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Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
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ISSN (Print) 0889-8553
Published by Elsevier

[3043 journals]

The Microbiome in Crohn's Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Sahil Khanna, Laura E. Raffals
  Teaser Individuals with a genetic predisposition to Crohn disease develop aberrant immune responses to environmental triggers. The gastrointestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized to play an important role in the development of Crohn disease. Decrease in global gut microbial diversity and specific bacterial alterations have been implicated in Crohn disease. Advances in sequencing techniques and bioinformatics and correlation with host genetics continue to improve insight into the structure and function of the microbial community and interactions with the host immune system. This article summarizes the existing literature on the role of the gut microbiome and its manipulation in development and management of Crohn disease.
  
  PubDate: 2017-07-21T08:32:39Z
Crohn's Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Ming-Hsi Wang, Michael F. Picco
  Teaser Since the discovery of the first Crohn’s disease (CD) gene NOD2 in 2001, 140 genetic loci have been found in whites using high-throughput genome-wide association studies. Several genes influence CD subphenotypes and treatment response. With the observations of increasing prevalence in Asia and developing countries and the incomplete explanation of CD variance, other underexplored areas need to be integrated through novel methodologies. Algorithms that incorporate specific genetic risk alleles with other biomarkers will be developed and used to predict CD disease course, complications, and response to specific therapies, allowing precision medicine to become real in CD.
  
  PubDate: 2017-07-21T08:32:39Z
Targeting Specific Immunologic Pathways in Crohn's Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Guilherme Piovezani Ramos, William A. Faubion, Konstantinos A. Papadakis
  Teaser Understanding the immunologic pathways in intestinal inflammation is crucial for the development of new therapies that can maximize patient response and minimize toxicity. Targeting integrins and cytokines is intended to control leukocyte migration to effector sites or inhibit the action of proinflammatory cytokines. New approaches to preventing leukocyte migration may target integrin receptors expressed on the intestinal vascular endothelium. The IL-12/IL-23 pathway has been a therapeutic target of interest in controlling active Crohn disease (CD). New therapeutic approaches in CD may involve the enhancement of antiinflammatory cytokine pathways, and modulation of cellular responses and intranuclear signals associated with intestinal inflammation.
  
  PubDate: 2017-07-21T08:32:39Z
Sexuality, Fertility, and Pregnancy in Crohn's Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Jill K.J. Gaidos, Sunanda V. Kane
  Teaser Many factors influence the sexual health of people with Crohn disease but active disease and depression play key roles. The fertility rate in nonoperated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with quiescent disease is similar to the general population. Crohn disease can increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, but being in remission on a stable, steroid-free medication regimen for at least 3 months before conception and adhering to the treatment throughout pregnancy can improve outcomes. Infants with intrauterine exposure to anti–tumor necrosis factor medications should avoid live vaccines for the first 9 months or until drug concentrations are undetectable.
  
  PubDate: 2017-07-21T08:32:39Z
Epidemiology, Natural History, and Risk Stratification of Chron's Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 19 July 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Satimai Aniwan, Sang Hyoung Park, Edward V. Loftus
  Teaser Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic condition that can result in significant morbidity and disability. By studying the association between demographics and initial clinical features and subsequent natural history, we may be able to stratify patients by their risks of clinical relapse, hospitalization, and surgery. Understanding the potential environmental risk factors and natural history of CD in a given patient guides the physician when counseling the patient and selecting a treatment strategy. In this review, updated data regarding the incidence and prevalence of CD, important environmental risk factors, natural history of the disease, and important prognostic factors are discussed.
  
