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 Subjects -> PHYSICS (Total: 804 journals)     - ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (9 journals)    - MECHANICS (20 journals)    - NUCLEAR PHYSICS (49 journals)    - OPTICS (89 journals)    - PHYSICS (584 journals)    - SOUND (22 journals)    - THERMODYNAMICS (31 journals) PHYSICS (584 journals)            First | 1 2 3 | Last
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 Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics   [SJR: 0.681]   [H-I: 29]   [5 followers]  Follow         Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)    ISSN (Print) 1432-0959 - ISSN (Online) 0935-1175    Published by Springer-Verlag  [2335 journals]
• Closed-form formulas for the effective properties of random particulate
nanocomposites with complete Gurtin–Murdoch model of material
surfaces
• Abstract: Abstract The objective of this work is to present an approach allowing for inclusion of the complete Gurtin–Murdoch material surface equations in methods leading to closed-form formulas defining effective properties of particle-reinforced nanocomposites. Considering that all previous developments of the closed-form formulas for effective properties employ only some parts of the Gurtin–Murdoch model, its complete inclusion constitutes the main focus of this work. To this end, the recently introduced new notion of the energy-equivalent inhomogeneity is generalized to precisely include all terms of the model. The crucial aspect of that generalization is the identification of the energy associated with the last term of the Gurtin–Murdoch equation, i.e., with the surface gradient of displacements. With the help of that definition, the real nanoparticle and its surface possessing its own distinct elastic properties and residual stresses are replaced by an energy-equivalent inhomogeneity with properties incorporating all surface effects. Such equivalent inhomogeneity can then be used in combination with any existing homogenization method. In this work, the method of conditional moments is used to analyze composites with randomly dispersed spherical nanoparticles. Closed-form expressions for effective moduli are derived for both bulk and shear moduli. As numerical examples, nanoporous aluminum is investigated. The normalized bulk and shear moduli of nanoporous aluminum as a function of residual stresses are analyzed and evaluated in the context of other theoretical predictions.
PubDate: 2016-07-22

• Numerical homogenization of elastic and thermal material properties for
metal matrix composites (MMC)
• Abstract: Abstract A two-scale material modeling approach is adopted in order to determine macroscopic thermal and elastic constitutive laws and the respective parameters for metal matrix composite (MMC). Since the common homogenization framework violates the thermodynamical consistency for non-constant temperature fields, i.e., the dissipation is not conserved through the scale transition, the respective error is calculated numerically in order to prove the applicability of the homogenization method. The thermomechanical homogenization is applied to compute the macroscopic mass density, thermal expansion, elasticity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity for two specific MMCs, i.e., aluminum alloy Al2024 reinforced with 17 or 30 % silicon carbide particles. The temperature dependency of the material properties has been considered in the range from 0 to $$500{\,}^\circ \mathrm {C}$$ , the melting temperature of the alloy. The numerically determined material properties are validated with experimental data from the literature as far as possible.
PubDate: 2016-07-21

• An existence result for a model of complete damage in elastic materials
with reversible evolution
• Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we consider a model describing evolution of damage in elastic materials, in which stiffness completely degenerates once the material is fully damaged. The model is written by using a phase transition approach, with respect to the damage parameter. In particular, a source of damage is represented by a quadratic form involving deformations, which vanishes in the case of complete damage. Hence, an internal constraint is ensured by a maximal monotone operator. The evolution of damage is considered “reversible”, in the sense that the material may repair itself. We can prove an existence result for a suitable weak formulation of the problem, rewritten in terms of a new variable (an internal stress). Some numerical simulations are presented in agreement with the mathematical analysis of the system.
PubDate: 2016-07-13

• The analysis of thermoplastic characteristics of special polymer sulfur
composite
• Abstract: Abstract Specific chemical environments step out in the industry objects. Portland cement composites (concrete and mortar) were impregnated by using the special polymerized sulfur and technical soot as a filler (polymer sulfur composite). Sulfur and technical soot was applied as the industrial waste. Portland cement composites were made of the same aggregate, cement and water. The process of special polymer sulfur composite applied as the industrial waste is a thermal treatment process in the temperature of about 150–155 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ . The result of such treatment is special polymer sulfur composite in a liquid state. This paper presents the plastic constants and coefficients of thermal expansion of special polymer sulfur composites, with isotropic porous matrix, reinforced by disoriented ellipsoidal inclusions with orthotropic symmetry of the thermoplastic properties. The investigations are based on the stochastic differential equations of solid mechanics. A model and algorithm for calculating the effective characteristics of special polymer sulfur composites are suggested. The effective thermoplastic characteristics of special polymer sulfur composites, with disoriented ellipsoidal inclusions, are calculated in two stages: First, the properties of materials with oriented inclusions are determined, and then effective constants of a composite with disoriented inclusions are determined on the basis of the Voigt or Rice scheme. A brief summary of new products related to special polymer sulfur composites is given as follows: Impregnation, repair, overlays and precast polymer concrete will be presented. Special polymer sulfur as polymer coating impregnation, which has received little attention in recent years, currently has some very interesting applications.
PubDate: 2016-07-13

