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Clinical Psychological Science

Subscription journal
ISSN (Print) 2167-7026 - ISSN (Online) 2167-7034
Published by Sage Publications

[676 journals]

Mild Uncertainty Promotes Checking Behavior in Subclinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Authors: Toffolo, M. B. J; van den Hout, M. A, Hooge, I. T. C, Engelhard, I. M, Cath, D. C.
  Pages: 103 - 109
  Abstract: Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder respond to clinical uncertainty with perseverative checking, which, ironically, enhances uncertainty. However, patients also display general subclinical uncertainty, which may tempt vulnerable individuals to seek reassurance by perseveration in response to mild uncertainty that is superimposed on general uncertainty. An experimental eye-tracking paradigm was developed to investigate whether mild uncertainty indeed induces checking behavior in people with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies (OC+, n = 34), compared to people with low obsessive-compulsive tendencies (OC–, n = 31). Participants were presented 50 visual search displays, and they indicated whether a target was "present" or "absent." Decisions about target presence induced little uncertainty, but decisions about its absence were more ambiguous, because participants relied on not having overlooked the target. Results revealed no differences on target-present trials. However, in target-absent trials, OC+ participants searched longer and used more fixations. Thus, even in mildly uncertain situations, individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder respond with more checking behavior, which has implications for treatment.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612472487|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612472487
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
The Nature of Pain Offset Relief in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Laboratory Study
- Authors: Franklin, J. C; Puzia, M. E, Lee, K. M, Lee, G. E, Hanna, E. K, Spring, V. L, Prinstein, M. J.
  Pages: 110 - 119
  Abstract: The majority of people who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (e.g., cutting) report that affect regulation is their primary motivation for these painful behaviors. Unfortunately, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate affect during nonsuicidal self-injury. In the present study, we examined the role of one potential mechanism known as pain offset relief. In 42 participants (21 self-cutters, 21 controls), we measured psychophysiological indices of positive affect (startle postauricular reactivity) and negative affect (startle eyeblink reactivity) after painful electric shocks. Results provided evidence that pain offset relief is a natural and unique mechanism of affect regulation that generates simultaneous—but independent—positive and negative reinforcement. However, associations between nonsuicidal self-injury frequency and pain offset relief variables were weak and nonsignificant. Contrary to contemporary theories, this suggests that the strong association between prior and future self-injury may not be driven by opponent processes that generate stronger relief (and, thus, stronger reinforcement of self-injury) across episodes.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612474440|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612474440
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Expressive Writing Can Impede Emotional Recovery Following Marital Separation
- Authors: Sbarra, D. A; Boals, A, Mason, A. E, Larson, G. M, Mehl, M. R.
  Pages: 120 - 134
  Abstract: Marital separation and divorce are common life events that increase risk for poor health outcomes, yet few intervention studies explore how to mitigate this increased risk. This study implemented an expressive writing (EW) intervention for adults who experienced a recent marital separation. Ninety participants (32 men) were randomly assigned to and completed one of three experimental writing tasks: traditional EW, a novel (narrative-based) type of EW, or control writing. Up to 9 months after this writing, participants who were judged to be actively engaged in a search for meaning concerning their separation reported significantly worse emotional outcomes when assigned to either EW condition relative to control writing. Within the control condition, those participants who were actively engaged in a search for meaning reported the lowest levels of separation-related disturbance. We discuss these results in terms of the factors that may limit and promote psychological recovery following marital separation.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612469801|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612469801
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Sleep Paralysis Postepisode Distress: Modeling Potential Effects of Episode Characteristics, General Psychological Distress, Beliefs, and Cognitive Style
- Authors: Cheyne, J. A; Pennycook, G.
  Pages: 135 - 148
  Abstract: Sleep paralysis (SP) is a brief paralysis experienced when falling asleep or waking up. It is often accompanied by vivid imagery and extreme fear. In addition to the fear during episodes, people often report marked distress following episodes. With the goal of developing an integrative account of SP postepisode distress, we examined the effects of several potential determinants of postepisode distress sampled from diverse domains: characteristics of the SP episodes (reported fear and vividness of experiences during SP and frequency of episodes), psychological distress sensitivity, supernatural beliefs about SP experiences, and cognitive style. All factors made independent contributions to postepisode distress. A conceptually derived path model integrating these separate factors was tested and largely corroborated. An analytic cognitive style had both direct and indirect effects on postepisode distress. Postepisode distress was found to be approximately equally affected by contextual, cognitive, and affective variables.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612466656|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612466656
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Nonverbal Displays of Shame Predict Relapse and Declining Health in Recovering Alcoholics
- Authors: Randles, D; Tracy, J. L.
  Pages: 149 - 155
  Abstract: Public shaming has long been thought to promote positive behavioral change. However, studies suggest that shame may be a detrimental response to problematic behavior because it motivates hiding, escape, and general avoidance of the problem. We tested whether shame about one’s past addictive drinking (measured via nonverbal displays and self-report) predicts future drinking behaviors and changes in health among newly recovering alcoholics (i.e., sober < 6.5 months; N = 105; Wave 2, n = 46), recruited from Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Results showed that nonverbal behavioral displays of shame expressed while discussing past drinking strongly predicted (a) the tendency to relapse over the next 3 to 11 months, (b) the severity of that relapse, and (c) declines in health. All results held controlling for a range of potential confounders (e.g., alcohol dependence, health, personality). These findings suggest that shame about one’s problematic past may increase, rather than decrease, future occurrences of problem behaviors.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612470645|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612470645
