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American Journal of Potato Research

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ISSN (Print) 1874-9380 - ISSN (Online) 1099-209X
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2216 journals]

Starch Characteristics of Modern and Heirloom Potato Cultivars
- Abstract: Abstract In a number of ways, modern potato breeding efforts differ from those that created heirloom cultivars. As a result of the rapid expansion of the potato processing industry in the mid twentieth century, potato breeders shifted their focus from fresh market varieties to those intended for the fry and chip markets. Selection for higher dry matter content and lower reducing sugar levels in tubers was successful. This study sought to determine whether modern processing cultivars differ from heirloom cultivars for two major characteristics of tuber starch, amylose content and starch granule morphology. Since breeding efforts for processing potatoes have focused on the maintenance of tuber quality during storage, these parameters were measured in both fresh and stored tubers. Twenty cultivars selected to span the range of cultivar release dates in the U.S. were grown at Hancock, WI in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated for tuber amylose content and measurements of starch granule surface area, length, width, length to width ratio, and smoothness. These traits were found to be stable across years and during storage. Significant differences in the amylose content and starch granule morphology exist among cultivars, but there is no clear distinction between modern and heirloom cultivars. Genetic variation for amylose content and starch granule morphology was found within the set of clones sampled for this study. However, germplasm with higher amylose content will need to be identified and utilized in breeding if the nutritional benefits associated with high fiber and low glycemic index are to be realized.
  PubDate: 2013-05-14
Screening for Chip-Processing Potato Line from Introgression of Wild Species’ Germplasms with Post-Harvest Storage and Chip Qualities
- Abstract: Abstract The processing of potatoes into chips is expanding in China. There is a need for new processing cultivars that are well-suited for the local ecological environment. Eleven potato varieties were bred from hybridization and backcrossing between the local cultivated potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) and wild potato species. Lines from different wild species’ germplasms showed that the ability to accumulate reducing sugars was significantly different during low temperature storage (4 °C). A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation coefficient among reducing sugars, acid invertase, free amino acids, chip colors and the content of acrylamide after storage at room and low temperatures. The lines 0706-116, 0737-6 and 0726-205 had low levels of reducing sugars, acrylamide content and acceptable chip colors for potato chip processing. The results indicated that the transfer of wild species’ processing traits into local cultivars by hybridization and continuous backcrossing is an effective potato breeding method and that the wild germplasm resources S. phureja and S. chacoense are suitable for improving the processing traits of local varieties.
  PubDate: 2013-05-14
Acrylamide in Processed Potato Products
- Abstract: Abstract Trace amounts of acrylamide are present in many foods cooked at high temperatures. Acrylamide in processed potato products is formed from reducing sugars and asparagine and is a product of the Maillard reaction; this reaction typically occurs during frying and baking of food products. Processed potato products, including fries and chips, are relatively high in acrylamide compared with other foods and contribute substantially to dietary acrylamide. Acrylamide content in potato products is strongly affected by processing conditions, potato variety, field management, environmental conditions during tuber growth, and tuber storage conditions. Numerous approaches have been described that could potentially reduce the acrylamide content of potato products, but many influence finished product sensory attributes and may be difficult to implement. Health concerns related to acrylamide in food center on its role as a potential carcinogen. Research using feeding studies with rodent models and epidemiological studies with humans are ongoing and are likely to provide future guidance for acceptable amounts of acrylamide in food.
  PubDate: 2013-05-14
Diploid Potato Hybrids as Sources of Resistance to Blackspot Bruising
- Abstract: Abstract Resistance to bruising is an important quality trait of potato depending on multiple genetic and environmental factors. Thirty one interspecific diploid hybrids and two tetraploid standards were evaluated for resistance to bruising in 2 years. Diploids originated from crosses between wild and primitive Solanum species and dihaploids of S. tuberosum. Two-year mean values of bruising resistance of tested genotypes indicated significant variability of the trait. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of genotype, year and interaction between them on the trait. Broad-sense heritability of bruising resistance was estimated as moderately high, Hb = 0.73. Content of L-tyrosine, the main substrate of discoloration reaction, was not significantly correlated with brusing in tested diploid hybrids. The clones, that were resistant to blackspot bruise, also combined quality traits and resistances to many pathogens. All these traits could be transferred together into tetraploid level in 4x × 2x crosses via male 2n gametes produced by diploid hybrids.