• Material combinations and parametric study of thermal and mechanical
performance of pyramidal core sandwich panels used for hypersonic
aircrafts
• Abstract: Abstract A novel kind of lightweight integrated thermal protection system, named pyramidal core sandwich panel, is proposed to be a good safeguard for hypersonic aircrafts in the current study. Such system is considered as not only an insulation structure but also a load-bearing structure. In the context of design for hypersonic aircrafts, an efficient optimization should be paid enough attention. This paper concerns with the homogenization of the proposed pyramidal sandwich core panel using two-dimensional model in subsequent research for material selection. According to the required insulation performance and thermal–mechanical properties, several suitable material combinations are chosen as candidates for the pyramidal core sandwich panel by adopting finite element analysis and approximate response surface. To obtain lightweight structure with an excellent capability of heat insulation and load-bearing, an investigation on some specific design variables, which are significant for thermal–mechanical properties of the structure, is performed. Finally, a good balance between the insulation performance, the capability of load-bearing and the lightweight has attained.
PubDate: 2016-07-12

• Stochastic equations for continuum and determination of hydraulic drag
coefficients for smooth flat plate and smooth round tube with taking into
account intensity and scale of turbulent flow
• Abstract: Abstract The stochastic equations of continuum are used for determining the hydraulic drag coefficients. As a result, the formulas for the hydraulic drag coefficients dependent on the turbulence intensity and scale instead of only on the Reynolds number are proposed for the classic flows of an incompressible fluid along a smooth flat plate and a round smooth tube. It is shown that the new expressions for the classical drag coefficients, which depend only on the Reynolds number, should be obtained from these new general formulas if to use the well-known experimental data for the initial turbulence. It is found that the limitations of classical empirical and semiempirical formulas for the hydraulic drag coefficients and their deviation from the experimental data depend on different parameters of initial fluctuations in the flow for different experiments in a wide range of Reynolds numbers. On the basis of these new dependencies, it is possible to explain that the differences between the experimental results for the fixed Reynolds number are caused by the difference in the values of flow fluctuations for each experiment instead of only due to the systematic error in the processing of experiments. Accordingly, the obtained general dependencies for the smooth flat plate and the smooth round tube can serve as the basis for clarifying the results of experiments and the experimental formulas, which used for continuum flows in different devices.
PubDate: 2016-07-06

• Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and stochasticity: a phenomenological look
on Jarzynski’s equality
• Abstract: Abstract The theory of phenomenological non-equilibrium thermodynamics is extended by including stochastic processes in order to account for recently derived thermodynamical relations such as the Jarzynski’s equality. Four phenomenological axioms are postulated resulting in a phenomenological interpretation of Jarzynski’s equality. In particular, considering the class of Jarzynski processes Jarzynski’s equality follows from the axiom that the statistical average of the exponential work is protocol independent.
PubDate: 2016-07-05

