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The Saudi Dental Journal

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ISSN (Print) 1013-9052
Published by Elsevier

[2565 journals]

Leading the Young Saudi Generation Y Dentists in the 21st Century
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 13 June 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  Author(s): Fouad S. Salama
  
  PubDate: 2013-06-15T11:20:56Z
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Patients of the Kuwait University Dental Center
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 12 June 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  Author(s): Mohammad Ali , Bobby Joseph , Devipriya Sundaram
  Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the number, types, and locations of oral mucosal lesions among 530 patients who attended the Admission Clinic at the Kuwait University Dental Center to determine prevalence and risk factors for oral lesions. Subjects and methods Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on new patients seen between January 2009 and February 2011. The lesions were divided into six major groups: white, red, pigmented, ulcerative, exophytic, and miscellaneous. Results Five hundred thirty patients were screened, out of which 308 (58.1%) had one or more lesions. A total of 570 oral lesions and conditions were identified in this study, of which 272 (47.7%) were white, 25 (4.4%) were red, 114 (20.0%) were pigmented, 21 (3.7%) were ulcerative, 108 (18.9%) were exophytic, and 30 (5.3%) were in the miscellaneous group. Overall, Fordyce granules (n = 116; 20.4%) was the most frequently detected condition. A significantly higher (p < 0.001) percentage of older patients (21 – 40 y and ⩾ 41 y) had oral mucosal lesions than those in the ⩽ 20 y age group. A significantly higher (p < 0.01) percentage of smokers had oral mucosal lesions than did nonsmokers. Most of the lesions and conditions were found on the buccal mucosa and gingiva. Conclusions White, pigmented, and exophytic lesions were the most common types of oral mucosal lesions found in this study. Although most of these lesions are innocuous, the dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions, and decide on the appropriate treatment.
  
  PubDate: 2013-06-15T11:20:56Z
Academic Distress, Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among Dental Students in Saudi Arabia
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 10 June 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  Author(s): Zeyad H. Al-Sowygh
  Objectives To evaluate the sources of stress among students in the dental school environment, their perceived levels of stress and effective coping strategies. Methods The study was conducted during the first semester of the academic year, 2009–10, at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. The eligible study group consisted of 556 undergraduate dental students from all five class years; they were surveyed with a detailed assessment tool. The validated and translated questionnaire comprised the modified version of the dental environmental stress (DES) survey, the perceived stress scale (PSS) and the brief coping scale (BC). Results The overall findings substantiated with multiple regression indicate that, out of 20 factors of both DES and BC instruments, 6 factors were significantly and independently related to perceived stress scores (F = 34.638; p < 0.0001). Especially, the factors self-efficacy and workload of DES and the factors behavioral disengagement, denial, positive reframing and venting of BC were positively and independently related to perceived stress scores. Conclusions Dental students displayed relatively high perceived stress scores. Female, advanced and married, compared with male, junior and single students reported more stress. Changes in certain environmental factors and coping strategies independently affected the perceived stress score. Strategies for stress management must be incorporated into dental education to ensure the output of effective dentists.
  
  PubDate: 2013-06-11T11:20:35Z
The severity and causality of maxillofacial trauma in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 23 May 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  Author(s): Mazen Almasri
  Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the causality and severity of maxillofacial trauma (MFT) among patients referred to a tertiary heath care center in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods The charts of all MFT patients referred to the tertiary care center from September 2010 to November 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Pertinent data, including patient age, gender, and cause of injury, were obtained from 101 selected charts. Results Male patients comprised 91% of the 101 selected cases. The highest percentage of MFT cases (88.7%) were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs). Physical altercations and sports injuries accounted for approximately 6% and 2.8% of MFT cases, respectively. A high fracture: patient ratio of 2.4: 1 was observed, which was likely due to vehicular speeding involved in RTAs in the mountain regions. Conclusion RTAs are a major cause of MFT in the southern region of Saudi. These accidents cause a heavy burden on the health care sector.
  