  PubDate: 2013-05-10
Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars
- Abstract: Abstract Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L−1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L−1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing.
  PubDate: 2013-05-10
Evaluating Incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on Asymptomatic Organic Potatoes and Screening Potato Lines for Resistance to Silver Scurf
- Abstract: Abstract Silver scurf, caused by Helminthosporium solani, and black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, cause tuber blemishes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) which affect processing and fresh market trade. Tubers from ten cultivars were collected at harvest from three organic farms in Wisconsin and categorized as symptomatic or asymptomatic based on visual symptoms of silver scurf and black dot and/or signs of H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were performed on asymptomatic tubers to detect H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were in slight to fair agreement (kappa coefficient <0.4) for detecting both pathogens. Most asymptomatic tubers tested were positive by one or both assays for H. solani (75 %) or C. coccodes (94 %). Minituber inoculation assays were also performed to screen potato lines for resistance to silver scurf. Of the 14 lines tested, a diploid interspecific hybrid, C287, had consistently low sporulation, suggesting it has partial resistance to silver scurf. Since the majority of tubers harvested are already infected with one or both pathogens further research should focus on organically acceptable management practices that may inhibit disease development in field and in storage.
  PubDate: 2013-05-01
Erratum to: Development of a PCR Assay for the Rapid Detection and Differentiation of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotypes and Their Spatiotemporal Distribution in the United States
- PubDate: 2013-04-20
Influence of Foliar-Applied Growth Retardants on Russet Burbank Potato Tuber Production
- Abstract: Abstract The potato cv Russet Burbank grows poorly in the semi-arid climate of the High Plains, primarily due to its tendency to produce misshaped tubers. Since gibberellic acid (GA3) is associated with stem elongation and may be involved in tuber shape, the objective of this study was to determine whether GA3 biosynthesis inhibitors could improve tuber shape. Prohexadione-Ca and chlormequat-Cl are two well-known such inhibitors. They were applied to ‘Russet Burbank’ at 0, 70, 280, 1,120, 4,480 g/ha when the largest tubers were 20, 60 and 100 g/tuber from 2001 to 2003. Neither compound affected tuber shape. Yields increased 17–20 % by prohexadione-Ca at 280 g/ha and 9–33 % by chlormequat-Cl at 4,480 g/ha. In 2004, prohexadione-Ca at 280 g/ha was applied when the largest tubers were 3, 25, 100, 180, and 370 g to determine a tuber stage response. Yield increased 14 % when applied at 25 and 100 g/tuber growth stages, but the number of misshaped tubers increased from 48 % to 75 %. These two inhibitors did not overcome tuber misshaping and should not be used for that purpose.
  PubDate: 2013-04-20
Prevalence of potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja Fields in Three States of Colombia
- Abstract: Abstract Potato yellow vein virus (Crinivirus) causes leaf yellowing, is limited to the phloem and is transmitted by Trialeurodes vaporariorum and tubers. PYVV causes up to 50 % yield reduction in S. tuberosum. The prevalence of PYVV was established in Group Phureja in 2008 in the Colombian states of Cundinamarca, Antioquia and Nariño. The presence (S) or absence (NS) of symptoms was established in 24,930 plants. Symptom prevalence was as follows: Cundinamarca 0.74 % ± 0.03, Antioquia 5.4 % ± 12 and Nariño 6.2 % ± 0.11. Percentages of S plants were highly variable among different states and municipalities. PYVV was diagnosed by RT-PCR in a subsample of 1,545 plants from Cundinamarca and Nariño. RT-PCR showed that 2.4 % ± 8.3 × 10−5 and 41 % ± 0.0009 % of the symptomless plants of Cundinamarca and Nariño respectively were positive. This suggests possible late infection of plants by the vector which did not have enough time to express symptoms, infections with two or more viruses or “virus latency”. PYVV symptomatic prevalence in Group Phureja was lower than that reported for Diacol-Capiro (Group Andigena), but increases if molecular results are taken into account. This is the first known study aimed at determining PYVV prevalence using molecular tools and extensively sampling of S.tuberosum Group Phureja plants in grower’s fields in three states and multiple municipalities of Colombia.
