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• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Mathematics
in 2014

• Authors: Mathematics Office
Pages: 1 - 1
Abstract: The editors of Mathematics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2014:[...]
PubDate: 2015-01-09
DOI: 10.3390/math3010001
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 2-15: On θ-Congruent Numbers, Rational
Squares in Arithmetic Progressions, Concordant Forms and Elliptic Curves

• Authors: Erich Selder, Karlheinz Spindler
Pages: 2 - 15
Abstract: The correspondence between right triangles with rational sides, triplets of rational squares in arithmetic succession and integral solutions of certain quadratic forms is well-known. We show how this correspondence can be extended to the generalized notions of rational θ-triangles, rational squares occurring in arithmetic progressions and concordant forms. In our approach we establish one-to-one mappings to rational points on certain elliptic curves and examine in detail the role of solutions of the θ-congruent number problem and the concordant form problem associated with nontrivial torsion points on the corresponding elliptic curves. This approach allows us to combine and extend some disjoint results obtained by a number of authors, to clarify some statements in the literature and to answer some hitherto open questions.
PubDate: 2015-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010002
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 16-28: Existence Results for Fractional Neutral
Functional Differential Equations with Random Impulses

• Authors: Annamalai Anguraj, Mullarithodi Ranjini, Margarita Rivero, Juan Trujillo
Pages: 16 - 28
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the existence of solutions for the fractional neutral differential equations with random impulses. The results are obtained by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. Examples are added to show applications of the main results.
PubDate: 2015-01-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3010016
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 29-39: A Study on the Nourishing Number of
Graphs and Graph Powers

• Authors: Sudev Naduvath, Germina Augustine
Pages: 29 - 39
Abstract: Let $$\mathbb{N}_{0}$$ be the set of all non-negative integers and $$\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ be its power set. Then, an integer additive set-indexer (IASI) of a given graph $$G$$ is defined as an injective function $$f:V(G)\to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ such that the induced edge-function $$f^+:E(G) \to\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ defined by $$f^+ (uv) = f(u)+ f(v)$$ is also injective, where $$f(u)+f(v)$$ is the sumset of $$f(u)$$ and $$f(v)$$. An IASI $$f$$ of $$G$$ is said to be a strong IASI of $$G$$ if $$f^+(uv) = f(u) \, f(v)$$ for all $$uv\in E(G)$$. The nourishing number of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum order of the maximal complete subgraph of $$G$$ so that $$G$$ admits a strong IASI. In this paper, we study the characteristics of certain graph classes and graph powers that admit strong integer additive set-indexers and determine their corresponding nourishing numbers.
PubDate: 2015-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/math3010029
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 40-46: Analyticity and the Global Information
Field

• Authors: Evgeni Solov'ev
Pages: 40 - 46
Abstract: The relation between analyticity in mathematics and the concept of a global information field in physics is reviewed. Mathematics is complete in the complex plane only. In the complex plane, a very powerful tool appears—analyticity. According to this property, if an analytic function is known on the countable set of points having an accumulation point, then it is known everywhere. This mysterious property has profound consequences in quantum physics. Analyticity allows one to obtain asymptotic (approximate) results in terms of some singular points in the complex plane which accumulate all necessary data on a given process. As an example, slow atomic collisions are presented, where the cross-sections of inelastic transitions are determined by branch-points of the adiabatic energy surface at a complex internuclear distance. Common aspects of the non-local nature of analyticity and a recently introduced interpretation of classical electrodynamics and quantum physics as theories of a global information field are discussed.
PubDate: 2015-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/math3010040
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 47-75: Twistor Interpretation of Harmonic
Spheres and Yang–Mills Fields

• Authors: Armen Sergeev
Pages: 47 - 75
Abstract: We consider the twistor descriptions of harmonic maps of the Riemann sphere into Kähler manifolds and Yang–Mills fields on four-dimensional Euclidean space. The motivation to study twistor interpretations of these objects comes from the harmonic spheres conjecture stating the existence of the bijective correspondence between based harmonic spheres in the loop space $$\Omega G$$ of a compact Lie group $$G$$ and the moduli space of Yang–Mills $$G$$-fields on $$\mathbb R^4$$.
PubDate: 2015-03-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3010047
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 76-91: Basic Results for Sequential Caputo
Fractional Differential Equations