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Method-of-Loci as a Mnemonic Device to Facilitate Access to Self-Affirming Personal Memories for Individuals With Depression
- Authors: Dalgleish, T; Navrady, L, Bird, E, Hill, E, Dunn, B. D, Golden, A.-M.
  Pages: 156 - 162
  Abstract: Depression impairs the ability to retrieve positive, self-affirming autobiographical memories. To counteract this difficulty, we trained individuals with depression, either in episode or remission, to construct an accessible mental repository for a preselected set of positive, self-affirming memories using an ancient mnemonic technique—the method-of-loci (MoL). Participants in a comparison condition underwent a similar training protocol where they chunked the memories into meaningful sets and rehearsed them (rehearsal). Both protocols enhanced memory recollection to near ceiling levels after 1 week of training. However, on a surprise follow-up recall test a further week later, recollection was maintained only in the MoL condition, relative to a significant decrease in memories recalled in the rehearsal group. There were no significant performance differences between those currently in episode and those in remission. The results support use of the MoL as a tool to facilitate access to self-affirming memories in those with depression.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612468111|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612468111
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Suppression-Induced Reduction in the Specificity of Autobiographical Memories
- Authors: Stephens, E; Braid, A, Hertel, P. T.
  Pages: 163 - 169
  Abstract: To extend its relevance to everyday forgetting, we applied the think/no-think (TNT) suppression method devised by M. C. Anderson and Green to autobiographical memories. Dysphoric and nondysphoric participants first generated autobiographical memories and corresponding titles to neutral and emotionally positive or negative cues. During the TNT phase, participants repeatedly practiced responding to some cues with their associated titles and avoiding thoughts about titles and memories associated with other cues. Later, they were asked to report memories associated with all cues, including baseline cues not presented during the TNT phase. Results revealed impaired recall, as measured by reductions in specificity, for suppressed memories relative to baseline memories. Also, regardless of TNT instructions, memories of dysphoric students who had received negative cues became less specific and less negative than they were at the outset.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612467773|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612467773
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Novel Models for Delivering Mental Health Services and Reducing the Burdens of Mental Illness
- Authors: Kazdin, A. E; Rabbitt, S. M.
  Pages: 170 - 191
  Abstract: Most individuals in both developing and developed countries who experience mental illness do not receive psychological services. The dominant model of delivering services used in developed countries (individual therapy by a highly trained mental health professional) can provide effective (i.e., evidence-based) treatments but is greatly limited as a means of reaching the large swath of individuals in need. We highlight several models outside the mental health professions (e.g., public health, medicine, business) that are more affordable and accessible and can be scaled up to reach many individuals in need. These models include task shifting, disruptive innovations, interventions in everyday settings, best-buy interventions, lifestyle changes, and social media. We convey their key characteristics and how they have been or can be applied to mental health. We end by discussing challenges in applying the models, critical issues on which effective treatment delivery depends, and paths to make progress.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612463566|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612463566
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Cognitive Bias Modification and Cognitive Control Training in Addiction and Related Psychopathology: Mechanisms, Clinical Perspectives, and Ways Forward
- Authors: Wiers, R. W; Gladwin, T. E, Hofmann, W, Salemink, E, Ridderinkhof, K. R.
  Pages: 192 - 212
  Abstract: The past decade has witnessed a surge in research on training paradigms aimed at directly influencing cognitive processes in addiction and other psychopathology. Broadly, two avenues have been explored: In the first, the aim was to change maladaptive cognitive motivational biases (cognitive bias modification); in the second, the aim was to increase general control processes (e.g., working memory capacity). These approaches are consistent with a dual-process perspective in which psychopathology is related to a combination of disorder-specific impulsive processes and weak general abilities to control these impulses in view of reflective longer-term considerations. After reviewing the evidence for dual-process models in addiction, we discuss a number of critical issues, along with suggestions for further research. We argue that theoretical advancement, along with a better understanding of the underlying neurocognitive processes, is crucial for adequately responding to recent criticisms on dual-process models and for optimizing training paradigms for use in clinical practice.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612466547|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612466547
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)
Using Mechanical Turk to Study Clinical Populations
- Authors: Shapiro, D. N; Chandler, J, Mueller, P. A.
  Pages: 213 - 220
  Abstract: Although participants with psychiatric symptoms, specific risk factors, or rare demographic characteristics can be difficult to identify and recruit for participation in research, participants with these characteristics are crucial for research in the social, behavioral, and clinical sciences. Online research in general and crowdsourcing software in particular may offer a solution. However, no research to date has examined the utility of crowdsourcing software for conducting research on psychopathology. In the current study, we examined the prevalence of several psychiatric disorders and related problems, as well as the reliability and validity of participant reports on these domains, among users of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Findings suggest that crowdsourcing software offers several advantages for clinical research while providing insight into potential problems, such as misrepresentation, that researchers should address when collecting data online.
  PubDate: 2013-03-18T14:24:57-07:00
  DOI: 10.1177/2167702612469015|hwp:master-id:spcpx;2167702612469015
  Issue No: Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013)