  PubDate: 2013-04-19
Technical and Economic Analysis of Aeroponics and other Systems for Potato Mini-Tuber Production in Latin America
- Abstract: Abstract Producing large quantities of high quality mini-tubers at low cost is essential for an economically viable supply of seed potatoes. Here we systematize the technical and economic aspects of aeroponics and provide a benchmark comparison of this technology with other mini-tuber production systems as developed in Latin America: conventional, semi-hydroponics, and fiber-cement tiles technology. Research methodologies included: 3-year registration of cash flows and production registers of aeroponics, economic and technical surveys, in-depth inquiry with managers of technologies. Results show that aeroponics as promoted by the International Potato Center (CIP) has several advantages, including high multiplication rates (up to 1:45), high production efficiency per area (> 900 mini-tubers per m2), savings in water, chemicals and/or energy, and positive economic indicators. The fiber-cement tiles technology from Brazil is also shown to be highly efficient and slightly more robust compared to aeroponics. Preconditions for the successful adoption of the different technologies in developing countries are discussed.
  PubDate: 2013-04-10
The Effect of Long Term Storage on Bacterial Soft Rot Resistance in Potato
- Abstract: Abstract Bacterial soft rot is a serious disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), causing rapid tuber tissue maceration and, consequently, marketable yield loss. Soft rot bacteria, including Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pbc), are favored by moist conditions, which are prevalent in large potato storage facilities. However, although most potatoes in North America are stored before use, there are no published surveys of soft rot resistance in cultivars exposed to long-term storage conditions. Thus, we tested 65 cultivars and 13 breeding lines for soft rot resistance after 6 months of storage. There was a significant effect of cultivar and production environment on soft rot resistance score. During 6 months of storage, tuber soft rot resistance in resistant clones did not change, while it changed in susceptible clones. The three most resistant cultivars to soft rot were Freedom Russet, Anett, and Alaska Red Eye.
  PubDate: 2013-04-10
Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the 96^th Annual Meeting of The Potato Association of America
- PubDate: 2013-04-01
Adaptation of Potato to Water Shortage: Irrigation Management and Enhancement of Tolerance to Drought and Salinity
- Abstract: Abstract Agriculture that depends upon irrigation is challenged by the increasing scarcity of fresh water and global climate change, and increasing human populations aggravate this situation. The potato crop depends on a regular water supply to secure high quality yields. Abiotic stress factors, such as drought, heat and salinity, have severe, adverse effects on growth and yield. In this review, different approaches to cope with water stress are presented. These approaches include altering morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of potato and the use of biotechnology. For example, native potato and alien genes have been identified by transcriptomics and may provide useful candidates for deployment against stress. Transgenic potato cultivars harboring many of these genes have been evaluated and show promise for future release as new, stress tolerant cultivars. Potential management tools for economizing water use include efficient irrigation systems and precision agriculture. The use of alternative water resources, such as greywater, recycled wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and desalinated water will contribute to the water requirements of the potato crop and should help meet future challenges.
  PubDate: 2013-04-01
Quantification of Field Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Eight Russet-Skinned Potato Cultivars Using Real-Time PCR
- Abstract: Abstract Changes in potato production over the past 10 to 20 years, have resulted in increased emphasis being placed on breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. While many russet-skinned cultivars recently have been released with reported resistance to Verticillium wilt, information is lacking on the level of pathogen colonization, and therefore, the level of true genetic resistance is not known. Eight russet-skinned cultivars were grown in field trials with low and high levels of V. dahliae in the soil, and evaluated for wilt, stem colonization, yield, and tuber vascular discoloration. A recently developed QPCR assay was validated, with strong relationships to culture plating assays over three stem sampling dates. Additionally, stem colonization levels, as determined by QPCR, were related to wilt and tuber vascular discoloration. However, total yield did not exhibit a strong relationship to any other parameter evaluated in this study. Results from these studies indicate that varying levels of true resistance are present in the russet-skinned cultivars evaluated, and that the QPCR assay can be reliable in rapidly evaluating resistance to V. dahliae under field conditions. Based on pathogen quantification using stem colonization derived from traditional plating assays and QPCR, the resistance level of several cultivars is more clearly defined and discussed.