  PubDate: 2013-05-26T11:21:24Z
Editorial Board
- Abstract: Publication date: April 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2013-04-20T11:30:06Z
Aesthetic replacement of an anterior tooth using the natural tooth as a pontic; an innovative technique
- Abstract: Publication date: Available online 10 April 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  This article presents a novel technique for replacing an anterior tooth. A new modification to the clinical technique of direct fabrication of a resin-bonded bridge was employed, in which the patient’s natural tooth was used as a pontic. Treatment with this modification led to overall improved aesthetics and reduced treatment cost. The natural tooth pontic was stabilized in the extraction socket with a resin-wire splint as a provisional restoration to maintain the gingival architecture while the permanent bridge was being constructed.
  
  PubDate: 2013-04-12T11:16:49Z
Expression of Human Beta Defensins (Hbds) 1, 2 and 3 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients Affected by Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
- Abstract: Available online 19 March 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  Aim To study the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the expression frequencies of human beta-defensin (HBD)-1, -2, and -3 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients affected by localized aggressive periodontitis Materials and methods Twenty patients affected by localized aggressive periodontitis (age range, 20–35 years) and 20 healthy subjects (age range, 21–37 years) were examined with clinical periodontal parameters and radiographic examination with the long-cone parallel technique. All periodontitis patients underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy combined with doxycycline treatment and a maintenance program (including brushing with regular toothpaste). GCF samples were collected from patients and healthy control subjects at baseline as well as 3 months after periodontal therapy for the patient group. Results In the patient group, the expression frequencies of HBD-1, -2, and -3 mRNA at baseline were 30%, 85%, and 35%, respectively, which changed after periodontal therapy to 80%, 45%, and 85%, respectively (all P < 0.001). In the healthy control subjects, the expression frequencies were 95%, 40%, and 95% for HBD-1, -2, and -3, respectively, which were different from those of diseased patients at baseline (all P < 0.001). Conclusions The appropriate expression of HBD peptides in health and disease may contribute to the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis, possibly through its antimicrobial effects and the promotion of adaptive immune responses.
  
  PubDate: 2013-03-19T10:55:28Z
Professional attitudes and behaviors acquired during the undergraduate health education in the Dental College of King Saud University
- Abstract: Available online 18 March 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate and evaluate the professional attitudes and behaviors acquired by students and recently graduated dentists during undergraduate education at King Saud University. Methods This cross-sectional survey used a 27-item questionnaire covering four cumulative theoretical dimensions of professionalism. Questionnaires were distributed to fifth-year students, interns, and demonstrators in the College of Dentistry during the academic year 2010–2011, and 203 completed questionnaires were used in analyses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses. Crosstab and chi-squared tests were used, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results The response rate was 79.3% (43.6% of males, 94% of females). Eighty-seven questionnaires were collected from fifth-year students, 92 from interns, and 24 from demonstrators. Many (59%) participants demonstrated high levels of professional attitudes and behaviors, whereas 40% did not comply with the elements of professionalism. Analyses revealed highly significant differences in certain responses with regard to gender, academic level, and grade point average. Conclusions Although some participants did not possess all professional qualities, all participants possessed at least some elements of professionalism measured in this study. We thus recommend a strategic effort to develop targeted plans emphasizing professionalism at all levels of the dental school curriculum. High-profile role modeling, lectures, seminars, and academic ceremonies are ways of achieving professional development among dental students in parallel with their acquisition of basic scientific knowledge and clinical skills. This approach will formally and informally communicate that professionalism is a core value.
  
