, 56.67% of patients showed reduction in size of stone and 49.31% showed litho expulsive effect. Conclusion: The use of SPP in the treatment of calcium oxalate stone as noninvasive remedy for the urolithiatic patients is validated and proved. Since the dose of formulation is too high, further study on dose reduction followed by preclinical evaluation may be attempted for development of scientific data. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):92-95 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191151 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Karishma Chester, Ennus T Tamboli, Sarvesh K Paliwal, Sayeed Ahmad Pages: 96 - 106 Abstract: Karishma Chester, Ennus T Tamboli, Sarvesh K Paliwal, Sayeed Ahmad Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):96-106 Quality evaluation of herbal preparation is an elementary requirement of industry and other association dealing with Ayurvedic and herbal products. The growing use of botanical products now a days is forcing to assess these agents and to develop standards of quality and produce. An attempt has been made through this article to highlight the use of molecular markers for botanicals with special reference to Indian herbal medicine. As the desire for herbal-based products becomes ingrained in our society but standardization of botanicals offers many obstacles like the controversial identity of various plants, deliberated adulteration of plant material, ensuring quality is much more than discovery, specification, and process control. It also includes awareness of every aspect of a manufacturing process from research to shipping. Extensive research on DNA-based molecular markers is in progress for its great utility in the herbal drug analysis and widely used for the authentification of plant species of medicinal importance. DNA markers are reliable for information as the genetic composition is unique for each species and is not affected by age, physiological conditions, as well as environmental factors. DNA markers offer several advantages over conventional phenotypic markers, as they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):96-106 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191164 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Anju Dhiman, Kavita Sharma, Asha Sharma, Pawan Sindhu Pages: 107 - 112 Abstract: Anju Dhiman, Kavita Sharma, Asha Sharma, Pawan Sindhu Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):107-112 Background: Most of the herbal medicines in the world originate from the developing countries. There are ample opportunities for these countries to expand their global export. The world market for botanical medicines including drug products and raw materials has been estimated to have an annual growth rate between 5% and 15%. Total global botanical drug market is estimated at US$62 billion and is expected to grow to the tune of US$5 trillion by the year 2050. In the USA alone, the usage of botanicals has been increased by 380% between the years 1990 and 1997. Materials and Methods: Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine, is one of the ancient, yet living traditions that face a typical Western bias. Widespread and growing use of botanicals has created public health challenges globally in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. Results and Discussion: The development of parameters for standardization and quality control of botanicals is a challenging task. Various regulatory authorities, research organizations, and botanical drug manufacturers have contributed in developing guiding principles and addressing issues related to the quality, safety, and efficacy. Conclusions: The present review describes the regulatory aspects of herbal drugs in India and various other countries. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):107-112 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191165 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:MJ Ansari, Rabea Parveen Pages: 113 - 116 Abstract: MJ Ansari, Rabea Parveen Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):113-116 Aim: Water insolubility, low potency, and instability are inherent problems of several herbal medicines. Identity, strength, quality, and purity of herbal products are further compromised during manufacturing and storage. The aim of present work was to evaluate solubility and stability of curcumin, a pigment obtained from dried rhizomes of plant Cucrcuma longa. Materials and Methods: The stoichiometric ratios for inclusion complexation of curcumin with various cyclodextrins (CDs) were determined by phase solubility analysis. Grinding, kneading, and freeze-drying were employed to determine optimum complexation. Complexes were evaluated for drug inclusion, solubility, and stability. Results: Stability constants were 11200 M−1 , 1557 M−1 , 2858 M−1 , and 2206 M−1 for α-, β-, γ-CD, and dimethyl β-CD (DIMEB), respectively, thus indicating good complex formation. Theoretical amounts of curcumin in binary products were between 80% and 97% with a maximum of 96.8% in curcumin-β-CD freeze-dried product. The complexation resulted in a marked improvement in the solubility of curcumin up to 60, 55, 56, and 1500 folds by α-, β-, γ-CD, and DIMEB, respectively. Inclusion complexation protected the drug from hydrolytic degradations as only 20-40% degradation was observed at the end of 8 h as opposed to >70% for pure curcumin. Conclusion: A significant improvement in the solubility and stability was observed with curcumin-CD complex as compared to pure curcumin. