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• Mathematics, Vol. 4, Pages 2: Barrier Option Under Lévy Model : A
PIDE and Mellin Transform Approach

• Authors: Sudip Chandra, Diganta Mukherjee
First page: 2
Abstract: We propose a stochastic model to develop a partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) for pricing and pricing expression for fixed type single Barrier options based on the Itô-Lévy calculus with the help of Mellin transform. The stock price is driven by a class of infinite activity Lévy processes leading to the market inherently incomplete, and dynamic hedging is no longer risk free. We first develop a PIDE for fixed type Barrier options, and apply the Mellin transform to derive a pricing expression. Our main contribution is to develop a PIDE with its closed form pricing expression for the contract. The procedure is easy to implement for all class of Lévy processes numerically. Finally, the algorithm for computing numerically is presented with results for a set of Lévy processes.
PubDate: 2016-01-04
DOI: 10.3390/math4010002
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)

• Mathematics, Vol. 4, Pages 3: Multiplicative Expression for the
Coefficient in Fermionic 3–3 Relation

• Authors: Igor Korepanov
First page: 3
Abstract: Recently, a family of fermionic relations were discovered corresponding to Pachner move 3–3 and parameterized by complex-valued 2-cocycles, where the weight of a pentachoron (4-simplex) is a Grassmann–Gaussian exponent. Here, the proportionality coefficient between Berezin integrals in the l.h.s. and r.h.s. of such relations is written in a form multiplicative over simplices.
PubDate: 2016-01-20
DOI: 10.3390/math4010003
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)

• Mathematics, Vol. 4, Pages 4: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Mathematics
in 2015

• Authors: Mathematics Editorial Office
First page: 4
Abstract: The editors of Mathematics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]
PubDate: 2016-01-25
DOI: 10.3390/math4010004
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)

• Mathematics, Vol. 4, Pages 1: On Diff(M)-Pseudo-Differential Operators and
the Geometry of Non Linear Grassmannians

• Authors: Jean-Pierre Magnot
First page: 1
Abstract: We consider two principal bundles of embeddings with total space E m b ( M , N ) , with structure groups D i f f ( M ) and D i f f + ( M ) , where D i f f + ( M ) is the groups of orientation preserving diffeomorphisms. The aim of this paper is to describe the structure group of the tangent bundle of the two base manifolds: B ( M , N ) = E m b ( M , N ) / D i f f ( M ) and B + ( M , N ) = E m b ( M , N ) / D i f f + ( M ) from the various properties described, an adequate group seems to be a group of Fourier integral operators, which is carefully studied. It is the main goal of this paper to analyze this group, which is a central extension of a group of diffeomorphisms by a group of pseudo-differential operators which is slightly different from the one developped in the mathematical litterature e.g. by H. Omori and by T. Ratiu. We show that these groups are regular, and develop the necessary properties for applications to the geometry of B ( M , N ) . A case of particular interest is M = S 1 , where connected components of B + ( S 1 , N ) are deeply linked with homotopy classes of oriented knots. In this example, the structure group of the tangent space T B + ( S 1 , N ) is a subgroup of some group G L r e s , following the classical notations of (Pressley, A., 1988). These constructions suggest some approaches in the spirit of one of our previous works on Chern-Weil theory that could lead to knot invariants through a theory of Chern-Weil forms.
PubDate: 2015-12-25
DOI: 10.3390/math4010001
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 945-960: Reformulated First Zagreb Index of
Some Graph Operations

• Authors: Nilanjan De, Sk. Nayeem, Anita Pal
Pages: 945 - 960
Abstract: The reformulated Zagreb indices of a graph are obtained from the classical Zagreb indices by replacing vertex degrees with edge degrees, where the degree of an edge is taken as the sum of degrees of the end vertices of the edge minus 2. In this paper, we study the behavior of the reformulated first Zagreb index and apply our results to different chemically interesting molecular graphs and nano-structures.
PubDate: 2015-10-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3040945
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 961-983: Optimal Intervention Strategies for a
SEIR Control Model of Ebola Epidemics

• Authors: Ellina Grigorieva, Evgenii Khailov
Pages: 961 - 983
Abstract: A SEIR control model describing the Ebola epidemic in a population of a constant size is considered over a given time interval. It contains two intervention control functions reflecting efforts to protect susceptible individuals from infected and exposed individuals. For this model, the problem of minimizing the weighted sum of total fractions of infected and exposed individuals and total costs of intervention control constraints at a given time interval is stated. For the analysis of the corresponding optimal controls, the Pontryagin maximum principle is used. According to it, these controls are bang-bang, and are determined using the same switching function. A linear non-autonomous system of differential equations, to which this function satisfies together with its corresponding auxiliary functions, is found. In order to estimate the number of zeroes of the switching function, the matrix of the linear non-autonomous system is transformed to an upper triangular form on the entire time interval and the generalized Rolle’s theorem is applied to the converted system of differential equations. It is found that the optimal controls of the original problem have at most two switchings. This fact allows the reduction of the original complex optimal control problem to the solution of a much simpler problem of conditional minimization of a function of two variables. Results of the numerical solution to this problem and their detailed analysis are provided.
PubDate: 2015-10-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3040961
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 984-1000: Gauge Invariance and Symmetry
Breaking by Topology and Energy Gap

• Authors: Franco Strocchi, Carlo Heissenberg
Pages: 984 - 1000
Abstract: For the description of observables and states of a quantum system, it may be convenient to use a canonical Weyl algebra of which only a subalgebra A, with a non-trivial center Z, describes observables, the other Weyl operators playing the role of intertwiners between inequivalent representations of A. In particular, this gives rise to a gauge symmetry described by the action of Z. A distinguished case is when the center of the observables arises from the fundamental group of the manifold of the positions of the quantum system. Symmetries that do not commute with the topological invariants represented by elements of Z are then spontaneously broken in each irreducible representation of the observable algebra, compatibly with an energy gap; such a breaking exhibits a mechanism radically different from Goldstone and Higgs mechanisms. This is clearly displayed by the quantum particle on a circle, the Bloch electron and the two body problem.
PubDate: 2015-10-22
DOI: 10.3390/math3040984
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1001-1031: A Cohomology Theory for Commutative
Monoids

• Pages: 1001 - 1031
Abstract: Extending Eilenberg–Mac Lane’s cohomology of abelian groups, a cohomology theory is introduced for commutative monoids. The cohomology groups in this theory agree with the pre-existing ones by Grillet in low dimensions, but they differ beyond dimension two. A natural interpretation is given for the three-cohomology classes in terms of braided monoidal groupoids.
PubDate: 2015-10-27
DOI: 10.3390/math3041001
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1032-1044: A Fast O(N logN) Finite Difference
Method for the One-Dimensional Space-Fractional Diffusion Equation

