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Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology

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ISSN (Print) 1934-936X - ISSN (Online) 1063-455X
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2216 journals]

Deterioration of coastal groundwater quality in Rameswaram Island of Ramanathapuram District, Southern India
- Abstract: Abstract A study was carried out in the South-West, North-East and North-West segments dividing the local area of Rameswaram Island to characterize the physico-chemical characteristics of 87 groundwater samples which include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, total alkalinity (TA), calcium hardness (CH), magnesium hardness, total hardness (TH), chloride and fluoride. Heavy inorganic load in majority of the groundwater samples has been estimated due to the salinity, TDS, TH and chloride beyond the threshold level which substantiates the percolation of sea water into the freshwater confined zones. The Water Quality Index and Langeleir Saturation Index have also been calculated to know the potable and corrosive/incrusting nature of the water samples. The results are interpreted based on statistical tools. Greater than 80% of the samples were found to have exceeded the limit of WHO drinking standard especially in TDS, CH, TA and chloride. The signature of salt-water intrusion is observed from the ratio of Cl/CO3 2− + HCO3 − and TA/TH. A proper management plan to cater potable water to the immediate needs of the people is to be envisaged.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Photocatalytic destruction of fulvic acids by ozone and oxygen
- Abstract: abstract We have studied destruction of river fulvic acids in water environment with ozone and oxygen. We have also determined advantages of catalytic and photocatalytic ozonization of their solutions compared with ozonization and O3/UV treatment. Photocatalytic ozonization secures the highest degree of destruction of fulvic acids (93% in terms of total organic carbon) at a shorter time and specific consumption of ozone compare with other methods of oxidation.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
On the origin of organic substances in the hydrosphere of Earth
- Abstract: Abstract The possible ways of the origination of organic substances under natural conditions of Earth were examined. A special attention was paid to the analysis of a number of physico-chemical processes associated with the formation of formic acid from inorganic components in aqueous medium. Organic compounds are found to be necessary but not a sufficient condition for the origin of life on Earth.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
The simplified model of deironization and demanganization of water on the clinoptilolite medium of filters
- Abstract: Abstract The article gives a simplified model of water deironization on a filtering medium from natural clinoptilolite based on the results of pilot research and industrial tests. Advantages and disadvantages of the model were found. The possibilities of using this model have been shown in optimization of the water demanganization on natural modified clinoptilolite.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Biodegradation of pollutants in the effluents of food industry enterprises
- Abstract: Abstract The article has investigated the processes of obtaining biogas by means of anaerobic fermentation of the effluents of food production in periodic and continuous modes with their subsequent add-on treatment by the method of aerobic fermentation.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Water purification of nitrates by low-pressure reverse osmosis method
- Abstract: Abstract The paper has investigated possibilities and basic regularities of water purification of nitrates by low pressure reverse osmosis. The negative influence of chlorides and sulfates on the process characteristic have bee shown. A conclusion has bee made on expediency of using the low pressure reverse osmosis method for purifying water of nitrates.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Sorption removal of Fe(CN)₆ ³⁻ ion impurities from water and evaluation of water quality by the biotesting method
- Abstract: Abstract The sorption removal of Fe(CN)6 3− ion impurities from water was investigated. A specially synthesized magnesium-aluminum double hydroxide with the hydrotalcite-type structure was used as a sorbent. The biotesting method used for various test objects proved the efficiency of sorption removal of Fe(CN)6 3− from water.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Bioleaching of heavy metals from sludge after biological treatment of municipal effluent
- Abstract: Abstract The article has compared the efficiency of removing heavy metals from the sludge after biological treatment of municipal wastewaters in the course of biological leaching involving heterotrophic and chemotrophic microorganisms and chemical leaching. The article also showed advantages of the bioleaching of metals under conditions of acidogenic heterotrophic metabolism. The efficiency of the leaching of heavy metals from the sludge varies 80% (Zn) to 15% (Cr) and corresponds to the following series: Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cd > Pb > Cr.