  PubDate: 2013-03-19T10:55:28Z
The Effectiveness of Four Methods for Stain Removal from Direct Resin-Based Composite Restorative Materials
- Abstract: Available online 17 March 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  Background/purpose Few studies investigated the best method for removing stains from different types of resin-based composites restorations and compared them to the more recently introduced nanocomposites. This study compared the effect of four methods for stain removal from composite resins; finishing with Sof-lex discs, using pumice and brush, bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide and 38% hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods Twenty disc specimens were prepared. Specimens were immersed in a staining solution for three weeks. The stained surfaces of five specimens from each RBC material were treated with one of the treatment procedures. Colorimetric measurements were taken using spectrophotometer prior to and after staining, and then repeated after surface treatments. Color difference values were calculated. Results One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences in color change of the three composite resin materials following staining. Filtek Z250 showed the least susceptibility to discoloration followed by Renamel, Filtek Supreme was the material most prone to discoloration. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey”s Post Hoc showed that all stain removing procedures except polishing with pumice, were able to return Filtek Z250 to clinically acceptable color difference. While bleaching with 38% carbamide peroxide was not effective with Renamel. Only pumice and 10% carbamide peroxide were able to return Renamel to clinically acceptable color difference. Conclusion Compositions of resin-based composite resins play an important role in its susceptibility to stain and its amenability to stain removal procedures. Home bleaching showed good results for the three materials, while office bleach was the least effective.
  
  PubDate: 2013-03-19T10:55:28Z
Minimally invasive reconstruction of periodontally involved teeth by aesthetics coloured composite resin: case report
- Abstract: Available online 14 March 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  Gingival recession causes not only aesthetic problems, but problems with oral hygiene, plaque accumulation, speech, and tooth sensitivity. Replacing the missing gingival tissue with composite resin, when indicated, can be a time- and cost-effective solution. Here we report the case of a 25-year-old female who presented with generalized gingival recession. Black triangles were present between the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth due to loss of interdental tissues, caused by recent periodontal surgery. She also had slightly malposed maxillary anterior teeth. The patient elected to replace gingival tissue with pink composite resin and to alter the midline with composite resin veneers. The first treatment phase involved placement of pink gingival composite to restore the appearance of interdental papilla to her upper (16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23, and 24) and lower (34, 33, 32, 31, 41, 42, 43, and 44) teeth. Phase two was to place direct composite resin bonded veneers on her upper (16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23, and 24) teeth to alter midline and achieve desired color. The third treatment phase was to level the lower incisal edge shape by enameloplasty (31, 32, 41, and 42) to produce a more youthful and attractive smile. This case report and a brief review attempt to describe the clinical obstacles and the current treatment options along with a suggested protocol. Use of contemporary materials such as gingival colored composite to restore lost gingival tissue and improve aesthetics can be a simple and cost-effective way to manage patients affected by generalized aggressive periodontitis (AgP).
  