• Authors: Treena Basu
Pages: 1032 - 1044
Abstract: This paper proposes an approach for the space-fractional diffusion equation in one dimension. Since fractional differential operators are non-local, two main difficulties arise after discretization and solving using Gaussian elimination: how to handle the memory requirement of O(N2) for storing the dense or even full matrices that arise from application of numerical methods and how to manage the significant computational work count of O(N3) per time step, where N is the number of spatial grid points. In this paper, a fast iterative finite difference method is developed, which has a memory requirement of O(N) and a computational cost of O(N logN) per iteration. Finally, some numerical results are shown to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
PubDate: 2015-10-27
DOI: 10.3390/math3041032
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1045-1068: Pointwise Reconstruction of Wave
Functions from Their Moments through Weighted Polynomial Expansions: An
Alternative Global-Local Quantization Procedure

• Authors: Carlos Handy, Daniel Vrinceanu, Carl Marth, Harold Brooks
Pages: 1045 - 1068
Abstract: Many quantum systems admit an explicit analytic Fourier space expansion, besides the usual analytic Schrödinger configuration space representation. We argue that the use of weighted orthonormal polynomial expansions for the physical states (generated through the power moments) can define an L2 convergent, non-orthonormal, basis expansion with sufficient pointwise convergent behaviors, enabling the direct coupling of the global (power moments) and local (Taylor series) expansions in configuration space. Our formulation is elaborated within the orthogonal polynomial projection quantization (OPPQ) configuration space representation previously developed The quantization approach pursued here defines an alternative strategy emphasizing the relevance of OPPQ to the reconstruction of the local structure of the physical states.
PubDate: 2015-11-05
DOI: 10.3390/math3041045
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1069-1082: A Class of Extended
Mittag–Leffler Functions and Their Properties Related to Integral
Transforms and Fractional Calculus

• Authors: Rakesh Parmar
Pages: 1069 - 1082
Abstract: In a joint paper with Srivastava and Chopra, we introduced far-reaching generalizations of the extended Gammafunction, extended Beta function and the extended Gauss hypergeometric function. In this present paper, we extend the generalized Mittag–Leffler function by means of the extended Beta function. We then systematically investigate several properties of the extended Mittag–Leffler function, including, for example, certain basic properties, Laplace transform, Mellin transform and Euler-Beta transform. Further, certain properties of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals and derivatives associated with the extended Mittag–Leffler function are investigated. Some interesting special cases of our main results are also pointed out.
PubDate: 2015-11-06
DOI: 10.3390/math3041069
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1083-1094: The San Francisco MSM Epidemic: A
Retrospective Analysis

• Authors: Brandy Rapatski, Juan Tolosa
Pages: 1083 - 1094
Abstract: We investigate various scenarios for ending the San Francisco MSM (men having sex with men) HIV/AIDS epidemic (1978–1984). We use our previously developed model and explore changes due to prevention strategies such as testing, treatment and reduction of the number of contacts. Here we consider a “what-if” scenario, by comparing different treatment strategies, to determine which factor has the greatest impact on reducing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The factor determining the future of the epidemic is the reproduction number R0; if R0 &lt; 1, the epidemic is stopped. We show that treatment significantly reduces the total number of infected people. We also investigate the effect a reduction in the number of contacts after seven years, when the HIV/AIDS threat became known, would have had in the population. Both reduction of contacts and treatment alone, however, would not have been enough to bring R0 below one; but when combined, we show that the effective R0 becomes less than one, and therefore the epidemic would have been eradicated.
PubDate: 2015-11-24
DOI: 10.3390/math3041083
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1095-1138: Free W*-Dynamical Systems From
p-Adic Number Fields and the Euler Totient Function

• Authors: Ilwoo Cho, Palle Jorgensen
Pages: 1095 - 1138
Abstract: In this paper, we study relations between free probability on crossed product W * -algebras with a von Neumann algebra over p-adic number fields Q p (for primes p), and free probability on the subalgebra Φ, generated by the Euler totient function ϕ, of the arithmetic algebra A , consisting of all arithmetic functions. In particular, we apply such free probability to consider operator-theoretic and operator-algebraic properties of W * -dynamical systems induced by Q p under free-probabilistic (and hence, spectral-theoretic) techniques.
PubDate: 2015-12-02
DOI: 10.3390/math3041095
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1139-1170: HIV vs. the Immune System: A
Differential Game

• Authors: Alessandra Buratto, Rudy Cesaretto, Rita Zamarchi
Pages: 1139 - 1170
Abstract: A differential game is formulated in order to model the interaction between the immune system and the HIV virus. One player is represented by the immune system of a patient subject to a therapeutic treatment and the other player is the HIV virus. The aim of our study is to determine the optimal therapy that allows to prevent viral replication inside the body, so as to reduce the damage caused to the immune system, and allow greater survival and quality of life. We propose a model that considers all the most common classes of antiretroviral drugs taking into account different immune cells dynamics. We validate the model with numerical simulations, and determine optimal structured treatment interruption (STI) schedules for medications.
PubDate: 2015-12-03
DOI: 10.3390/math3041139
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1171-1191: Construction of Periodic Wavelet
Frames Generated by the Walsh Polynomials

• Authors: Sunita Goyal, Firdous Shah
Pages: 1171 - 1191
Abstract: An explicit method for the construction of a tight wavelet frame generated by the Walsh polynomials with the help of extension principles was presented by Shah (Shah, 2013). In this article, we extend the notion of wavelet frames to periodic wavelet frames generated by the Walsh polynomials on R+ by using extension principles. We first show that under some mild conditions, the periodization of any wavelet frame constructed by the unitary extension principle is still a periodic wavelet frame on R + . Then, we construct a pair of dual periodic wavelet frames generated by the Walsh polynomials on R + using the machinery of the mixed extension principle and Walsh–Fourier transforms.
PubDate: 2015-12-03
DOI: 10.3390/math3041171
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1192-1221: From Cayley-Dickson Algebras to
Combinatorial Grassmannians

• Pages: 1192 - 1221
Abstract: Given a 2N -dimensional Cayley-Dickson algebra, where 3 ≤ N ≤ 6 , we first observe that the multiplication table of its imaginary units ea , 1 ≤ a ≤ 2N - 1 , is encoded in the properties of the projective space PG(N - 1,2) if these imaginary units are regarded as points and distinguished triads of them {ea, eb , ec} , 1 ≤ a &lt; b &lt; c ≤ 2N - 1 and eaeb = ±ec , as lines. This projective space is seen to feature two distinct kinds of lines according as a + b = c or a + b ≠ c . Consequently, it also exhibits (at least two) different types of points in dependence on how many lines of either kind pass through each of them. In order to account for such partition of the PG(N - 1,2) , the concept of Veldkamp space of a finite point-line incidence structure is employed. The corresponding point-line incidence structure is found to be a specific binomial configuration CN; in particular, C3 (octonions) is isomorphic to the Pasch (62, 43) -configuration, C4 (sedenions) is the famous Desargues (103) -configuration, C5 (32-nions) coincides with the Cayley-Salmon (154, 203) -configuration found in the well-known Pascal mystic hexagram and C6 (64-nions) is identical with a particular (215, 353) -configuration that can be viewed as four triangles in perspective from a line where the points of perspectivity of six pairs of them form a Pasch configuration. Finally, a brief examination of the structure of generic CN leads to a conjecture that CN is isomorphic to a combinatorial Grassmannian of type G2(N + 1).
PubDate: 2015-12-04
DOI: 10.3390/math3041192
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1222-1240: Robust Finite-Time
Anti-Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Different Dimensions