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):113-116 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191166 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Irum Gul, Athar Ali, Khanda Jabeen Mirza, Malik Zainul Abdin Pages: 117 - 121 Abstract: Irum Gul, Athar Ali, Khanda Jabeen Mirza, Malik Zainul Abdin Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):117-121 Background: With the increase in demand of herbal medicines, adulteration in these drugs is also gaining momentum and remains an indispensable problem in domestic and export markets. Correct identification is the first step toward assuring quality, safety, and efficacy of indigenous herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this study, sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were developed to discriminate Ruta graveolens from its adulterant Euphorbia dracunculoides. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed and subsequently converted into SCAR markers. Results: After performing RAPD, SCAR primers were designed from the selected unique RAPD amplicons of the genuine drug as well as its adulterant. These primers produced 670 bp and 750 bp SCAR markers with genomic DNA sample of R. graveolens and E. dracunculoides, respectively. Conclusion: Development of these markers will help in the quality control of herbal drugs and monitoring widespread adulteration of these drugs by pharmaceutical industries and government agencies. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):117-121 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191172 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Swati Madan, Sumeet Gullaiya Pages: 122 - 124 Abstract: Swati Madan, Sumeet Gullaiya Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):122-124 Background: The acceptability of herbal formulations as therapeutic agents for numerous diseases has reached to its brim in the latest phytomedicine scenario. Since herbal medicinal products are complex mixtures from biological sources, regulations are necessary to guarantee the constant quality and quantity in order to break the unanimous myth related to herbal medicines consumption. Although the pharmacovigilance program in India has spread its roots in the field of medicines, amazingly there has been no benchmark regulations set up in the herbal segments. Aim: As per the latest regulatory scenario, the herbal drug regulation or herbal pharmacovigilance of India is lagging very much behind the highly regulated international herbal markets. The present article serves as a reminder of the fact that it is the high time for the Indian drug regulators to tame the herbal drug market since India has emerged as resourceful of enormous herbal medicines with full proof folk knowledge but is still lacking the specific legislative criteria to establish these herbal products as "medicine." Conclusion: This systemic herbal pharmacovigilance will definitely boost up not only the herbal market trend, but also the confidence about using of botanical medicines regarding their safe and rationale use within the ambit of pharmacotherapy. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):122-124 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191173 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
Authors:Devina Verma, Tahir Khuroo, Sushama Talegaonkar, Zeenat Iqbal Pages: 125 - 128 Abstract: Devina Verma, Tahir Khuroo, Sushama Talegaonkar, Zeenat Iqbal Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):125-128 Background: Ethosomal vesicular system delivering a bioactive phytochemical, chrysin, was developed for transdermal delivery to increase its permeability and penetrability. Materials and Methods: Ethosomal system was optimized by keeping lecithin and ethanol concentration as independent variable while size and size distribution were taken as dependent variables. The optimized formulation was then subjected to various in vitro characterization parameters. Results: Ethosomal vesicle with an optimum size and polydispersity index of 134 ± 35 nm and 0.153, respectively, and entrapment efficiency of 80.05 ± 2.6% was considered as optimized and subjected to characterization. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed spherical entities with uniform surface whereas in vitro permeation and retention study showed the sustained mode of drug release and better skin retention as compared to hydroethanolic solution of the drug. The confocal laser scanning microscopy study reiterated high penetrability of vesicles into the skin. Histopathological and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed its mechanism of penetration. Conclusion : The study thus demonstrated the ability of the ethosomal vesicles as surrogate carriers for delivery of bioactive agents through the skin for better amelioration of skin inflammation and other diseases. Citation: Drug Development and Therapeutics 2016 7(2):125-128 PubDate: Tue,27 Sep 2016 DOI: 10.4103/2394-6555.191175 Issue No:Vol. 7, No. 2 (2016)
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