• Authors: Bhuvaneswari Sambandham, Aghalaya Vatsala
Pages: 76 - 91
Abstract: We have developed a representation form for the linear fractional differential equation of order q when 0 &lt; q &lt; 1, with variable coefficients. We have also obtained a closed form of the solution for sequential Caputo fractional differential equation of order 2q, with initial and boundary conditions, for 0 &lt; 2q &lt; 1. The solutions are in terms of Mittag–Leffler functions of order q only. Our results yield the known results of integer order when q = 1. We have also presented some numerical results to bring the salient features of sequential fractional differential equations.
PubDate: 2015-03-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010076
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 92-118: Quantum Measurements of Scattered
Particles

• Authors: Marco Merkli, Mark Penney
Pages: 92 - 118
Abstract: We investigate the process of quantum measurements on scattered probes. Before scattering, the probes are independent, but they become entangled afterwards, due to the interaction with the scatterer. The collection of measurement results (the history) is a stochastic process of dependent random variables. We link the asymptotic properties of this process to spectral characteristics of the dynamics. We show that the process has decaying time correlations and that a zero-one law holds. We deduce that if the incoming probes are not sharply localized with respect to the spectrum of the measurement operator, then the process does not converge. Nevertheless, the scattering modifies the measurement outcome frequencies, which are shown to be the average of the measurement projection operator, evolved for one interaction period, in an asymptotic state. We illustrate the results on a truncated Jaynes–Cummings model.
PubDate: 2015-03-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010092
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 196-217: The Second-Order Shape Derivative of
Kohn–Vogelius-Type Cost Functional Using the Boundary
Differentiation Approach

• Authors: Jerico Bacani, Gunther Peichl
Pages: 196 - 217
Abstract: A shape optimization method is used to study the exterior Bernoulli free boundaryproblem. We minimize the Kohn–Vogelius-type cost functional over a class of admissibledomains subject to two boundary value problems. The first-order shape derivative of the costfunctional is recalled and its second-order shape derivative for general domains is computedvia the boundary differentiation scheme. Additionally, the second-order shape derivative ofJ at the solution of the Bernoulli problem is computed using Tiihonen’s approach.
PubDate: 2014-09-26
DOI: 10.3390/math2040196
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 4 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 218-231: Characteristic Variety of the
Gauss–Manin DifferentialEquations of a Generic Parallelly Translated
Arrangement

• Authors: Alexander Varchenko
Pages: 218 - 231
Abstract: We consider a weighted family of $$n$$ generic parallelly translated hyperplanes in $$\mathbb{C}^k$$ and describe the characteristic variety of the Gauss–Manin differential equations for associated hypergeometric integrals. The characteristic variety is given as the zero set of Laurent polynomials, whose coefficients are determined by weights and the Plücker coordinates of the associated point in the Grassmannian Gr$$(k,n)$$. The Laurent polynomials are in involution.
PubDate: 2014-10-16
DOI: 10.3390/math2040218
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 4 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 232-239: A Conjecture of Han on 3-Cores and
Modular Forms

• Authors: Amanda Clemm
Pages: 232 - 239
Abstract: In his study of Nekrasov–Okounkov type formulas on “partition theoretic” expressions for families of infinite products, Han discovered seemingly unrelated q-series that are supported on precisely the same terms as these infinite products. In collaboration with Ono, Han proved one instance of this occurrence that exhibited a relation between the numbers a(n) that are given in terms of hook lengths of partitions, with the numbers b(n) that equal the number of 3-core partitions of n. Recently Han revisited the q-series with coefficients a(n) and b(n), and numerically found a third q-series whose coefficients appear to be supported on the same terms. Here we prove Han’s conjecture about this third series by proving a general theorem about this phenomenon.
PubDate: 2014-12-19
DOI: 10.3390/math2040232
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 4 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 119-135: A Graphical Approach to a Model of a
Neuronal Tree with a Variable Diameter