Pages: 1222 - 1240
Abstract: In this paper, we demonstrate that anti-synchronization (AS) phenomena of chaotic systems with different dimensions can coexist in the finite-time with under the effect of both unknown model uncertainty and external disturbance. Based on the finite-time stability theory and using the master-slave system AS scheme, a generalized approach for the finite-time AS is proposed that guarantee the global stability of the closed-loop for reduced order and increased order AS in the finite time. Numerical simulation results further verify the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed finite-time reduced order and increased order AS schemes.
PubDate: 2015-12-08
DOI: 10.3390/math3041222
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1241-1254: Modeling ITNs Usage: Optimal
Promotion Programs Versus Pure Voluntary Adoptions

• Authors: Bruno Buonomo
Pages: 1241 - 1254
Abstract: We consider a mosquito-borne epidemic model, where the adoption by individuals of insecticide–treated bed–nets (ITNs) is taken into account. Motivated by the well documented strong influence of behavioral factors in ITNs usage, we propose a mathematical approach based on the idea of information–dependent epidemic models. We consider the feedback produced by the actions taken by individuals as a consequence of: (i) the information available on the status of the disease in the community where they live; (ii) an optimal health-promotion campaign aimed at encouraging people to use ITNs. The effects on the epidemic dynamics of each of these feedback are assessed and compared with the output of classical models. We show that behavioral changes of individuals may sensibly affect the epidemic dynamics.
PubDate: 2015-12-11
DOI: 10.3390/math3041241
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1255-1273: Two Dimensional Temperature
Distributions in Plate Heat Exchangers: An Analytical Approach

• Authors: Amir Ansari Dezfoli, Mozaffar Mehrabian, Mohamad Saffaripour
Pages: 1255 - 1273
Abstract: Analytical solutions are developed to work out the two-dimensional (2D) temperature changes of flow in the passages of a plate heat exchanger in parallel flow and counter flow arrangements. Two different flow regimes, namely, the plug flow and the turbulent flow are considered. The mathematical formulation of problems coupled at boundary conditions are presented, the solution procedure is then obtained as a special case of the two region Sturm-Liouville problem. The results obtained for two different flow regimes are then compared with experimental results and with each other. The agreement between the analytical and experimental results is an indication of the accuracy of solution method.
PubDate: 2015-12-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3041255
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 563-603: Singular Bilinear Integrals in Quantum
Physics

• Authors: Brian Jefferies
Pages: 563 - 603
Abstract: Bilinear integrals of operator-valued functions with respect to spectral measures and integrals of scalar functions with respect to the product of two spectral measures arise in many problems in scattering theory and spectral analysis. Unfortunately, the theory of bilinear integration with respect to a vector measure originating from the work of Bartle cannot be applied due to the singular variational properties of spectral measures. In this work, it is shown how decoupled'' bilinear integration may be used to find solutions $$X$$ of operator equations $$AX-XB=Y$$ with respect to the spectral measure of $$A$$ and to apply such representations to the spectral decomposition of block operator matrices. A new proof is given of Peller's characterisation of the space $$L^1((P\otimes Q)_{\mathcal L(\mathcal H)})$$ of double operator integrable functions for spectral measures $$P$$, $$Q$$ acting in a Hilbert space $$\mathcal H$$ and applied to the representation of the trace of $$\int_{\Lambda\times\Lambda}\varphi\,d(PTP)$$ for a trace class operator $$T$$. The method of double operator integrals due to Birman and Solomyak is used to obtain an elementary proof of the existence of Krein's spectral shift function.
PubDate: 2015-06-29
DOI: 10.3390/math3030563
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 604-614: Topological Integer Additive
Set-Sequential Graphs

• Authors: Sudev Naduvath, Germina Augustine, Chithra Sudev
Pages: 604 - 614
Abstract: Let $$\mathbb{N}_0$$ denote the set of all non-negative integers and $$X$$ be any non-empty subset of $$\mathbb{N}_0$$. Denote the power set of $$X$$ by $$\mathcal{P}(X)$$. An integer additive set-labeling (IASL) of a graph $$G$$ is an injective function $$f : V (G) \to P(X)$$ such that the image of the induced function $$f^+: E(G) \to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_0)$$, defined by $$f^+(uv)=f(u)+f(v)$$, is contained in $$\mathcal{P}(X)$$, where $$f(u) + f(v)$$ is the sumset of $$f(u)$$ and $$f(v)$$. If the associated set-valued edge function $$f^+$$ is also injective, then such an IASL is called an integer additive set-indexer (IASI). An IASL $$f$$ is said to be a topological IASL (TIASL) if $$f(V(G))\cup \{\emptyset\}$$ is a topology of the ground set $$X$$. An IASL is said to be an integer additive set-sequential labeling (IASSL) if $$f(V(G))\cup f^+(E(G))= \mathcal{P}(X)-\{\emptyset\}$$. An IASL of a given graph $$G$$ is said to be a topological integer additive set-sequential labeling of $$G$$, if it is a topological integer additive set-labeling as well as an integer additive set-sequential labeling of $$G$$. In this paper, we study the conditions required for a graph $$G$$ to admit this type of IASL and propose some important characteristics of the graphs which admit this type of IASLs.
PubDate: 2015-07-03
DOI: 10.3390/math3030604
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 615-625: Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space vs.
Frame Estimates

• Authors: Palle Jorgensen, Myung-Sin Song
Pages: 615 - 625
Abstract: We consider conditions on a given system F of vectors in Hilbert space H, forming a frame, which turn H into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. It is assumed that the vectors in F are functions on some set Ω . We then identify conditions on these functions which automatically give H the structure of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of functions on Ω. We further give an explicit formula for the kernel, and for the corresponding isometric isomorphism. Applications are given to Hilbert spaces associated to families of Gaussian processes.
PubDate: 2015-07-08
DOI: 10.3390/math3030615
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 626-643: Time Automorphisms on C-Algebras

• Authors: R. Hilfer
Pages: 626 - 643
Abstract: Applications of fractional time derivatives in physics and engineering require the existence of nontranslational time automorphisms on the appropriate algebra of observables. The existence of time automorphisms on commutative and noncommutative C*-algebras for interacting many-body systems is investigated in this article. A mathematical framework is given to discuss local stationarity in time and the global existence of fractional and nonfractional time automorphisms. The results challenge the concept of time flow as a translation along the orbits and support a more general concept of time flow as a convolution along orbits. Implications for the distinction of reversible and irreversible dynamics are discussed. The generalized concept of time as a convolution reduces to the traditional concept of time translation in a special limit.
PubDate: 2015-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3030626
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 644-652: On the Nature of the
Tsallis–Fourier Transform