  PubDate: 2017-07-21T08:32:39Z
Liver Pathology
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Jay H. Lefkowitch
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Forthcoming Issues
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Erratum
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
IgG4-related Disease and the Liver
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Jonathan H. Chen, Vikram Deshpande
  Teaser Pathologists are likely to encounter IgG4-related disease in several organ systems. This article focuses on helping pathologists diagnose IgG4-related disease in the hepatobiliary system. Missing the diagnosis can result in unnecessary organ damage and/or unnecessary surgical and cancer therapy. In the liver, tumefactive lesion(s) involving the bile ducts with storiform fibrosis and an IgG4-enriched lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate are highly concerning for IgG4-related disease. The recent identification of oligoclonal populations of T cells and B cells in IgG4-related disease may lead to molecular tests, new therapeutics, and a greater mechanistic understanding of the disease.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Current Concepts in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Sarah E. Fleet, Jay H. Lefkowitch, Joel E. Lavine
  Teaser Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disease. Its increasing prevalence is a direct result of historically high rates of obesity. Hepatocyte lipid accumulation is the first step in a cascade of metabolic and inflammatory events thought to precipitate NAFLD. Histologic findings provide insight into these events. Lifestyle modification remains the primary therapy in children. Current recommendations include vitamin E treatment in those with biopsy-proven NASH. Trials of novel drugs are ongoing in adults. As efficacy/safety are established, these therapies may be tenable for use in children. At the current time, biopsy-driven histology endpoints are necessary to establish whether future therapies can improve pediatric or adult-type NASH in children.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Contemporary Evaluation of the Pediatric Liver Biopsy
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Deborah A. Schady, Milton J. Finegold
  Teaser Liver disease in the neonate, infant, child, and adolescent may manifest differently depending on the type of disorder. These disorders show marked overlap clinically and on light microscopy. Histology and ultrastructural examination are used in tandem for the diagnosis of most disorders. A final diagnosis or interpretation of the pediatric liver biopsy depends on appropriate and adequate clinical history, laboratory test results, biochemical assays, and molecular analyses, as indicated by the light microscopic and ultrastructural examination.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Hepatocellular Adenomas
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Paulette Bioulac-Sage, Christine Sempoux, Charles Balabaud
  Teaser Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are rare benign tumors. This single entity has been split into 3 subtypes corresponding to specific mutations: HNF1α-inactivated HCA; inflammatory HCA related to different mutations, all leading to activation of STAT3 pathway; and β-catenin–activated HCA related to CTNNB1 mutations. The risk of malignant transformation depends on the level of β-catenin activation, reported mainly for exon 3, including S45. It is possible using specific immunohistochemical markers to identify the 3 different HCA subtypes and the level of β-catenin activation. Fewer than 10% of HCAs remain unclassified.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Drug-induced Liver Injury
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): David E. Kleiner
  Teaser The evaluation of liver biopsies in suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be complex. The biopsy may be approached systematically, by identification of histologic lesions and then identification of the overall pattern of injury. Potential DILI must be separated from concomitant non-DILI liver disease. The findings can be analyzed with respect to the various prescription and nonprescription medications and dietary supplements under suspicion to provide a complete interpretation of the findings. The pathologic findings, the histologic differential diagnosis, and expert interpretation are part of a complete biopsy assessment and provide information that is of greatest value in patient management.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Antibody-Mediated Rejection After Liver Transplant
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Michael Lee
  Teaser Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in liver transplants is a field in its infancy compared with its allograft cohorts of the kidney and lung. Acute AMR is diagnosed based on specific clinical and histopathologic criteria: serum donor specific antibodies, C4d staining, histopathologic findings on liver biopsy, and exclusion of other entities. In contrast, the histologic features of chronic AMR are not as specific and it is a more challenging diagnosis to make. Treatments of acute and chronic AMR include some combination of steroids, immune-modulating agents, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, and proteasome inhibitors.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Won-Tak Choi, Sanjay Kakar
  Teaser Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult to distinguish from its mimics, including metastatic tumor, benign hepatocellular lesion, and high-grade dysplastic nodule, especially when limited biopsy material is available. Hence, the judicious use of immunohistochemical stains is necessary to establish a correct diagnosis. This article describes advantages and disadvantages of immunohistochemical markers that are most commonly used to distinguish between these lesions. Diagnostic workup of malignant liver mass (HCC and its histologic variants vs metastatic tumor) as well as well-differentiated hepatocellular lesion (well-differentiated HCC vs focal nodular hyperplasia vs hepatocellular adenoma) is also discussed.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver
Pathology
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Mark W. Sonderup, Helen Cecilia Wainwright
  Teaser The improvement in antiretroviral therapy has significantly impacted the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In high-income countries, HIV deaths are predominated by liver disease consequent to viral hepatitis coinfection, alcohol, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Published liver pathology findings have shifted from being predominated by opportunistic infections to the metabolic effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy as well as drug-induced liver injuries. Differences remain between high-income and low-income countries, where opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution syndromes, dominate findings.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndromes and Liver Pathology
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Albert J. Czaja, Herschel A. Carpenter
  Teaser Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may have an atypical serum alkaline phosphatase elevation, antimitochondrial antibodies, histologic features of bile duct injury/loss, or cholangiographic findings of focal biliary strictures and dilations. These manifestations characterize the overlap syndromes. Patients can be classified as having AIH with features of primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or a cholestatic syndrome. The gold standard of diagnosis is clinical judgment. Histologic evaluation is a major diagnostic component. Treatment is based on algorithms; outcomes vary depending on the predominant disease component. Combination therapy has been the principal recommendation.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Morphologic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Michael S. Torbenson
  Teaser Hepatocellular carcinomas can be further divided into distinct subtypes that provide important clinical information and biological insights. These subtypes are distinct from growth patterns and are on based on morphologic and molecular findings. There are 12 reasonably well-defined subtypes as well as 6 provisional subtypes, together making up 35% of all hepatocellular carcinomas. These subtypes are discussed, with an emphasis on their definitions and the key morphologic findings.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Hepatitis E Virus and the Liver
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Daniela Lenggenhager, Achim Weber
  Teaser Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, now increasingly recognized also in nonendemic regions. Clinical manifestation of hepatitis E includes mostly asymptomatic/subclinical presentations or acute, self-limiting hepatitis, but also potentially fatal liver failure or chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals. Accordingly, hepatitis E histolpathologic patterns range from an unremarkable histology over acute (cholestatic) hepatitis with variable degree of necrosis to chronic hepatitis with fibrosis. Awareness of hepatitis E and its differential diagnoses, knowledge of its clinico-pathologic manifestations and familiarity with its diagnostic tools will enable clinicians and pathologists to competently make this diagnosis.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Hepatic Progenitor Cells
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Matthias Van Haele, Tania Roskams
  Teaser Liver regeneration is a fascinating and complex process with many medical implications. An important component of this regenerative process is the hepatic progenitor cell (HPC). These appealing cells are able to participate in the renewal of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes when the normal homeostatic regeneration is exhausted. Moreover, the HPC niche is of vital importance toward the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of the HPC. This niche provides a rich microenvironment for the regulation of the HPC, thanks to the intercellular secretion of molecules. New findings indicate that the regenerative possibilities in the liver could provide a diverse basis for therapeutic targets.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Heart Disease and the Liver
- Abstract: Publication date: June 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 2
  Author(s): Anne Knoll Koehne de Gonzalez, Jay H. Lefkowitch
  Teaser Liver injury due to acute and chronic heart failure has long been recognized. This article discusses the concepts of acute cardiogenic liver injury (ACLI) and cardiac or congestive hepatopathy (CH) along with their clinical manifestations and sequelae. Histologically, ACLI manifests as centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, whereas CH is associated with centrilobular hepatocyte atrophy, dilated sinusoids, and perisinusoidal fibrosis, progressing to bridging fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. ACLI is associated with marked increases in aminotransferase levels, whereas CH is associated with a cholestatic pattern of laboratory tests. Certain cardiac medications have also been implicated as a cause of liver fibrosis.
  