• Thermodynamical properties of triangular quantum wires: entropy, specific
heat, and internal energy
• Abstract: Abstract In the present work, thermodynamical properties of a GaAs quantum wire with equilateral triangle cross section are studied. First, the energy levels of the system are obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation. Second, the Tsallis formalism is applied to obtain entropy, internal energy, and specific heat of the system. We have found that the specific heat and entropy have certain physically meaningful values, which mean thermodynamic properties cannot take any continuous value, unlike classical thermodynamics in which they are considered as continuous quantities. Maximum of entropy increases with increasing the wire size. The specific heat is zero at special temperatures. Specific heat decreases with increasing temperature. There are several peaks in specific heat, and these are dependent on quantum wire size.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Quadratic and rate-independent limits for a large-deviations functional
• Abstract: Abstract We construct a stochastic model showing the relationship between noise, gradient flows and rate-independent systems. The model consists of a one-dimensional birth–death process on a lattice, with rates derived from Kramers’ law as an approximation of a Brownian motion on a wiggly energy landscape. Taking various limits, we show how to obtain a whole family of generalized gradient flows, ranging from quadratic to rate-independent ones, connected via ‘L log L’ gradient flows. This is achieved via Mosco-convergence of the renormalized large-deviations rate functional of the stochastic process.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• A k – $${\varepsilon}$$ ε turbulence closure model of an
isothermal dry granular dense matter
• Abstract: Abstract The turbulent flow characteristics of an isothermal dry granular dense matter with incompressible grains are investigated by the proposed first-order k– $${\varepsilon}$$ turbulence closure model. Reynolds-filter process is applied to obtain the balance equations of the mean fields with two kinematic equations describing the time evolutions of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are used to derive the equilibrium closure relations satisfying turbulence realizability conditions, with the dynamic responses postulated by a quasi-linear theory. The established closure model is applied to analyses of a gravity-driven stationary flow down an inclined moving plane. While the mean velocity decreases monotonically from its value on the moving plane toward the free surface, the mean porosity increases exponentially; the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation evolve, respectively, from their minimum and maximum values on the plane toward their maximum and minimum values on the free surface. The evaluated mean velocity and porosity correspond to the experimental outcomes, while the turbulent dissipation distribution demonstrates a similarity to that of Newtonian fluids in turbulent shear flows. When compared to the zero-order model, the turbulent eddy evolution tends to enhance the transfer of the turbulent kinetic energy and plane shearing across the flow layer, resulting in more intensive turbulent fluctuation in the upper part of the flow. Solid boundary as energy source and sink of the turbulent kinetic energy becomes more apparent in the established first-order model.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Dissipative heating of elastomers: a new modelling approach based on
finite and coupled thermomechanics
• Abstract: Abstract Especially in the automotive industries, elastomers take an important role. They are used in different types of bearings, where they inhibit vibration propagation and thereby significantly enhance driving performance and comfort. That is why several models have already been developed to simulate the material’s mechanical response to stresses and strains. In many cases, these models are developed under isothermal conditions. Others include the temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour to represent lower stiffness’s for higher temperatures. In this contribution it is shown by some exemplary experiments that viscoelastic material heats up under dynamic deformations. Hence, the material’s properties change due to the influence of the temperature without changing the surrounding conditions. With some of these experiments, it is shown that a fully coupled material model is necessary to predict the behaviour of bearings under dynamic loads. The focus of this contribution lies on the modelling of the thermoviscoelastic behaviour of elastomers. In a first step, a twofold multiplicative split of the deformation gradient is performed to be able to describe both mechanical and thermal deformations. This concept introduces different configurations. The stress tensors existing on these configurations are used to formulate the stress power in the first law of thermodynamics which allows to simulate the material’s self-heating. To formulate the temperature dependency of the mechanical behaviour, the non-equilibrium part of the Helmholtz free energy function is formulated as a function of the temperature and the deformation history. With the introduced model, some FE calculations are carried out to show the model’s capability to represent the thermoviscoelastic behaviour including the coupling in both directions.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Improved bounds on the energy-minimizing strains in martensitic
polycrystals
• Abstract: Abstract This paper is concerned with the theoretical prediction of the energy-minimizing (or recoverable) strains in martensitic polycrystals, considering a nonlinear elasticity model of phase transformation at finite strains. The main results are some rigorous upper bounds on the set of energy-minimizing strains. Those bounds depend on the polycrystalline texture through the volume fractions of the different orientations. The simplest form of the bounds presented is obtained by combining recent results for single crystals with a homogenization approach proposed previously for martensitic polycrystals. However, the polycrystalline bound delivered by that procedure may fail to recover the monocrystalline bound in the homogeneous limit, as is demonstrated in this paper by considering an example related to tetragonal martensite. This motivates the development of a more detailed analysis, leading to improved polycrystalline bounds that are notably consistent with results for single crystals in the homogeneous limit. A two-orientation polycrystal of tetragonal martensite is studied as an illustration. In that case, analytical expressions of the upper bounds are derived and the results are compared with lower bounds obtained by considering laminate textures.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Constitutive equations for an electroactive polymer