• Authors: A. Plastino, Mario Rocca
Pages: 644 - 652
Abstract: By recourse to tempered ultradistributions, we show here that the effect of a q-Fourier transform (qFT) is to map equivalence classes of functions into other classes in a one-to-one fashion. This suggests that Tsallis’ q-statistics may revolve around equivalence classes of distributions and not individual ones, as orthodox statistics does. We solve here the qFT’s non-invertibility issue, but discover a problem that remains open.
PubDate: 2015-07-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3030644
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 653-665: Zeta Function Expression of Spin

• Authors: Floyd L.Williams
Pages: 653 - 665
Abstract: We find a Selberg zeta function expression of certain one-loop spin partition functions on three-dimensional thermal anti-de Sitter space. Of particular interest is the partition function of higher spin fermionic particles. We also set up, in the presence of spin, a Patterson-type formula involving the logarithmic derivative of zeta.
PubDate: 2015-07-28
DOI: 10.3390/math3030653
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 666-689: Evaluation of Interpolants in Their
Ability to Fit Seismometric Time Series

• Authors: Kanadpriya Basu, Maria Mariani, Laura Serpa, Ritwik Sinha
Pages: 666 - 689
Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the ASARCO demolition seismic data. Two different classes of modeling techniques are explored: First, mathematical interpolation methods and second statistical smoothing approaches for curve fitting. We estimate the characteristic parameters of the propagation medium for seismic waves with multiple mathematical and statistical techniques, and provide the relative advantages of each approach to address fitting of such data. We conclude that mathematical interpolation techniques and statistical curve fitting techniques complement each other and can add value to the study of one dimensional time series seismographic data: they can be use to add more data to the system in case the data set is not large enough to perform standard statistical tests.
PubDate: 2015-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/math3030666
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 690-726: Root Operators and
“Evolution” Equations

• Authors: Giuseppe Dattoli, Amalia Torre
Pages: 690 - 726
Abstract: Root-operator factorization à la Dirac provides an effective tool to deal with equations, which are not of evolution type, or are ruled by fractional differential operators, thus eventually yielding evolution-like equations although for a multicomponent vector. We will review the method along with its extension to root operators of degree higher than two. Also, we will show the results obtained by the Dirac-method as well as results from other methods, specifically in connection with evolution-like equations ruled by square-root operators, that we will address to as relativistic evolution equations.
PubDate: 2015-08-13
DOI: 10.3390/math3030690
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 727-745: From Classical to Discrete Gravity
through Exponential Non-Standard Lagrangians in General Relativity

• Authors: Rami El-Nabulsi
Pages: 727 - 745
Abstract: Recently, non-standard Lagrangians have gained a growing importance in theoretical physics and in the theory of non-linear differential equations. However, their formulations and implications in general relativity are still in their infancies despite some advances in contemporary cosmology. The main aim of this paper is to fill the gap. Though non-standard Lagrangians may be defined by a multitude form, in this paper, we considered the exponential type. One basic feature of exponential non-standard Lagrangians concerns the modified Euler-Lagrange equation obtained from the standard variational analysis. Accordingly, when applied to spacetime geometries, one unsurprisingly expects modified geodesic equations. However, when taking into account the time-like paths parameterization constraint, remarkably, it was observed that mutually discrete gravity and discrete spacetime emerge in the theory. Two different independent cases were obtained: A geometrical manifold with new spacetime coordinates augmented by a metric signature change and a geometrical manifold characterized by a discretized spacetime metric. Both cases give raise to Einstein’s field equations yet the gravity is discretized and originated from “spacetime discreteness”. A number of mathematical and physical implications of these results were discussed though this paper and perspectives are given accordingly.
PubDate: 2015-08-14
DOI: 10.3390/math3030727
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 746-757: A Moonshine Dialogue in Mathematical
Physics

• Authors: Michel Planat
Pages: 746 - 757
Abstract: Phys and Math are two colleagues at the University of Saçenbon (Crefan Kingdom), dialoguing about the remarkable efficiency of mathematics for physics. They talk about the notches on the Ishango bone and the various uses of psi in maths and physics; they arrive at dessins d’enfants, moonshine concepts, Rademacher sums and their significance in the quantum world. You should not miss their eccentric proposal of relating Bell’s theorem to the Baby Monster group. Their hyperbolic polygons show a considerable singularity/cusp structure that our modern age of computers is able to capture. Henri Poincaré would have been happy to see it.
PubDate: 2015-08-14
DOI: 10.3390/math3030746
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 758-780: The Segal–Bargmann Transform for
Odd-Dimensional Hyperbolic Spaces

• Authors: Brian Hall, Jeffrey Mitchell
Pages: 758 - 780
Abstract: We develop isometry and inversion formulas for the Segal–Bargmann transform on odd-dimensional hyperbolic spaces that are as parallel as possible to the dual case of odd-dimensional spheres.
PubDate: 2015-08-18
DOI: 10.3390/math3030758
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 781-842: Algebra of Complex Vectors and
Applications in Electromagnetic Theory and Quantum Mechanics

• Authors: Kundeti Muralidhar
Pages: 781 - 842
Abstract: A complex vector is a sum of a vector and a bivector and forms a natural extension of a vector. The complex vectors have certain special geometric properties and considered as algebraic entities. These represent rotations along with specified orientation and direction in space. It has been shown that the association of complex vector with its conjugate generates complex vector space and the corresponding basis elements defined from the complex vector and its conjugate form a closed complex four dimensional linear space. The complexification process in complex vector space allows the generation of higher n-dimensional geometric algebra from (n — 1)-dimensional algebra by considering the unit pseudoscalar identification with square root of minus one. The spacetime algebra can be generated from the geometric algebra by considering a vector equal to square root of plus one. The applications of complex vector algebra are discussed mainly in the electromagnetic theory and in the dynamics of an elementary particle with extended structure. Complex vector formalism simplifies the expressions and elucidates geometrical understanding of the basic concepts. The analysis shows that the existence of spin transforms a classical oscillator into a quantum oscillator. In conclusion the classical mechanics combined with zeropoint field leads to quantum mechanics.
PubDate: 2015-08-20
DOI: 10.3390/math3030781
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 843-879: Chern-Simons Path Integrals in S2
× S1