  PubDate: 2017-05-18T01:47:40Z
Liver Pathology
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 14 April 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Jay H. Lefkowitch
  
  PubDate: 2017-04-18T21:58:57Z
The Gut Microbiome
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Eamonn M.M. Quigley
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
Forthcoming Issues
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
From Culture to High-Throughput Sequencing and Beyond
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Paul W. O'Toole, Burkhardt Flemer
  Teaser Detailed knowledge of the community of organisms in the gut has become possible in recent years because of the development of culture-independent methods. Largely based on latest DNA sequencing platforms, it is now possible to establish the composition of the microbiota and the repertoire of biochemical functions it encodes. Variations in either or both of these parameters have been linked to intestinal and extraintestinal disease. This article summarizes how these methods are applied, with special reference to gastroenterology, and describes the achievements and future potential of microbiota analysis as a diagnostic tool.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Michael A. Silverman, Liza Konnikova, Jeffrey S. Gerber
  Teaser Antibiotic treatment alters the composition and metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota. These alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Recent studies are beginning to unravel the contribution of specific groups of microbes and their metabolic pathways to these diseases. Probiotics or other microbiota-targeted therapies may provide effect strategies to prevent and treat NEC and AAD.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
The Gut Microbiome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Other Functional Bowel
Disorders
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Yehuda Ringel
  Teaser Emerging data from epidemiologic, microbiome, and physiology research in patients with functional bowel disorders (FBDs) provide evidence for a linkage between alterations in the intestinal microbiota and FBDs. However, currently most of the data is based on association studies, and the causality role of the microbiota in these disorders is not established. Growing evidence for compositional changes and the increasing recognition of the association between the intestinal microbiota and gut-brain functions that are relevant to the pathophysiology and/or clinical symptoms of FBDs have led to increased interest in manipulating the intestinal microbiota for the treatment of these disorders.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Other Intestinal Disorders
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Uday C. Ghoshal, Ujjala Ghoshal
  Teaser Gut microbiota is the largest organ of the human body. Although growth of bacteria more than 105 colony forming unit (CFU) per milliliter in culture of upper gut aspirate is used to diagnosis small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), 103 CFU or more is being considered to suggest the diagnosis, particularly if colonic type bacteria are present in the upper gut. Although neither very sensitive nor specific, hydrogen breath tests are widely used to diagnose SIBO. Rifaximin is the best treatment for SIBO due to its broad spectrum, lack of systemic absorption, and safety profile.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
The Esophageal and Gastric Microbiome in Health and Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Richard H. Hunt, Mohammad Yaghoobi
  Teaser The esophagus and stomach are host to their own population of bacteria, which differs in health and disease. Helicobacter pylori uniquely colonizes only gastric mucosa, but an increasing number of bacteria is now isolated from the gastric juice and gastric mucosa, including Lactobacillus. The presence of H pylori alters populations of other gastric bacteria with a marked reduction in diversity. Alterations in intragastric acidity may be the cause or the consequence of changes in the microbial populations of the stomach. Esophageal inflammation is associated with an altered microbiota in gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis, and cancer.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
Gut Microbiota and Complications of Liver Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Chathur Acharya, Jasmohan S. Bajaj
  Teaser Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and its complications are epidemic worldwide. Most complications are mediated through a dysfunctional gut-liver axis. New techniques have made culture-independent analysis of the gut microbiome widespread. With insight into an unfavorable microbiome (dysbiosis) and how it affects liver disease, investigators have discovered new targets to potentially improve outcomes. Dysbiosis is associated with endotoxemia and propagates liver injury due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol. The composition and functionality of the microbiome changes with the development of cirrhosis, decompensation, and with treatments for these conditions. Gut microbiota can be used to predict clinically relevant outcomes in cirrhosis.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
- Abstract: Publication date: March 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 1
  Author(s): Stephen M. Vindigni, Christina M. Surawicz
  Teaser Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the colon of a patient whose disease is a result of an altered microbiome, with the goal of restoring the normal microbiota and thus curing the disease. The most effective and well-studied indication for FMT is recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to recommend FMT for other gastrointestinal diseases, but studies are under way. There is also insufficient evidence to recommend FMT for nongastrointestinal diseases at this time. The field is rapidly emerging.
  