  PubDate: 2013-04-01
Behavioral Responses of Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), to the Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Four Potato Varieties
- Abstract: Abstract Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a serious pest of potato and causes severe yield loss to potato production worldwide. The volatiles emitted from potato plants influence host selection by M. persicae. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study how these volatile emissions vary among four potato varieties (IdaRose, Desiree, Chipeta and Russet Burbank) having different genetic backgrounds, and to compare the aphid responses to the volatiles emitted by these varieties. Results indicated that headspace volatiles detected, and aphid responses, differed significantly among the varieties. Myzus persicae arrestment was greater in response to Desiree and Chipeta than on Russet Burbank and arrestment on IdaRose was intermediate and did not differ significantly from any of the other varieties, but the arrestment was not related to the total concentration of volatiles released by these varieties. This indicates that the blend of volatiles was important for eliciting arrestment. Eigenvector weightings of principal component 1 were predominantly sesquiterpenes (especially caryophyllene, sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene and longifolene), whereas those for principal component 2 were predominantly aldehydes and green leaf volatiles (n-hexana1, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal and nonanal. The pedigrees of the varieties are not associated with the volatile blends or aphid responses.
  PubDate: 2013-04-01
Different Nitrogen Sources Affect Biomass Partitioning and Quality of Potato Production in a Hydroponic System
- Abstract: Abstract Crop production systems should reduce nitrogen application costs and assure that the appropriate form of nitrogen is used. Thus, three potato cultivars in a hydroponic system were supplied with two different nitrogen sources to determine the effect on biomass accumulation and partitioning, and total plant nitrogen content. Cultivars Agata, Atlantic and Bintje received, on alternate days, nutritive solutions differing only in either calcium nitrate or urea. Urea stimulated biomass accumulation and total nitrogen in shoots. Moreover, urea reduced the ratios tuber:shoot and tuber:root, and increased the ratio shoot:root, indicating competition for biomass partitioning between shoots and tubers. Urea stimulated greater tuber volume in the Atlantic cultivar, and increased tuber protein content, which is undesirable for industry. These results suggested that salts containing nitrate could be more appropriate for hydroponic potato cultivation, since urea compromised tuber quality and biomass partitioning in all cultivars studied.
  PubDate: 2013-04-01
Optimization of a Chemiluminescent Dot-Blot Immunoassay for Detection of Potato Viruses
- Abstract: Abstract Vegetative propagation of potato leads to virus accumulation, resulting in significant yield losses and reduced quality. Virus identification is critical for developing disease management strategies and measuring seed lot health. The most widely used method of virus diagnosis in seed potatoes is a post-harvest test, for which the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is often used. ELISA was previously modified by substituting microtiter plates with membranes to develop a more flexible and inexpensive assay. We optimized a dot-blot immunoassay with viral proteins bound to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and detection of the proteins with alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibodies and a chemiluminescence reagent. The assay was tested for detection of viruses of seven genera. We have also altered the assay by spotting an antibody array onto a PVDF membrane and tested it for its potential uses as a diagnostic tool for Potato virus Y, Hosta virus X, and Potato leafroll virus.
  PubDate: 2013-03-29
Sentinel: An Early Yellow-Fleshed Potato Cultivar Suitable for Fresh Market and Chip Processing
- Abstract: Abstract Sentinel (FV8957-10) is a new yellow-fleshed potato cultivar that produces a high yield of attractive round to oval tubers at early harvest. Sentinel is suitable for fresh market use and chip processing. It was selected at the Lethbridge Research Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AB from a cross made at the Potato Research Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, NB between breeding clones F72218 and F47024. Sentinel has erect medium-height vines and produces uniform tubers of medium-size with a light buff skin, light yellow flesh and shallow eyes. In multi-date-harvest trials, Sentinel produced similar or higher marketable yield compared to Atlantic and NorValley in southern Alberta. When harvested at 80 days after planting, Sentinel produced similar or greater yield than Superior and Conestoga at test sites across western Canada. Specific gravity of Sentinel was less than Atlantic and Conestoga but higher than NorValley and Superior, whereas chip colour was similar to Atlantic and lighter than NorValley or Superior. Sentinel showed little tendency to slough or to darken after cooking. It showed clear foliar and tuber symptoms when infected with bacterial ring rot. Sentinel is moderately susceptible to verticillium wilt, early blight, fusarium wilt and common scab and susceptible to late blight.
  PubDate: 2013-03-26
The Potato Association of America 96th Annual Meeting
- PubDate: 2013-03-07
The Potato Association of America Honorary Life Members, 2012
- PubDate: 2013-02-01