Pages: 843 - 879
Abstract: Using torus gauge fixing, Hahn in 2008 wrote down an expression for a Chern-Simons path integral to compute the Wilson Loop observable, using the Chern-Simons action $$S_{CS}^\kappa$$, $$\kappa$$ is some parameter. Instead of making sense of the path integral over the space of $$\mathfrak{g}$$-valued smooth 1-forms on $$S^2 \times S^1$$, we use the Segal Bargmann transform to define the path integral over $$B_i$$, the space of $$\mathfrak{g}$$-valued holomorphic functions over $$\mathbb{C}^2 \times \mathbb{C}^{i-1}$$. This approach was first used by us in 2011. The main tool used is Wiener measure and applying analytic continuation to the Wiener integral. Using the above approach, we will show that the Chern-Simons path integral can be written as a linear functional defined on $$C(B_1^{\times^4} \times B_2^{\times^2}, \mathbb{C})$$ and this linear functional is similar to the Chern-Simons linear functional defined by us in 2011, for the Chern-Simons path integral in the case of $$\mathbb{R}^3$$. We will define the Wilson Loop observable using this linear functional and explicitly compute it, and the expression is dependent on the parameter $$\kappa$$. The second half of the article concentrates on taking $$\kappa$$ goes to infinity for the Wilson Loop observable, to obtain link invariants. As an application, we will compute the Wilson Loop observable in the case of $$SU(N)$$ and $$SO(N)$$. In these cases, the Wilson Loop observable reduces to a state model. We will show that the state models satisfy a Jones type skein relation in the case of $$SU(N)$$ and a Conway type skein relation in the case of $$SO(N)$$. By imposing quantization condition on the charge of the link $$L$$, we will show that the state models are invariant under the Reidemeister Moves and hence the Wilson Loop observables indeed define a framed link invariant. This approach follows that used in an article written by us in 2012, for the case of $$\mathbb{R}^3$$.
PubDate: 2015-08-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3030843
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 880-890: A Note on Necessary Optimality
Conditions for a Model with Differential Infectivity in a Closed
Population

• Authors: Yannick Kouakep
Pages: 880 - 890
Abstract: The aim of this note is to present the necessary optimality conditions for a model (in closed population) of an immunizing disease similar to hepatitis B following. We study the impact of medical tests and controls involved in curing this kind of immunizing disease and deduced a well posed adjoint system if there exists an optimal control.
PubDate: 2015-08-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3030880
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 891-896: Smooth K-groups for Monoid Algebras
and K-regularity

• Authors: Hvedri Inassaridze
Pages: 891 - 896
Abstract: The isomorphism of Karoubi-Villamayor K-groups with smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi stable locally convex algebras is established. We prove that the Quillen K-groups are isomorphic to smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi-stable Frechet algebras having a properly uniformly bounded approximate unit and not necessarily m-convex. Based on these results the K-regularity property for quasi-stable Frechet algebras having a properly uniformly bounded approximate unit is established.
PubDate: 2015-09-10
DOI: 10.3390/math3030891
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 897-912: Photon Localization Revisited

• Authors: Izumi Ojima, Hayato Saigo
Pages: 897 - 912
Abstract: In the light of the Newton–Wigner–Wightman theorem of localizability question, we have proposed before a typical generation mechanism of effective mass for photons to be localized in the form of polaritons owing to photon-media interactions. In this paper, the general essence of this example model is extracted in such a form as quantum field ontology associated with the eventualization principle, which enables us to explain the mutual relations, back and forth, between quantum fields and various forms of particles in the localized form of the former.
PubDate: 2015-09-23
DOI: 10.3390/math3030897
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 913-944: Understanding Visceral Leishmaniasis
Disease Transmission and its Control—A Study Based on Mathematical
Modeling

• Authors: Abhishek Subramanian, Vidhi Singh, Ram Sarkar
Pages: 913 - 944
Abstract: Understanding the transmission and control of visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that manifests in human and animals, still remains a challenging problem globally. To study the nature of disease spread, we have developed a compartment-based mathematical model of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis transmission among three different populations—human, animal and sandfly; dividing the human class into asymptomatic, symptomatic, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and transiently infected. We analyzed this large model for positivity, boundedness and stability around steady states in different diseased and disease-free scenarios and derived the analytical expression for basic reproduction number (R0). Sensitive parameters for each infected population were identified and varied to observe their effects on the steady state. Epidemic threshold R0 was calculated for every parameter variation. Animal population was identified to play a protective role in absorbing infection, thereby controlling the disease spread in human. To test the predictive ability of the model, seasonal fluctuation was incorporated in the birth rate of the sandflies to compare the model predictions with real data. Control scenarios on this real population data were created to predict the degree of control that can be exerted on the sensitive parameters so as to effectively reduce the infected populations.
PubDate: 2015-09-23
DOI: 10.3390/math3030913
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 131-152: Fractional Diffusion in Gaussian Noisy
Environment

• Authors: Guannan Hu, Yaozhong Hu
Pages: 131 - 152
Abstract: We study the fractional diffusion in a Gaussian noisy environment as described by the fractional order stochastic heat equations of the following form: $$D_t^{(\alpha)} u(t, x)=\textit{B}u+u\cdot \dot W^H$$, where $$D_t^{(\alpha)}$$ is the Caputo fractional derivative of order $$\alpha\in (0,1)$$ with respect to the time variable $$t$$, $$\textit{B}$$ is a second order elliptic operator with respect to the space variable $$x\in\mathbb{R}^d$$ and $$\dot W^H$$ a time homogeneous fractional Gaussian noise of Hurst parameter $$H=(H_1, \cdots, H_d)$$. We obtain conditions satisfied by $$\alpha$$ and $$H$$, so that the square integrable solution $$u$$ exists uniquely.
PubDate: 2015-03-31
DOI: 10.3390/math3020131
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 153-170: Analytical Solution of Generalized
Space-Time Fractional Cable Equation

• Authors: Ram Saxena, Zivorad Tomovski, Trifce Sandev
Pages: 153 - 170
Abstract: In this paper, we consider generalized space-time fractional cable equation in presence of external source. By using the Fourier-Laplace transform we obtain the Green function in terms of infinite series in H-functions. The fractional moments of the fundamental solution are derived and their asymptotic behavior in the short and long time limit is analyzed. Some previously obtained results are compared with those presented in this paper. By using the Bernstein characterization theorem we find the conditions under which the even moments are non-negative.
PubDate: 2015-04-09
DOI: 10.3390/math3020153
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 171-189: Asymptotic Expansions of Fractional
Derivatives andTheir Applications

• Authors: Tohru Morita, Ken-ichi Sato
Pages: 171 - 189
Abstract: We compare the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral (fI) of a function f(z)with the Liouville fI of the same function and show that there are cases in which theasymptotic expansion of the former is obtained from those of the latter and the differenceof the two fIs. When this happens, this fact occurs also for the fractional derivative (fD).This method is applied to the derivation of the asymptotic expansion of the confluenthypergeometric function, which is a solution of Kummer’s differential equation. In thepresent paper, the solutions of the equation in the forms of the Riemann–Liouville fI orfD and the Liouville fI or fD are obtained by using the method, which Nishimoto used insolving the hypergeometric differential equation in terms of the Liouville fD.
PubDate: 2015-04-15
DOI: 10.3390/math3020171
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 190-257: Maxwell–Lorentz Electrodynamics
Revisited via the Lagrangian Formalism and Feynman Proper Time Paradigm

