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 International Journal on Digital Libraries   [SJR: 0.203]   [H-I: 24]   [551 followers]  Follow         Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)    ISSN (Print) 1432-1300 - ISSN (Online) 1432-5012    Published by Springer-Verlag  [2302 journals]
• A comprehensive evaluation of scholarly paper recommendation using
potential citation papers
• Abstract: To help generate relevant suggestions for researchers, recommendation systems have started to leverage the latent interests in the publication profiles of the researchers themselves. While using such a publication citation network has been shown to enhance performance, the network is often sparse, making recommendation difficult. To alleviate this sparsity, in our former work, we identified “potential citation papers” through the use of collaborative filtering. Also, as different logical sections of a paper have different significance, as a secondary contribution, we investigated which sections of papers can be leveraged to represent papers effectively. While this initial approach works well for researchers vested in a single discipline, it generates poor predictions for scientists who work on several different topics in the discipline (hereafter, “intra-disciplinary”). We thus extend our previous work in this paper by proposing an adaptive neighbor selection method to overcome this problem in our imputation-based collaborative filtering framework. On a publicly-available scholarly paper recommendation dataset, we show that recommendation accuracy significantly outperforms state-of-the-art recommendation baselines as measured by nDCG and MRR, when using our adaptive neighbor selection method. While recommendation performance is enhanced for all researchers, improvements are more marked for intra-disciplinary researchers, showing that our method does address the targeted audience.
PubDate: 2015-06-01

• Sifting useful comments from Flickr Commons and YouTube
PubDate: 2015-06-01

• A generalized topic modeling approach for automatic document annotation
• Abstract: Ecological and environmental sciences have become more advanced and complex, requiring observational and experimental data from multiple places, times, and thematic scales to verify their hypotheses. Over time, such data have not only increased in amount, but also in diversity and heterogeneity of the data sources that spread throughout the world. This heterogeneity poses a huge challenge for scientists who have to manually search for desired data. ONEMercury has recently been implemented as part of the DataONE project to alleviate such problems and to serve as a portal for accessing environmental and observational data across the globe. ONEMercury harvests metadata records from multiple archives and repositories, and makes them searchable. However, harvested metadata records sometimes are poorly annotated or lacking meaningful keywords, which could impede effective retrieval. We propose a methodology that learns the annotation from well-annotated collections of metadata records to automatically annotate poorly annotated ones. The problem is first transformed into the tag recommendation problem with a controlled tag library. Then, two variants of an algorithm for automatic tag recommendation are presented. The experiments on four datasets of environmental science metadata records show that our methods perform well and also shed light on the natures of different datasets. We also discuss relevant topics such as using topical coherence to fine-tune parameters and experiments on cross-archive annotation.
PubDate: 2015-06-01

• Information-theoretic term weighting schemes for document clustering and
classification
• Abstract: We propose a new theory to quantify information in probability distributions and derive a new document representation model for text clustering and classification. By extending Shannon entropy to accommodate a non-linear relation between information and uncertainty, the proposed least information theory provides insight into how terms can be weighted based on their probability distributions in documents vs. in the collection. We derive two basic quantities for document representation: (1) LI Binary (LIB) which quantifies information due to the observation of a term’s (binary) occurrence in a document; and (2) LI Frequency (LIF) which measures information for the observation of a randomly picked term from the document. The two quantities are computed based on terms’ prior distributions in the entire collection and posterior distributions in a document. LIB and LIF can be used individually or combined to represent documents for text clustering and classification. Experiments on four benchmark text collections demonstrate strong performances of the proposed methods compared to classic TF*IDF. Particularly, the LIB*LIF weighting scheme, which combines LIB and LIF, consistently outperforms TF*IDF in terms of multiple evaluation metrics. The least information measure has a potentially broad range of applications beyond text clustering and classification.
PubDate: 2015-06-01