  PubDate: 2017-02-05T09:03:53Z
The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 4 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Donal Sheehan, Fergus Shanahan
  Teaser Genes, bacteria, and immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Most genetic risk relates to defective sensing of microbes and their metabolites or defective regulation of the host response to the microbiota. Because the composition of the microbiota shapes the developing immune system and is determined in early life, the prospect of therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota in adulthood after the onset of disease is questionable. However, the microbiota may be a marker of risk and a modifier of disease activity and a contributor to extraintestinal manifestations and associations in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z
The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 4 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan
  Teaser Gut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain. Evidence is accumulating to support the view that gut microbes influence central neurochemistry and behavior. Irritable bowel syndrome is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota axis that can be responsive to probiotic therapy. Translational studies indicate that certain bacteria may have an impact on stress responses and cognitive functioning. Manipulating the gut microbiota with psychobiotics, prebiotics, or even antibiotics offers a novel approach to altering brain function and treating gut-brain axis disorders, such as depression and autism.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z
Diet and the Microbiome
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 4 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Nida Murtaza, Páraic Ó Cuív, Mark Morrison
  Teaser The gut microbiota provides a range of ecologic, metabolic, and immunomodulatory functions relevant to health and well-being. The gut microbiota not only responds quickly to changes in diet, but this dynamic equilibrium may be managed to prevent and/or treat acute and chronic diseases. This article provides a working definition of the term “microbiome” and uses two examples of dietary interventions for the treatment of large bowel conditions to emphasize the links between diet and microbiome. There remains a need to develop a better functional understanding of the microbiota, if its management for clinical utility is to be fully realized.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z
Biology of the Microbiome 2
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 4 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Jia V. Li, Jonathan Swann, Julian R. Marchesi
  Teaser The human microbiome is a new frontier in biology and one that is helping to define what it is to be human. Recently, we have begun to understand that the “communication” between the host and its microbiome is via a metabolic superhighway. By interrogating and understanding the molecules involved we may start to know who the main players are, and how we can modulate them and the mechanisms of health and disease.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z
Basic Definitions and Concepts: Organization of the Gut Microbiome
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 3 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Eamonn M.M. Quigley
  Teaser New claims are frequently made for a role for the microbiome in a disease or disorder previously considered remote from the gut. The microbiome has been linked to such seemingly unrelated entities as depression, anorexia nervosa, autism, Parkinson disease, allergy, and asthma. Although many of these proposals have been based on animal studies, explorations of the microbiome in human disease continue to proliferate, facilitated by technologies that provide a detailed assessment of the microbial inhabitants of our gastrointestinal tract and their biological activities and metabolic products. With these technologies come new terminologies, which are identified in this article.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z
Biology of the Microbiome
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 3 January 2017
  Source:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
  Author(s): Sylwia Smolinska, David Groeger, Liam O’Mahony
  Teaser The intestinal immune system is intimately connected with the vast diversity of microbes present within the gut and the diversity of food components that are consumed daily. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe-nutrient communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes and dietary factors in influencing mucosal immune responses. Dendritic cells, epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, T regulatory cells, effector lymphocytes, natural killer T cells, and B cells can all be influenced by the microbiome. Many of the mechanisms being described are bacterial strain or metabolite specific.
  
  PubDate: 2017-01-08T03:26:23Z