• Authors: Nikolai Bogolubov, Anatolij Prykarpatski, Denis Blackmore
Pages: 190 - 257
Abstract: We review new electrodynamics models of interacting charged point particles and related fundamental physical aspects, motivated by the classical A.M. Ampère magnetic and H. Lorentz force laws electromagnetic field expressions. Based on the Feynman proper time paradigm and a recently devised vacuum field theory approach to the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian, the formulations of alternative classical electrodynamics models are analyzed in detail and their Dirac type quantization is suggested. Problems closely related to the radiation reaction force and electron mass inertia are analyzed. The validity of the Abraham-Lorentz electromagnetic electron mass origin hypothesis is argued. The related electromagnetic Dirac–Fock–Podolsky problem and symplectic properties of the Maxwell and Yang–Mills type dynamical systems are analyzed. The crucial importance of the remaining reference systems, with respect to which the dynamics of charged point particles is framed, is explained and emphasized.
PubDate: 2015-04-17
DOI: 10.3390/math3020190
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 258-272: Fractional Euler-Lagrange Equations
Applied to Oscillatory Systems

• Authors: Sergio David, Carlos Jr.
Pages: 258 - 272
Abstract: In this paper, we applied the Riemann-Liouville approach and the fractional Euler-Lagrange equations in order to obtain the fractional nonlinear dynamic equations involving two classical physical applications: “Simple Pendulum” and the “Spring-Mass-Damper System” to both integer order calculus (IOC) and fractional order calculus (FOC) approaches. The numerical simulations were conducted and the time histories and pseudo-phase portraits presented. Both systems, the one that already had a damping behavior (Spring-Mass-Damper) and the system that did not present any sort of damping behavior (Simple Pendulum), showed signs indicating a possible better capacity of attenuation of their respective oscillation amplitudes. This implication could mean that if the selection of the order of the derivative is conveniently made, systems that need greater intensities of damping or vibrating absorbers may benefit from using fractional order in dynamics and possibly in control of the aforementioned systems. Thereafter, we believe that the results described in this paper may offer greater insights into the complex behavior of these systems, and thus instigate more research efforts in this direction.
PubDate: 2015-04-20
DOI: 10.3390/math3020258
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 273-298: The Fractional Orthogonal Derivative

• Authors: Enno Diekema
Pages: 273 - 298
Abstract: This paper builds on the notion of the so-called orthogonal derivative, where an n-th order derivative is approximated by an integral involving an orthogonal polynomial of degree n. This notion was reviewed in great detail in a paper by the author and Koornwinder in 2012. Here, an approximation of the Weyl or Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative is considered by replacing the n-th derivative by its approximation in the formula for the fractional derivative. In the case of, for instance, Jacobi polynomials, an explicit formula for the kernel of this approximate fractional derivative can be given. Next, we consider the fractional derivative as a filter and compute the frequency response in the continuous case for the Jacobi polynomials and in the discrete case for the Hahn polynomials. The frequency response in this case is a confluent hypergeometric function. A different approach is discussed, which starts with this explicit frequency response and then obtains the approximate fractional derivative by taking the inverse Fourier transform.
PubDate: 2015-04-22
DOI: 10.3390/math3020273
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 299-318: On the Duality of Discrete and
Periodic Functions

• Authors: Jens Fischer
Pages: 299 - 318
Abstract: Although versions of Poisson’s Summation Formula (PSF) have already been studied extensively, there seems to be no theorem that relates discretization to periodization and periodization to discretization in a simple manner. In this study, we show that two complementary formulas, both closely related to the classical Poisson Summation Formula, are needed to form a reciprocal Discretization-Periodization Theorem on generalized functions. We define discretization and periodization on generalized functions and show that the Fourier transform of periodic functions are discrete functions and, vice versa, the Fourier transform of discrete functions are periodic functions.
PubDate: 2015-04-30
DOI: 10.3390/math3020299
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 319-328: There Are Quantum Jumps

• Pages: 319 - 328
Abstract: In this communication we take up the age-old problem of the possibility to incorporate quantum jumps. Unusually, we investigate quantum jumps in an extended quantum setting, but one of rigorous mathematical significance. The general background for this formulation originates in the Balslev-Combes theorem for dilatation analytic Hamiltonians and associated complex symmetric representations. The actual jump is mapped into a Jordan block of order two and a detailed derivation is discussed for the case of the emission of a photon by an atom. The result can be easily reassigned to analogous cases as well as generalized to Segrè characteristics of arbitrary order.
PubDate: 2015-05-05
DOI: 10.3390/math3020319
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 329-336: Action at a Distance in Quantum Theory

• Authors: Jerome Blackman
Pages: 329 - 336
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a consistent mathematical framework that shows how the EPR (Einstein. Podolsky, Rosen) phenomenon fits into our view of space time. To resolve the differences between the Hilbert space structure of quantum theory and the manifold structure of classical physics, the manifold is taken as a partial representation of the Hilbert space. It is the partial nature of the representation that allows for action at a distance and the failure of the manifold picture.
PubDate: 2015-05-06
DOI: 10.3390/math3020329
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 337-367: High-Precision Arithmetic in
Mathematical Physics

• Authors: David Bailey, Jonathan Borwein
Pages: 337 - 367
Abstract: For many scientific calculations, particularly those involving empirical data, IEEE 32-bit floating-point arithmetic produces results of sufficient accuracy, while for other applications IEEE 64-bit floating-point is more appropriate. But for some very demanding applications, even higher levels of precision are often required. This article discusses the challenge of high-precision computation, in the context of mathematical physics, and highlights what facilities are required to support future computation, in light of emerging developments in computer architecture.
PubDate: 2015-05-12
DOI: 10.3390/math3020337
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 368-381: The Role of the Mittag-Leffler
Function in Fractional Modeling

• Authors: Sergei Rogosin
Pages: 368 - 381
Abstract: This is a survey paper illuminating the distinguished role of the Mittag-Leffler function and its generalizations in fractional analysis and fractional modeling. The content of the paper is connected to the recently published monograph by Rudolf Gorenflo, Anatoly Kilbas, Francesco Mainardi and Sergei Rogosin.
PubDate: 2015-05-13
DOI: 10.3390/math3020368
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 382-397: The Spectral Connection Matrix for Any
Change of Basis within the Classical Real Orthogonal Polynomials