• Evaluating sliding and sticky target policies by measuring temporal drift
in acyclic walks through a web archive
• Abstract: When viewing an archived page using the archive’s user interface (UI), the user selects a datetime to view from a list. The archived web page, if available, is then displayed. From this display, the web archive UI attempts to simulate the web browsing experience by smoothly transitioning between archived pages. During this process, the target datetime changes with each link followed, potentially drifting away from the datetime originally selected. For sparsely archived resources, this almost transparent drift can be many years in just a few clicks. We conducted 200,000 acyclic walks of archived pages, following up to 50 links per walk, comparing the results of two target datetime policies. The Sliding Target policy allows the target datetime to change as it does in archive UIs such as the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine. The Sticky Target policy, represented by the Memento API, keeps the target datetime the same throughout the walk. We found that the Sliding Target policy drift increases with the number of walk steps, number of domains visited, and choice (number of links available). However, the Sticky Target policy controls temporal drift, holding it to $$<$$ 30 days on average regardless of walk length or number of domains visited. The Sticky Target policy shows some increase as choice increases, but this may be caused by other factors. We conclude that based on walk length, the Sticky Target policy generally produces at least 30 days less drift than the Sliding Target policy.
PubDate: 2015-06-01

• Results of a digital library curriculum field test
• Abstract: The DL Curriculum Development project was launched in 2006, responding to an urgent need for consensus on DL curriculum across the fields of computer science and information and library science. Over the course of several years, 13 modules of a digital libraries (DL) curriculum were developed and were ready for field testing. The modules were evaluated in DL courses in real classroom environments in 37 classes by 15 instructors and their students. Interviews with instructors and questionnaires completed by their students were used to collect evaluative feedback. Findings indicate that the modules have been well designed to educate students on important topics and issues in DLs, in general. Suggestions to improve the modules based on the interviews and questionnaires were discussed as well. After the field test, module development has been continued, not only for the DL community but also others associated with DLs, such as information retrieval, big data, and multimedia. Currently, 56 modules are readily available for use through the project website or the Wikiversity site.
PubDate: 2015-05-20

• Introduction to the focused issue of award-nominated papers from JCDL 2013
• PubDate: 2015-05-14

• Not all mementos are created equal: measuring the impact of missing
resources
• Abstract: Abstract Web archives do not always capture every resource on every page that they attempt to archive. This results in archived pages missing a portion of their embedded resources. These embedded resources have varying historic, utility, and importance values. The proportion of missing embedded resources does not provide an accurate measure of their impact on the Web page; some embedded resources are more important to the utility of a page than others. We propose a method to measure the relative value of embedded resources and assign a damage rating to archived pages as a way to evaluate archival success. In this paper, we show that Web users’ perceptions of damage are not accurately estimated by the proportion of missing embedded resources. In fact, the proportion of missing embedded resources is a less accurate estimate of resource damage than a random selection. We propose a damage rating algorithm that provides closer alignment to Web user perception, providing an overall improved agreement with users on memento damage by 17 % and an improvement by 51 % if the mementos have a damage rating delta $$>$$ 0.30. We use our algorithm to measure damage in the Internet Archive, showing that it is getting better at mitigating damage over time (going from a damage rating of 0.16 in 1998 to 0.13 in 2013). However, we show that a greater number of important embedded resources (2.05 per memento on average) are missing over time. Alternatively, the damage in WebCite is increasing over time (going from 0.375 in 2007 to 0.475 in 2014), while the missing embedded resources remain constant (13 % of the resources are missing on average). Finally, we investigate the impact of JavaScript on the damage of the archives, showing that a crawler that can archive JavaScript-dependent representations will reduce memento damage by 13.5 %.
PubDate: 2015-05-06

• Exploring publication metadata graphs with the LODmilla browser and editor
• Abstract: With the LODmilla browser, we try to support linked data exploration in a generic way learning from the 20 years of web browser evolution as well as from scholars’ opinions who try to use it as a research exploration tool. In this paper, generic functions for linked open data (LOD) browsing are presented, and it is also explained what kind of information search tactics they enable with linked data describing publications. Furthermore, LODmilla also supports the sharing of graph views and the correction of LOD data during browsing.
PubDate: 2015-05-01

• Digital field scholarship and the liberal arts: results from a
2012–13 sandbox
• Abstract: We summarize a recent multi-institutional collaboration in digital field scholarship involving four liberal arts colleges: Davidson College, Lewis & Clark College, Muhlenberg College, and Reed College. Digital field scholarship (DFS) can be defined as scholarship in the arts and sciences for which field-based research and concepts are significant, and digital tools support data collection, analysis, and communication; DFS thus gathers together and extends a wide range of existing scholarship, offering new possibilities for appreciating the connections that define liberal education. Our collaboration occurred as a sandbox, a collective online experiment using a modified WordPress platform (including mapping and other advanced capabilities) built and supported by Lewis & Clark College, with sponsorship provided by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education. Institutions selected course-based DFS projects for fall 2012 and/or spring 2013. Projects ranged from documentary photojournalism to home energy efficiency assessment. One key feature was the use of readily available mobile devices and apps for field-based reconnaissance and data collection; another was our public digital scholarship approach, in which student participants shared the process and products of their work via public posts on the DFS website. Descriptive and factor analysis results from anonymous assessment data suggest strong participant response and likely future potential of digital field scholarship across class level and gender. When set into the context of the four institutions that supported the 2012–2013 sandbox, we see further opportunities for digital field scholarship on our and other campuses, provided that an optimal balance is struck between challenges and rewards along technical, pedagogical, and practical axes. Ultimately, digital field scholarship will be judged for its scholarship and for extending the experimental, open-ended inquiry that characterizes liberal education.
PubDate: 2015-05-01