• Authors: Marco Herrera-Valdez, Sergei Suslov, José Vega-Guzmán
Pages: 119 - 135
Abstract: Tree-like structures are ubiquitous in nature. In particular, neuronal axons and dendrites have tree-like geometries that mediate electrical signaling within and between cells. Electrical activity in neuronal trees is typically modeled using coupled cable equations on multi-compartment representations, where each compartment represents a small segment of the neuronal membrane. The geometry of each compartment is usually defined as a cylinder or, at best, a surface of revolution based on a linear approximation of the radial change in the neurite. The resulting geometry of the model neuron is coarse, with non-smooth or even discontinuous jumps at the boundaries between compartments. We propose a hyperbolic approximation to model the geometry of neurite compartments, a branched, multi-compartment extension, and a simple graphical approach to calculate steady-state solutions of an associated system of coupled cable equations. A simple case of transient solutions is also briefly discussed.
PubDate: 2014-07-09
DOI: 10.3390/math2030119
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 136-171: Modeling the Influence of Environment
and Intervention onCholera in Haiti

• Authors: Stephen Tennenbaum, Caroline Freitag, Svetlana Roudenko
Pages: 136 - 171
Abstract: We propose a simple model with two infective classes in order to model the cholera epidemic in Haiti. We include the impact of environmental events (rainfall, temperature and tidal range) on the epidemic in the Artibonite and Ouest regions by introducing terms in the transmission rate that vary with environmental conditions. We fit the model on weekly data from the beginning of the epidemic until December 2013, including the vaccination programs that were recently undertaken in the Ouest and Artibonite regions. We then modified these projections excluding vaccination to assess the programs’ effectiveness. Using real-time daily rainfall, we found lag times between precipitation events and new cases that range from 3:4 to 8:4 weeks in Artibonite and 5:1 to 7:4 in Ouest. In addition, it appears that, in the Ouest region, tidal influences play a significant role in the dynamics of the disease. Intervention efforts of all types have reduced case numbers in both regions; however, persistent outbreaks continue. In Ouest, where the population at risk seems particularly besieged and the overall population is larger, vaccination efforts seem to be taking hold more slowly than in Artibonite, where a smaller core population was vaccinated. The models including the vaccination programs predicted that a year and six months later, the mean number of cases in Artibonite would be reduced by about two thousand cases, and in Ouest by twenty four hundred cases below that predicted by the models without vaccination. We also found that vaccination is best when done in the early spring, and as early as possible in the epidemic. Comparing vaccination between the first spring and the second, there is a drop of about 40% in the case reduction due to the vaccine and about 10% per year after that.
PubDate: 2014-09-05
DOI: 10.3390/math2030136
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 172-195: Dynamics of a Parametrically Excited
System with Two Forcing Terms

• Authors: Anastasia Sofroniou, Steven Bishop
Pages: 172 - 195
Abstract: Motivated by the dynamics of a trimaran, an investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a double forcing parametrically excited system is carried out. Initially, we provide an outline of the stability regions, both numerically and analytically, for the undamped linear, extended version of the Mathieu equation. This paper then examines the anticipated form of response of our proposed nonlinear damped double forcing system, where periodic and quasiperiodic routes to chaos are graphically demonstrated and compared with the case of the single vertically-driven pendulum.
PubDate: 2014-09-22
DOI: 10.3390/math2030172
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 68-82: Numerical Construction of Viable Sets
for Autonomous Conflict Control Systems

• Authors: Nikolai Botkin, Varvara Turova
Pages: 68 - 82
Abstract: A conflict control system with state constraints is under consideration. A method for finding viability kernels (the largest subsets of state constraints where the system can be confined) is proposed. The method is related to differential games theory essentially developed by N. N. Krasovskii and A. I. Subbotin. The viability kernel is constructed as the limit of sets generated by a Pontryagin-like backward procedure. This method is implemented in the framework of a level set technique based on the computation of limiting viscosity solutions of an appropriate Hamilton–Jacobi equation. To fulfill this, the authors adapt their numerical methods formerly developed for solving time-dependent Hamilton–Jacobi equations arising from problems with state constraints. Examples of computing viability sets are given.
PubDate: 2014-04-11
DOI: 10.3390/math2020068
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 2 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 83-95: Traveling Wave Solutions of
Reaction-Diffusion Equations Arising in Atherosclerosis Models