• Authors: Tom Bella, Jenna Reis
Pages: 382 - 397
Abstract: The connection problem for orthogonal polynomials is, given a polynomial expressed in the basis of one set of orthogonal polynomials, computing the coefficients with respect to a different set of orthogonal polynomials. Expansions in terms of orthogonal polynomials are very common in many applications. While the connection problem may be solved by directly computing the change–of–basis matrix, this approach is computationally expensive. A recent approach to solving the connection problem involves the use of the spectral connection matrix, which is a matrix whose eigenvector matrix is the desired change–of–basis matrix. In Bella and Reis (2014), it is shown that for the connection problem between any two different classical real orthogonal polynomials of the Hermite, Laguerre, and Gegenbauer families, the related spectral connection matrix has quasiseparable structure. This result is limited to the case where both the source and target families are one of the Hermite, Laguerre, or Gegenbauer families, which are each defined by at most a single parameter. In particular, this excludes the large and common class of Jacobi polynomials, defined by two parameters, both as a source and as a target family. In this paper, we continue the study of the spectral connection matrix for connections between real orthogonal polynomial families. In particular, for the connection problem between any two families of the Hermite, Laguerre, or Jacobi type (including Chebyshev, Legendre, and Gegenbauer), we prove that the spectral connection matrix has quasiseparable structure. In addition, our results also show the quasiseparable structure of the spectral connection matrix from the Bessel polynomials, which are orthogonal on the unit circle, to any of the Hermite, Laguerre, and Jacobi types. Additionally, the generators of the spectral connection matrix are provided explicitly for each of these cases, allowing a fast algorithm to be implemented following that in Bella and Reis (2014).
PubDate: 2015-05-14
DOI: 10.3390/math3020382
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 398-411: Implicit Fractional Differential
Equations via the Liouville–Caputo Derivative

• Authors: Juan Nieto, Abelghani Ouahab, Venktesh Venktesh
Pages: 398 - 411
Abstract: We study an initial value problem for an implicit fractional differential equation with the Liouville–Caputo fractional derivative. By using fixed point theory and an approximation method, we obtain some existence and uniqueness results.
PubDate: 2015-05-25
DOI: 10.3390/math3020398
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 412-427: Subordination Principle for a Class of
Fractional Order Differential Equations

• Authors: Emilia Bazhlekova
Pages: 412 - 427
Abstract: The fractional order differential equation $$u'(t)=Au(t)+\gamma D_t^{\alpha} Au(t)+f(t), \ t&gt;0$$, $$u(0)=a\in X$$ is studied, where $$A$$ is an operator generating a strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup on a Banach space $$X$$, $$D_t^{\alpha}$$ is the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order $$\alpha \in (0,1)$$, $$\gamma&gt;0$$ and $$f$$ is an $$X$$-valued function. Equations of this type appear in the modeling of unidirectional viscoelastic flows. Well-posedness is proven, and a subordination identity is obtained relating the solution operator of the considered problem and the $$C_{0}$$-semigroup, generated by the operator $$A$$. As an example, the Rayleigh–Stokes problem for a generalized second-grade fluid is considered.
PubDate: 2015-05-26
DOI: 10.3390/math3020412
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 428-443: The 1st Law of Thermodynamics for the
Mean Energy of a Closed Quantum System in the Aharonov-Vaidman Gauge

• Authors: Allen Parks
Pages: 428 - 443
Abstract: The Aharonov-Vaidman gauge additively transforms the mean energy of a quantum mechanical system into a weak valued system energy. In this paper, the equation of motion of this weak valued energy is used to provide a mathematical statement of an extended 1st Law of Thermodynamics that is applicable to the mean energy of a closed quantum system when the mean energy is expressed in the Aharonov-Vaidman gauge, i.e., when the system’s energy is weak valued. This is achieved by identifying the generalized heat and work exchange terms that appear in the equation of motion for weak valued energy. The complex valued contributions of the additive gauge term to these generalized exchange terms are discussed and this extended 1st Law is shown to subsume the usual 1st Law that is applicable for the mean energy of a closed quantum system. It is found that the gauge transformation introduces an additional energy uncertainty exchange term that—while it is neither a heat nor a work exchange term—is necessary for the conservation of weak valued energy. A spin-1/2 particle in a uniform magnetic field is used to illustrate aspects of the theory. It is demonstrated for this case that the extended 1st Law implies the existence of a gauge potential ω and that it generates a non-vanishing gauge field F. It is also shown for this case that the energy uncertainty exchange accumulated during the evolution of the system along a closed evolutionary cycle C in an associated parameter space is a geometric phase. This phase is equal to both the path integral of ω along C and the integral of the flux of F through the area enclosed by C.
PubDate: 2015-06-01
DOI: 10.3390/math3020428
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 444-480: Sinc-Approximations of Fractional
Operators: A Computing Approach

• Authors: Gerd Baumann, Frank Stenger
Pages: 444 - 480
Abstract: We discuss a new approach to represent fractional operators by Sinc approximation using convolution integrals. A spin off of the convolution representation is an effective inverse Laplace transform. Several examples demonstrate the application of the method to different practical problems.
PubDate: 2015-06-05
DOI: 10.3390/math3020444
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 481-486: The Complement of Binary Klein Quadric
as a Combinatorial Grassmannian

• Authors: Metod Saniga
Pages: 481 - 486
Abstract: Given a hyperbolic quadric of PG(5, 2), there are 28 points off this quadric and 56 lines skew to it. It is shown that the (286; 563)-configuration formed by these points and lines is isomorphic to the combinatorial Grassmannian of type G2(8). It is also pointed out that a set of seven points of G2(8) whose labels share a mark corresponds to a Conwell heptad of PG(5, 2). Gradual removal of Conwell heptads from the (286; 563)-configuration yields a nested sequence of binomial configurations identical with part of that found to be associated with Cayley-Dickson algebras (arXiv:1405.6888).
PubDate: 2015-06-08
DOI: 10.3390/math3020481
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 487-509: The Fractional Orthogonal Difference
with Applications

• Authors: Enno Diekema
Pages: 487 - 509
Abstract: This paper is a follow-up of a previous paper of the author published in Mathematics journal in 2015, which treats the so-called continuous fractional orthogonal derivative. In this paper, we treat the discrete case using the fractional orthogonal difference. The theory is illustrated with an application of a fractional differentiating filter. In particular, graphs are presented of the absolutel value of the modulus of the frequency response. These make clear that for a good insight into the behavior of a fractional differentiating filter, one has to look for the modulus of its frequency response in a log-log plot, rather than for plots in the time domain.
PubDate: 2015-06-12
DOI: 10.3390/math3020487
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 510-526: Effective Summation and Interpolation
of Series by Self-Similar Root Approximants

• Authors: Simon Gluzman, Vyacheslav Yukalov
Pages: 510 - 526
Abstract: We describe a simple analytical method for effective summation of series, including divergent series. The method is based on self-similar approximation theory resulting in self-similar root approximants. The method is shown to be general and applicable to different problems, as is illustrated by a number of examples. The accuracy of the method is not worse, and in many cases better, than that of Padé approximants, when the latter can be defined.
PubDate: 2015-06-15
DOI: 10.3390/math3020510
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 527-562: The Schwartz Space: Tools for Quantum
Mechanics and Infinite Dimensional Analysis