• Towards robust tags for scientific publications from natural language
processing tools and Wikipedia
• Abstract: In this work, two simple methods of tagging scientific publications with labels reflecting their content are presented and compared. As a first source of labels, Wikipedia is employed. A second label set is constructed from the noun phrases occurring in the analyzed corpus. The corpus itself consists of abstracts from 0.7 million scientific documents deposited in the ArXiv preprint collection. We present a comparison of both approaches, which shows that discussed methods are to a large extent complementary. Moreover, the results give interesting insights into the completeness of Wikipedia knowledge in various scientific domains. As a next step, we examine the statistical properties of the obtained tags. It turns out that both methods show qualitatively similar rank–frequency dependence, which is best approximated by the stretched exponential curve. The distribution of the number of distinct tags per document follows also the same distribution for both methods and is well described by the negative binomial distribution. The developed tags are meant for use as features in various text mining tasks. Therefore, as a final step we show the preliminary results on their application to topic modeling.
PubDate: 2015-05-01

• A linked open data architecture for the historical archives of the Getulio
Vargas Foundation
• Abstract: Abstract This paper presents an architecture for historical archives maintenance based on Open Linked Data technologies and open source distributed development model and tools. The proposed architecture is being implemented for the archives of the Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (Center for Research and Documentation of Brazilian Contemporary History) of the Fundação Getulio Vargas (Getulio Vargas Foundation). We discuss the benefits of this initiative and suggest ways of implementing it, as well as describing the preliminary milestones already achieved. We also present some of the possibilities for extending the accessibility and usefulness of the data archives information using semantic web technologies, natural language processing, image analysis tools, and audio–textual alignment, both in progress and planned.
PubDate: 2015-03-19

• Introduction to the focussed issue on Semantic Digital Archives
• PubDate: 2015-03-12

• The new knowledge infrastructure
• PubDate: 2015-02-27

• Introduction to the special issue on digital scholarship
• PubDate: 2015-02-24

• What lies beneath?: Knowledge infrastructures in the subseafloor
biosphere and beyond
• Abstract: We present preliminary findings from a three-year research project comprised of longitudinal qualitative case studies of data practices in four large, distributed, highly multidisciplinary scientific collaborations. This project follows a 2 $$\times$$ 2 research design: two of the collaborations are big science while two are little science, two have completed data collection activities while two are ramping up data collection. This paper is centered on one of these collaborations, a project bringing together scientists to study subseafloor microbial life. This collaboration is little science, characterized by small teams, using small amounts of data, to address specific questions. Our case study employs participant observation in a laboratory, interviews ( $$n=49$$ to date) with scientists in the collaboration, and document analysis. We present a data workflow that is typical for many of the scientists working in the observed laboratory. In particular, we show that, although this workflow results in datasets apparently similar in form, nevertheless a large degree of heterogeneity exists across scientists in this laboratory in terms of the methods they employ to produce these datasets—even between scientists working on adjacent benches. To date, most studies of data in little science focus on heterogeneity in terms of the types of data produced: this paper adds another dimension of heterogeneity to existing knowledge about data in little science. This additional dimension makes more complex the task of management and curation of data for subsequent reuse. Furthermore, the nature of the factors that contribute to heterogeneity of methods suggest that this dimension of heterogeneity is a persistent and unavoidable feature of little science.
PubDate: 2015-02-15