• Authors: Narcisa Apreutesei
Pages: 83 - 95
Abstract: In this short review article, two atherosclerosis models are presented, one as a scalar equation and the other one as a system of two equations. They are given in terms of reaction-diffusion equations in an infinite strip with nonlinear boundary conditions. The existence of traveling wave solutions is studied for these models. The monostable and bistable cases are introduced and analyzed.
PubDate: 2014-05-08
DOI: 10.3390/math2020083
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 2 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 96-118: The Riccati System and a Diffusion-Type
Equation

• Authors: Erwin Suazo, Sergei Suslov, José Vega-Guzmán
Pages: 96 - 118
Abstract: We discuss a method of constructing solutions of the initial value problem for diffusion-type equations in terms of solutions of certain Riccati and Ermakov-type systems. A nonautonomous Burgers-type equation is also considered. Examples include, but are not limited to the Fokker-Planck equation in physics, the Black-Scholes equation and the Hull-White model in finance.
PubDate: 2014-05-15
DOI: 10.3390/math2020096
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 2 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 12-28: On the Folded Normal Distribution

• Authors: Michail Tsagris, Christina Beneki, Hossein Hassani
Pages: 12 - 28
Abstract: The characteristic function of the folded normal distribution and its moment function are derived. The entropy of the folded normal distribution and the Kullback–Leibler from the normal and half normal distributions are approximated using Taylor series. The accuracy of the results are also assessed using different criteria. The maximum likelihood estimates and confidence intervals for the parameters are obtained using the asymptotic theory and bootstrap method. The coverage of the confidence intervals is also examined.
PubDate: 2014-02-14
DOI: 10.3390/math2010012
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 1 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 29-36: Some New Integral Identities for
Solenoidal Fields and Applications

Pages: 29 - 36
Abstract: In spaces Rn, n ≥ 2, it has been proved that a solenoidal vector field and its rotor satisfy the series of new integral identities which have covariant form. The interest in them is explained by hydrodynamics problems for an ideal fluid.
PubDate: 2014-03-03
DOI: 10.3390/math2010029
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 1 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 37-52: Bounded Gaps between Products of Special
Primes

• Authors: Ping Chung, Shiyu Li
Pages: 37 - 52
Abstract: In their breakthrough paper in 2006, Goldston, Graham, Pintz and Yıldırım proved several results about bounded gaps between products of two distinct primes. Frank Thorne expanded on this result, proving bounded gaps in the set of square-free numbers with r prime factors for any r ≥ 2, all of which are in a given set of primes. His results yield applications to the divisibility of class numbers and the triviality of ranks of elliptic curves. In this paper, we relax the condition on the number of prime factors and prove an analogous result using a modified approach. We then revisit Thorne’s applications and give a better bound in each case.
PubDate: 2014-03-03
DOI: 10.3390/math2010037
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 1 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 53-67: Convergence of the
Quadrature-Differences Method for Singular Integro-Differential Equations
on the Interval

• Authors: Alexander Fedotov
Pages: 53 - 67
Abstract: In this paper, we propose and justify the quadrature-differences method for the full linear singular integro-differential equations with the Cauchy kernel on the interval (–1,1). We consider equations of zero, positive and negative indices. It is shown that the method converges to an exact solution, and the error estimation depends on the sharpness of derivative approximations and on the smoothness of the coefficients and the right-hand side of the equation.
PubDate: 2014-03-04
DOI: 10.3390/math2010053
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 1 (2014)

• Mathematics, Vol. 2, Pages 1-11: One-Dimensional Nonlinear Stefan Problems
in Storm’s Materials