  PubDate: 2013-03-01
Modeling of submerged photoreactors with optimal parameters of UV radiation for water purification
- Abstract: Abstract The article has shown the functional bond between the power values of the lamp of the immersed photoreactor (light flux), energy exposition, reactor capacity, optical density of the liquid filling it, and the effective (optimal) parameter of the reactor radius. The article gives an assessment of indirect errors of determining effective radii of immersed reactors and showed the relationship between the length of the lamp used for UV radiation and the liquid optical density. It has been shown that given identical values of energy exposure the radius of the effective layer in concentration reactors will be 10% smaller than in blade reactors (in which the light flux propagates in a parallel bundle).
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Biofiltration of the chlorophenol aqueous solution through the activated carbon bed
- Abstract: Abstract The efficiency of biofiltering the o-chlorophenol solution through the KAU-grade activated carbon is common and modified with iron oxide—was studied. Both sorbents showed high selective adsorption ability for the compound investigated. The activated carbon modified with iron oxides was found to have a positive effect on the adsorption of o-chlorophenol at low equilibrium concentrations and continuous filtration.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
The use of cationogenic SAS in pressure-driven processes of purification of water contaminated with Cr (VI) salts
- Abstract: Abstract The article has investigated the impact of cationogenic SAS on purification of contaminated waters of Cr (VI) by the methods of ultra and nanofiltration. We have determined the impact on these processes of the pH of the medium working pressure, and concentration of SAS concentration. The most effective results of water purification of Cr (VI) were obtained at pH 5 and SAS concentration close to its critical concentration of micelle formation.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Removal of biofilm from activated carbon in industrial adsorption filters
- Abstract: Abstract The mechanism of removing biofilm and other adsorbed substances from activated filters used for the advanced wastewater treatment was investigated. It was found that the maximum removal of pollutants—up to 0.18 g/100 cm3 for insoluble substances and up to 160 mg/cm3 for the total organic carbon—was obtained through the two-stage treatment, first, using 1M NaOH solution, and then, 0.85% NaCl. The use of 0.85% NaCl following the Ringer’s solution was found to be the most efficient way in de-immobilizing living biomass—up to 310 CFU/cm3 was removed.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Sorption of hydrochloric acid with saponite
- Abstract: Abstract We have investigated sorption of hydrochloric acid with saponite of the Varvarovskii deposit, Khmelnitsky region (Ukraine) against various salt backgrounds in the solution, varied by an addition of sodium chloride. Information has been obtained on desorption of cations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fen+, Al3+ from saponite at different acidity of the equilibrium solution. It has been found out that at the pH of the equilibrium solution more than 3.4 its substantial pollution by cations being desorbed from the material does not occur. We have determined the composition of the cation-exchange complex and its overall capacity. The effect of anomalously low desorption of singly charged cations have been detected.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Contaminants removal by bentonite amended slow sand filter
- Abstract: Abstract Earlier studies have indicated that variability in size, surface texture and charge greatly influence the contaminant removal process in granular media. Based on surface characteristics of montmorillonite, it is anticipated that small addition of this clay would increase adhesion sites for bacterial growth and extracellular polymer production in the slow sand filter and thereby enhance its contaminant removal ability. Experiments were performed by permeating groundwater contaminated with pathogens (total coliform and E. Coli) and inorganic contaminants through the bentonite amended slow sand filter (BASSF). Surprisingly, the BASSF retained inorganic contaminants besides pathogens. Water-leach tests (pH of water leachate ranged from 2 to 9) with spent BASSF specimen indicated that the inorganic contaminants are irreversibly adsorbed to a large extent. It is considered that the combined effects of enhanced-organic matter mediated adhesion sites and increased hydraulic retention time enables the BASSF specimen to retain inorganic contaminants. It is envisaged that BASSF filters could find use in treating contaminated groundwater for potable needs at household and community level.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Water purification of manganes compounds by a sorbent-catalyst at diferent pH and salt content
- Abstract: Abstract The effect of the salt background of sodium chloride on the efficiency of the sorbent-catalyst has been analyzed under the static conditions. It has been found out that the salt content and pH of the solution influence the residual concentration of manganese compounds in the purified water. An equation describing the influence of the above specified factors was also obtained. The treatment of water with high salt content should be performed at enhanced pH values acceptable for drinking water.