• Authors: Jeremy Becnel, Ambar Sengupta
Pages: 527 - 562
Abstract: An account of the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing functions as a topological vector space with additional special structures is presented in a manner that provides all the essential background ideas for some areas of quantum mechanics along with infinite-dimensional distribution theory.
PubDate: 2015-06-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3020527
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 1: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Mathematics
in 2014

• Authors: Mathematics Office
Pages: 1 - 1
Abstract: The editors of Mathematics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2014:[...]
PubDate: 2015-01-09
DOI: 10.3390/math3010001
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 2-15: On θ-Congruent Numbers, Rational
Squares in Arithmetic Progressions, Concordant Forms and Elliptic Curves

• Authors: Erich Selder, Karlheinz Spindler
Pages: 2 - 15
Abstract: The correspondence between right triangles with rational sides, triplets of rational squares in arithmetic succession and integral solutions of certain quadratic forms is well-known. We show how this correspondence can be extended to the generalized notions of rational θ-triangles, rational squares occurring in arithmetic progressions and concordant forms. In our approach we establish one-to-one mappings to rational points on certain elliptic curves and examine in detail the role of solutions of the θ-congruent number problem and the concordant form problem associated with nontrivial torsion points on the corresponding elliptic curves. This approach allows us to combine and extend some disjoint results obtained by a number of authors, to clarify some statements in the literature and to answer some hitherto open questions.
PubDate: 2015-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010002
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 16-28: Existence Results for Fractional Neutral
Functional Differential Equations with Random Impulses

• Authors: Annamalai Anguraj, Mullarithodi Ranjini, Margarita Rivero, Juan Trujillo
Pages: 16 - 28
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the existence of solutions for the fractional neutral differential equations with random impulses. The results are obtained by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. Examples are added to show applications of the main results.
PubDate: 2015-01-21
DOI: 10.3390/math3010016
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 29-39: A Study on the Nourishing Number of
Graphs and Graph Powers

• Authors: Sudev Naduvath, Germina Augustine
Pages: 29 - 39
Abstract: Let $$\mathbb{N}_{0}$$ be the set of all non-negative integers and $$\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ be its power set. Then, an integer additive set-indexer (IASI) of a given graph $$G$$ is defined as an injective function $$f:V(G)\to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ such that the induced edge-function $$f^+:E(G) \to\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_{0})$$ defined by $$f^+ (uv) = f(u)+ f(v)$$ is also injective, where $$f(u)+f(v)$$ is the sumset of $$f(u)$$ and $$f(v)$$. An IASI $$f$$ of $$G$$ is said to be a strong IASI of $$G$$ if $$f^+(uv) = f(u) \, f(v)$$ for all $$uv\in E(G)$$. The nourishing number of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum order of the maximal complete subgraph of $$G$$ so that $$G$$ admits a strong IASI. In this paper, we study the characteristics of certain graph classes and graph powers that admit strong integer additive set-indexers and determine their corresponding nourishing numbers.
PubDate: 2015-03-06
DOI: 10.3390/math3010029
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 40-46: Analyticity and the Global Information
Field

• Pages: 40 - 46
Abstract: The relation between analyticity in mathematics and the concept of a global information field in physics is reviewed. Mathematics is complete in the complex plane only. In the complex plane, a very powerful tool appears—analyticity. According to this property, if an analytic function is known on the countable set of points having an accumulation point, then it is known everywhere. This mysterious property has profound consequences in quantum physics. Analyticity allows one to obtain asymptotic (approximate) results in terms of some singular points in the complex plane which accumulate all necessary data on a given process. As an example, slow atomic collisions are presented, where the cross-sections of inelastic transitions are determined by branch-points of the adiabatic energy surface at a complex internuclear distance. Common aspects of the non-local nature of analyticity and a recently introduced interpretation of classical electrodynamics and quantum physics as theories of a global information field are discussed.
PubDate: 2015-03-13
DOI: 10.3390/math3010040
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 47-75: Twistor Interpretation of Harmonic
Spheres and Yang–Mills Fields

• Authors: Armen Sergeev
Pages: 47 - 75
Abstract: We consider the twistor descriptions of harmonic maps of the Riemann sphere into Kähler manifolds and Yang–Mills fields on four-dimensional Euclidean space. The motivation to study twistor interpretations of these objects comes from the harmonic spheres conjecture stating the existence of the bijective correspondence between based harmonic spheres in the loop space $$\Omega G$$ of a compact Lie group $$G$$ and the moduli space of Yang–Mills $$G$$-fields on $$\mathbb R^4$$.
PubDate: 2015-03-16
DOI: 10.3390/math3010047
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 76-91: Basic Results for Sequential Caputo
Fractional Differential Equations

• Authors: Bhuvaneswari Sambandham, Aghalaya Vatsala
Pages: 76 - 91
Abstract: We have developed a representation form for the linear fractional differential equation of order q when 0 &lt; q &lt; 1, with variable coefficients. We have also obtained a closed form of the solution for sequential Caputo fractional differential equation of order 2q, with initial and boundary conditions, for 0 &lt; 2q &lt; 1. The solutions are in terms of Mittag–Leffler functions of order q only. Our results yield the known results of integer order when q = 1. We have also presented some numerical results to bring the salient features of sequential fractional differential equations.
PubDate: 2015-03-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010076
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 92-118: Quantum Measurements of Scattered
Particles

• Authors: Marco Merkli, Mark Penney
Pages: 92 - 118
Abstract: We investigate the process of quantum measurements on scattered probes. Before scattering, the probes are independent, but they become entangled afterwards, due to the interaction with the scatterer. The collection of measurement results (the history) is a stochastic process of dependent random variables. We link the asymptotic properties of this process to spectral characteristics of the dynamics. We show that the process has decaying time correlations and that a zero-one law holds. We deduce that if the incoming probes are not sharply localized with respect to the spectrum of the measurement operator, then the process does not converge. Nevertheless, the scattering modifies the measurement outcome frequencies, which are shown to be the average of the measurement projection operator, evolved for one interaction period, in an asymptotic state. We illustrate the results on a truncated Jaynes–Cummings model.
PubDate: 2015-03-19
DOI: 10.3390/math3010092
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

• Mathematics, Vol. 3, Pages 119-130: Multiple q-Zeta Brackets

Pages: 119 - 130
Abstract: The multiple zeta values (MZVs) possess a rich algebraic structure of algebraic relations, which is conjecturally determined by two different (shuffle and stuffle) products of a certain algebra of noncommutative words. In a recent work, Bachmann constructed a q-analogue of the MZVs—the so-called bi-brackets—for which the two products are dual to each other, in a very natural way. We overview Bachmann’s construction and discuss the radial asymptotics of the bi-brackets, its links to the MZVs, and related linear (in)dependence questions of the q-analogue.
PubDate: 2015-03-20
DOI: 10.3390/math3010119
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015)

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