• Authors: Adriana Briozzo, María Natale
Pages: 1 - 11
Abstract: We consider two one-phase nonlinear one-dimensional Stefan problems for a semi-infinite material x &gt; 0; with phase change temperature Tf : We assume that the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity satisfy a Storm’s condition. In the first case, we assume a heat flux boundary condition of the type [PLEASE CHECK FORMULA IN THE PDF], and in the second case, we assume a temperature boundary condition T = Ts &lt; Tf at the fixed face. Solutions of similarity type are obtained in both cases, and the equivalence of the two problems is demonstrated. We also give procedures in order to compute the explicit solution.
PubDate: 2013-12-27
DOI: 10.3390/math2010001
Issue No: Vol. 2, No. 1 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 111-118: Sign-Periodicity of Traces of Singular
Moduli

• Authors: Dohoon Choi, Byungchan Kim, Subong Lim
Pages: 111 - 118
Abstract: Zagier proved that the generating functions of traces of singular values of Jm(z) are weight 3/2 weakly holomorphic modular forms. In this paper we prove that there is the sign-periodicity of traces of singular values of Jm(z).
PubDate: 2013-10-15
DOI: 10.3390/math1040111
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 4 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 76-88: On the Distribution of the spt-Crank

• Authors: George Andrews, Freeman Dyson, Robert Rhoades
Pages: 76 - 88
Abstract: Andrews, Garvan and Liang introduced the spt-crank for vector partitions. We conjecture that for any n the sequence {NS (m, n)}m is unimodal, where NS (m, n) is the number of S-partitions of size n with crank m weight by the spt-crank. We relate this conjecture to a distributional result concerning the usual rank and crank of unrestricted partitions. This leads to a heuristic that suggests the conjecture is true and allows us to asymptotically establish the conjecture. Additionally, we give an asymptotic study for the distribution of the spt-crank statistic. Finally, we give some speculations about a definition for the spt-crank in terms of “marked” partitions. A “marked” partition is an unrestricted integer partition where each part is marked with a multiplicity number. It remains an interesting and apparently challenging problem to interpret the spt-crank in terms of ordinary integer partitions.
PubDate: 2013-06-28
DOI: 10.3390/math1030076
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 3 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 89-99: Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by
Many Nano-Wires

• Authors: Alexander Ramm
Pages: 89 - 99
Abstract: Electromagnetic wave scattering by many parallel to the z−axis, thin, impedance, parallel, infinite cylinders is studied asymptotically as a → 0. Let Dm be the cross-section of the m−th cylinder, a be its radius and xˆm = (xm1, xm2) be its center, 1 ≤ m ≤ M , M =   M (a). It is assumed that the points, xˆm, are distributed, so that N (∆)  = (1 / 2πa) * ∫∆ N (xˆ)dxˆ[1 + o(1)], where N (∆) is the number of points, xˆm, in an arbitrary open subset, ∆, of the plane, xoy. The function, N (xˆ) ≥ 0, is a continuous function, which an experimentalist can choose. An equation for the self-consistent (effective) field is derived as a → 0. A formula is derived for the refraction coefficient in the medium in which many thin impedance cylinders are distributed. These cylinders may model nano-wires embedded in the medium. One can produce a desired refraction coefficient of the new medium by choosing a suitable boundary impedance of the thin cylinders and their distribution law.
PubDate: 2013-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/math1030089
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 3 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 100-110: Effective Congruences for Mock Theta
Functions

• Authors: Nickolas Andersen, Holley Friedlander, Jeremy Fuller, Heidi Goodson
Pages: 100 - 110
Abstract: Let M(q) = ∑c(n) qn be one of Ramanujan’s mock theta functions. We establish the existence of infinitely many linear congruences of the form: c(An + B) ≡ 0 (mod lj) where A is a multiple of l and an auxiliary prime, p. Moreover, we give an effectively computable upper bound on the smallest such p for which these congruences hold. The effective nature of our results is based on the prior works of Lichtenstein [1] and Treneer [2].
PubDate: 2013-09-04
DOI: 10.3390/math1030100
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 3 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 46-64: Stability of Solutions to Evolution
Problems