  PubDate: 2013-02-01
Estimation of saponite sorptive properties with regard to fluoride ions
- Abstract: Abstract Equilibrium sorption of fluoride ions by saponite has been investigated at pH of the equilibrium solution characteristic of natural waters. A theoretical model of the equilibrium sorption of fluoride ions by saponite exchange groups selective with regard to such ions was proposed. The total exchange capacity of the specified exchange groups and their equilibrium constant were also found.
  PubDate: 2012-11-01
Uranium (VI) in natural waters: Study of occurrence forms
- Abstract: Abstract A comparative study of U(VI) occurrence forms in natural waters has been conducted on the basis of experimental determination of the faction of U(VI) soluble and colloidal forms and the calculation of the specified forms by using the known stability constants. It was shown that the forms of U(VI) radionuclide in aqueous media could considerably change depending on the concentration of U(VI), carbonate ions, and suspended particles of different nature. It has been found out that uranium U(VI) at the level of its typical concentrations (several micrograms and less) occurs in natural waters in soluble different-metal and carbonate forms.
  PubDate: 2012-11-01
Determination of arsenic in the water using the method of inversion chronopotentiometry
- Abstract: Abstract The technique has been developed for determination of arsenic in drinking and natural waters (≥0.5 μg/dm3) based on the improved method of inversion chronopotentiometry using an M-XA1000-5 analyzer. The article has discussed the expediency of using this method for monitoring the state of the environment.
  PubDate: 2012-11-01
A modified method for removal and stabilization of cesium metal in the vitrified matrix
- Abstract: Abstract Laboratory experiments were designed to investigate the separation and stabilization of cesium metal. Cesium was removed from simulated waste through sorption under certain physicochemical conditions. Silica sand (locally purchased) was used to remove cesium from simulated liquid waste. The range of pH and temperature was optimized and maximum removal (94–98%) of cesium was achieved with pH 10 at the temperature 36°C. Under optimized conditions with a temperature range of 301–315K ΔH, ΔSand ΔG 309 K for 150 ppm solution are −27.22 ± 0.18 KJ/mol, −74.1 ± 0.96 J/mol and −3071 ± 2.1 KJ/mol respectively, and for 200 ppm solution thermodynamic entities are ΔH = −20.2 ± 0.20 KJ/mol, ΔS = −47.86 ± 0.66 J/mol and ΔG 301 K = −4344 ± 3.7 KJ/mol. The sorbed metal ion has chances of desorption under changed physicochemical conditions in final disposal. To overcome this problem the final “secondary waste (metals on sorbents)” was stabilized by converting it into a stable vitreous borosilicate matrix through the vitrification process to prevent leaching. It was found that the sorbed cesium was evaporated during heating at 1250°C. The evaporation of cesium during vitrification was overcome by modifying the process. This modified vitrification process is found excellent to immobilize the sorbed cesium. Stability was tested by desorption attempts at different pH.
  PubDate: 2012-11-01
Removal of boron compounds in pressure-driven desalination of the Black Sea water
- Abstract: Abstract The article has investigated the process of removing boron from the water of the Black Sea during its pressure-driven desalination using an OPMN-P nanofiltration membrane (ZAO NTTs Vladipor) and an ESPA-1 reverse-osmosis membrane (Hydronautics). It has been shown that the boron removal degree in a two-stage treatment (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is much lower than in a single-stage one (reverse osmosis). For the first time it was shown that there is a substantial impact of salts of calcium and magnesium on the boron retention coefficient with reverse-osmosis membranes. We have studied the conditioning process in terms of the content of boron (using an Amberlite IRA-743 boron-containing sorbent and the method of reverse osmosis in the alkaline medium) permeate obtained in the two-stage desalination of the Black Sea water.
  PubDate: 2012-11-01