• A metadata model and mapping approach for facilitating access to
heterogeneous cultural heritage assets
• Abstract: In the last decade, Europe has put a tremendous effort into making cultural, educational and scientific resources publicly available. Based on national or thematic aggregators, initiatives like Europeana nowadays provide a plethora of cultural resources for people worldwide. Although such massive amounts of rich cultural heritage content are available, the potential of its use for educational and scientific purposes still remains largely untapped. Much valuable content is only available in the so-called long tail, i.e. in niche resources such as specifically themed cultural heritage collections, and are difficult to access from the mainstream hubs like major search engines, social networks or online encyclopaedias. The vision of the EEXCESS project is to push high-quality content from the long tail to platforms and devices which are used every day. The realisation of such use cases requires as a basis (and in addition to the functional components) a common metadata representation and tools for mapping between the data sources’ specific data models and this common representation. In this paper, we propose a data model for such a system that combines federated search results from different cultural heritage data sources. We then propose an approach for metadata mapping, with a focus on easy configurability of mappings, which—once properly configured—can then be executed on the fly by an automatic service. We demonstrate the approach using a real-world example.
PubDate: 2015-01-29

• VisInfo: a digital library system for time series research data based on
exploratory search—a user-centered design approach
• Abstract: To this day, data-driven science is a widely accepted concept in the digital library (DL) context (Hey et al. in The fourth paradigm: data-intensive scientific discovery. Microsoft Research, 2009). In the same way, domain knowledge from information visualization, visual analytics, and exploratory search has found its way into the DL workflow. This trend is expected to continue, considering future DL challenges such as content-based access to new document types, visual search, and exploration for information landscapes, or big data in general. To cope with these challenges, DL actors need to collaborate with external specialists from different domains to complement each other and succeed in given tasks such as making research data publicly available. Through these interdisciplinary approaches, the DL ecosystem may contribute to applications focused on data-driven science and digital scholarship. In this work, we present VisInfo (2014) , a web-based digital library system (DLS) with the goal to provide visual access to time series research data. Based on an exploratory search (ES) concept (White and Roth in Synth Lect Inf Concepts Retr Serv 1(1):1–98, 2009), VisInfo at first provides a content-based overview visualization of large amounts of time series research data. Further, the system enables the user to define visual queries by example or by sketch. Finally, VisInfo presents visual-interactive capability for the exploration of search results. The development process of VisInfo was based on the user-centered design principle. Experts from computer science, a scientific digital library, usability engineering, and scientists from the earth, and environmental sciences were involved in an interdisciplinary approach. We report on comprehensive user studies in the requirement analysis phase based on paper prototyping, user interviews, screen casts, and user questionnaires. Heuristic evaluations and two usability testing rounds were applied during the system implementation and the deployment phase and certify measurable improvements for our DLS. Based on the lessons learned in VisInfo, we suggest a generalized project workflow that may be applied in related, prospective approaches.
PubDate: 2014-12-03

• A pipeline for digital restoration of deteriorating photographic negatives
• Abstract: Extending work presented at the second International Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing, we demonstrate a digitization pipeline to capture and restore negatives in low-dynamic range file formats. The majority of early photographs were captured on acetate-based film. However, it has been determined that these negatives will deteriorate beyond repair even with proper conservation and no suitable restoration method is available without physically altering each negative. In this paper, we present an automatic method to remove various non-linear illumination distortions caused by deteriorating photographic support material. First, using a high-dynamic range structured-light scanning method, a 2D Gaussian model for light transmission is estimated for each pixel of the negative image. Estimated amplitude at each pixel provides an accurate model of light transmission, but also includes regions of lower transmission caused by damaged areas. Principal component analysis is then used to estimate the photometric error and effectively restore the original illumination information of the negative. A novel tone mapping approach is then used to produce the final restored image. Using both the shift in the Gaussian light stripes between pixels and their variations in standard deviation, a 3D surface estimate is calculated. Experiments of real historical negatives show promising results for widespread implementation in memory institutions.
PubDate: 2014-11-08

• Assisting digital interoperability and preservation through advanced
dependency reasoning
• Abstract: Digital material has to be preserved not only against loss or corruption, but also against changes in its ecosystem. A quite general view of the digital preservation problem is to approach it from a dependency management point of view. In this paper, we present a rule-based approach for dependency management which can model also converters and emulators. We show that this modeling approach enables the automatic reasoning needed for reducing the human effort required for checking (and monitoring) whether a task on a digital object is performable. We provide examples demonstrating how real-world converters and emulators can be modeled, and show how the preservation services can be implemented. Subsequently, we detail an implementation based on semantic web technologies, describe the prototype system Epimenides which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, and finally report various promising evaluation results.
PubDate: 2014-10-29

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