• Authors: Alexander Ramm
Pages: 46 - 64
Abstract: Large time behavior of solutions to abstract differential equations is studied. The results give sufficient condition for the global existence of a solution to an abstract dynamical system (evolution problem), for this solution to be bounded, and for this solution to have a finite limit as t → ∞, in particular, sufficient conditions for this limit to be zero. The evolution problem is: u = A(t)u + F(t; u) + b(t); t ≥ 0; u(0) = u0: (*) Here u:= du/dt , u = u(t) ∈ H, H is a Hilbert space, t ∈ R+ := [0;∞), A(t) is a linear dissipative operator: Re(A(t)u; u)
PubDate: 2013-05-13
DOI: 10.3390/math1020046
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 65-75: On the Class of Dominant and Subordinate
Products

• Authors: Alexander Berkovich, Keith Grizzell
Pages: 65 - 75
Abstract: In this paper we provide proofs of two new theorems that provide a broad class of partition inequalities and that illustrate a na¨ıve version of Andrews’ anti-telescoping technique quite well. These new theorems also put to rest any notion that including parts of size 1 is somehow necessary in order to have a valid irreducible partition inequality. In addition, we prove (as a lemma to one of the theorems) a rather nontrivial class of rational functions of three variables has entirely nonnegative power series coefficients.
PubDate: 2013-05-15
DOI: 10.3390/math1020065
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 3-8: On Matrices Arising in the Finite Field
Analogue of Euler’s Integral Transform

• Authors: Michael Griffin, Larry Rolen
Pages: 3 - 8
Abstract: In his 1984 Ph.D. thesis, J. Greene defined an analogue of the Euler integral transform for finite field hypergeometric series. Here we consider a special family of matrices which arise naturally in the study of this transform and prove a conjecture of Ono about the decomposition of certain finite field hypergeometric functions into functions of lower dimension.
PubDate: 2013-02-05
DOI: 10.3390/math1010003
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 1 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 9-30: ρ — Adic Analogues of
Ramanujan Type Formulas for 1/π

• Authors: Sarah Chisholm, Alyson Deines, Ling Long, Gabriele Nebe, Holly Swisher
Pages: 9 - 30
Abstract: Following Ramanujan’s work on modular equations and approximations of π, there are formulas for 1/π of the form [PLEASE CHECK FORMULA IN THE PDF] for d = 2, 3, 4, 6, where λd are singular values that correspond to elliptic curves with complex multiplication, and α, δ are explicit algebraic numbers. In this paper we prove a ρ-adic version of this formula in terms of the so-called Ramanujan type congruence. In addition, we obtain a new supercongruence result for elliptic curves with complex multiplication.
PubDate: 2013-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/math1010009
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 1 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 31-45: A Converse to a Theorem of Oka and
Sakamoto for Complex Line Arrangements

• Authors: Kristopher Williams
Pages: 31 - 45
Abstract: Let C1 and C2 be algebraic plane curves in C2 such that the curves intersect in d1 · d2 points where d1, d2 are the degrees of the curves respectively. Oka and Sakamoto proved that π1(C2 \ C1 U C2)) ≅ π1 (C2 \  C1) × π1 (C2 \  C2) [1]. In this paper we prove the converse of Oka and Sakamoto’s result for line arrangements. Let A1 and A2 be non-empty arrangements of lines in C2 such that π1 (M(A1 U  A2)) ≅  π1 (M(A1)) ×  π1 (M(A2)) Then, the intersection of A1 and A2 consists of /A1/ ·  /A2/ points of multiplicity two.
PubDate: 2013-03-14
DOI: 10.3390/math1010031
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 1 (2013)

• Mathematics, Vol. 1, Pages 1-2: Mathematics—An Open Access Journal

• Authors: Sergei Suslov
Pages: 1 - 2
Abstract: As is widely known, mathematics plays a unique role in all natural sciences as a refined scientific language and powerful research tool. Indeed, most of the fundamental laws of nature are written in mathematical terms and we study their consequences by numerous mathematical methods (and vice versa, any essential progress in a natural science has been accompanied by fruitful developments in mathematics). In addition, the mathematical modeling in various interdisciplinary problems and logical development of mathematics on its own should be taken into account. [...]
PubDate: 2012-12-28
DOI: 10.3390/math1010001
Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 1 (2012)

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