• Abstract: Abstract Ionic electroactive polymers can be used as sensors or actuators. For this purpose, a thin film of polyelectrolyte is saturated with a solvent and sandwiched between two platinum electrodes. The solvent causes a complete dissociation of the polymer and the release of small cations. The application of an electric field across the thickness results in the bending of the strip and vice versa. The material is modeled by a two-phase continuous medium. The solid phase, constituted by the polymer backbone inlaid with anions, is depicted as a deformable porous media. The liquid phase is composed of the free cations and the solvent (usually water). We used a coarse grain model. The conservation laws of this system have been established in a previous work. The entropy balance law and the thermodynamic relations are first written for each phase and then for the complete material using a statistical average technique and the material derivative concept. One deduces the entropy production. Identifying generalized forces and fluxes provides the constitutive equations of the whole system: the stress–strain relations which satisfy a Kelvin–Voigt model, generalized Fourier’s and Darcy’s laws and the Nernst–Planck equation.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• A thermomechanical model accounting for the behavior of shape memory
alloys in finite deformations
• Abstract: Abstract Shape memory alloys (SMA) comport an interesting behavior. They can undertake large strains and then recover their undeformed shape by heating. In this context, one of the aspects that challenged many researchers was the development of a mathematical model to predict the behavior of a known SMA under real-life conditions, or finite strain. This paper is aimed at working out a finite strain mathematical model for a Ni–Ti SMA, under the superelastic experiment conditions and under uniaxial mechanical loading, based on the Zaki–Moumni 3D mathematical model developed under the small perturbations assumption. Within the current article, a comparison between experimental findings and calculated results is also investigated. The proposed finite strain mathematical model shows good agreement with experimental data.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Closure conditions for non-equilibrium multi-component models
• Abstract: Abstract A class of non-equilibrium models for compressible multi-component fluids in multi-dimensions is investigated taking into account viscosity and heat conduction. These models are subject to the choice of interfacial pressures and interfacial velocity as well as relaxation terms for velocity, pressure, temperature and chemical potentials. Sufficient conditions are derived for these quantities that ensure meaningful physical properties such as a non-negative entropy production, thermodynamical stability, Galilean invariance and mathematical properties such as hyperbolicity, subcharacteristic property and existence of an entropy–entropy flux pair. For the relaxation of chemical potentials, a two-component and a three-component models for vapor–water and gas–water–vapor, respectively, are considered.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• A numerical method for determining the strain rate intensity factor under
plane strain conditions
• Abstract: Abstract Using the classical model of rigid perfectly plastic solids, the strain rate intensity factor has been previously introduced as the coefficient of the leading singular term in a series expansion of the equivalent strain rate in the vicinity of maximum friction surfaces. Since then, many strain rate intensity factors have been determined by means of analytical and semi-analytical solutions. However, no attempt has been made to develop a numerical method for calculating the strain rate intensity factor. This paper presents such a method for planar flow. The method is based on the theory of characteristics. First, the strain rate intensity factor is derived in characteristic coordinates. Then, a standard numerical slip-line technique is supplemented with a procedure to calculate the strain rate intensity factor. The distribution of the strain rate intensity factor along the friction surface in compression of a layer between two parallel plates is determined. A high accuracy of this numerical solution for the strain rate intensity factor is confirmed by comparison with an analytic solution. It is shown that the distribution of the strain rate intensity factor is in general discontinuous.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Constitutive model for flake graphite cast iron automotive brake discs:
from macroscopic multiscale models to a 1D rheological description
• Abstract: Abstract One of the critical points of the thermomechanical fatigue design process is the correct description of the cyclic behavior of the material. This work focuses on the material of automotive brake discs, namely flake graphite cast iron. The specificity of this material is its asymmetric behavior under tensile and compressive loadings, which is due to the shape of graphite that acts as small cracks. Multiscale models inspired from the literature are first presented. They lead to a good description of the material behavior under cyclic loadings. An elastoviscoplastic constitutive model is then proposed in a one-dimensional setting in order to accurately describe cyclic tests from room temperature up to $${600^{\circ}{C}}$$ .
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Transformation-induced plasticity in high-temperature shape memory alloys:
a one-dimensional continuum model
• Abstract: Abstract A constitutive model based on isotropic plasticity consideration is presented in this work to model the thermo-mechanical behavior of high-temperature shape memory alloys. In high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs), both martensitic transformation and rate-dependent plasticity (creep) occur simultaneously at high temperatures. Furthermore, transformation-induced plasticity is another deformation mechanism during martensitic transformation. All these phenomena are considered as dissipative processes to model the mechanical behavior of HTSMAs in this study. The constitutive model was implemented for one-dimensional cases, and the results have been compared with experimental data from thermal cycling test for actuator applications.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• Microinertia and internal variables
• Abstract: Abstract The description of microinertia in micromorphic continua is discussed from the point of view of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In the framework of dual internal variables, the microinertia stems from a thermodynamic equation of state related to the internal variable, which has the properties similar to mechanical momentum.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

• A thermo-mechanically coupled finite strain model considering inelastic
heat generation
• Abstract: Abstract The procedure for reuse of finite element method (FEM) programs for heat transfer and structure analysis to solve advanced thermo-mechanical problems is presented as powerful algorithm applicable for coupling of other physical fields (magnetic, fluid flow, etc.). In this case, nonlinear Block-Gauss–Seidel partitioned algorithm strongly couples the heat transfer and structural FEM programs by a component-based software engineering. Component template library provides possibility to exchange the data between the components which solve the corresponding subproblems. The structural component evaluates the dissipative energy induced by inelastic strain. The heat transfer component computes the temperature change due to the dissipation. The convergence is guaranteed by posing the global convergence criterion on the previously locally converged coupled variables. This enables reuse of software and allows the numerical simulation of thermo-sensitive problems.
PubDate: 2016-07-01

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