  PubDate: 2013-03-15T10:50:10Z
Perception of Saudi dentists and lay people to altered smile esthetics
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Aim To evaluate and compare the perceptions of Saudi dentists and lay people to altered smile features. Methods Thirty-six digital smile photographs with altered features were used. Altered features included the following: crown length, width, gingival level of the lateral incisors, gingival display, midline diastema, and upper midline shift. The photographs were presented to a sample of 30 dentists and 30 lay people with equal gender distribution. Each participant rated each picture with a visual analogue scale, which ranged from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive). Results Dentists were more critical than lay people when evaluating symmetrical crown length discrepancies. Compared to lay people, Saudi dentists gave lower ratings to a crown length discrepancy of >2mm (P
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
An evaluation of microleakage of various glass ionomer based restorative materials in deciduous and permanent teeth: An in vitro study
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Aim To evaluate the microleakage of recently available glass ionomer based restorative materials (GC Fuji IX GP, GC Fuji VII, and Dyract) and compare their microleakage with the previously existing glass ionomer restorative materials (GC Fuji II LC) in primary and permanent teeth. Method One hundred and fifty (75+75) non-carious deciduous and permanent teeth were restored with glass ionomer based restorative materials after making class I cavities. Samples were subjected to thermocycling after storing in distilled water for 24h. Two coats of nail polish were applied 1mm short of restorative margins and samples sectioned buccolingually after storing in methylene blue dye for 24h. Microleakage was assessed using stereomicroscope. Result Significant differences (P 0.05) were observed. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference when the means of microleakage of primary teeth were compared with those of permanent teeth. Conclusions GC Fuji IX GP showed maximum microleakage and GC Fuji VII showed least microleakage.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Career characteristics and postgraduate education of female dentist graduates of the College of Dentistry at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the number of female bachelor of dental surgery graduates who earned postgraduate education degrees from King Saud University, their specialties, degrees of qualification, and countries of graduation. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted through face-to-face or phone interview among 677 female dentists who graduated from the College of Dentistry at King Saud University between 1984 and 2006. Results Five hundred forty-five (81%) graduate female dentists responded, of whom 54% had completed postgraduate dental education. In the Saudi Board, 17% had obtained degrees in advanced restorative dentistry, 15% in pediatric dentistry, 14% in advanced general dentistry, 11% in orthodontics, 10% in prosthodontics, 8% in operative dentistry, 5% in endodontics, 5% in periodontics, 3% in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and 11% in other specialties. Fifty-nine percent had master’s degrees, 7% had doctorates, 32% had board certificates, and 2% had fellowship certificates. Conclusion More than half (54%) the female dentists surveyed had pursued postgraduate education. This investigation highlighted the different specialties enrolled by female dentists. Orthodontic post graduate program displayed the highest percentage of interest. Understanding the unavoidable social family needs and the demand for higher education by female dentists provides ideas as more programs should be planned to accommodate the needs of Saudi female dentists. This type of study should be repeated due to the increasing interest of female dentists in higher education.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Shear bond strength between light polymerized hard reline resin and denture base resin subjected to long term water immersion
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Statement of the problem The effect of long-term water immersion on the shear bond strength between denture base resin and Triad visible-light-polymerized (VLP) direct hard reline resin is not known. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the bonding characteristics of Triad VLP direct hard reline resin to heat-polymerized denture base resin subjected to long-term water immersion. Material and methods Ninety circular disks, 15mm in diameter and 3mm thick, of denture base resin were polymerized from a gypsum mold. Sixty specimens were subjected to water immersion and 30 were stored at ambient room temperature for 4months. Thirty water-immersed specimens were dried with gauze (group 1), while the other 30 water-immersed specimens were dried with a hair dryer (group 2). The dry specimens (n =30) represented the control group (group 3). All specimens were air abraded and painted with bonding agent before packing Triad VLP direct hard-reline resin. Specimens in each group were subjected to thermal cycling for 50,000 cycles between 4°C and 60°C water baths with 1-min dwell time at each temperature. The bond strength at which the bond failed under stress was recorded using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc comparison were applied to find significant differences between groups (α =0.05). Results Significant differences in mean shear bond strength among the specimens existed because of variable water content in the denture base resin (P
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Elevation of white blood cells and platelet counts in patients having chronic periodontitis
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Background and aim Many risk factors that might contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been proposed, including chronic inflammation and infection. Furthermore, systemic inflammatory responses to periodontal bacteria have been suggested as a pathogenetic link between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and methods Fifty patients with chronic periodontitis and 50 patients with healthy periodontium were included in this study. Oral hygiene status, pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured. During clinical evaluation, venous blood samples were taken to analyze the WBC and platelet counts. Statistical analysis was utilized to compare differences across groups. Results Periodontitis patients demonstrated a significantly higher WBC count (7.22±1.42×109 cells/L) than that of control patients (5.64±1.56×109 cells/L; P
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Factors associated with hematoma of the floor of the mouth after placement of dental implants
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Purpose The aim of this article is to determine factors associated with hematoma during placement of dental implants in the anterior mandible and to provide the dental practitioner with preventive measures to avoid such a life-threatening complication. Methods All available clinical case studies from (1986 to 2010) published in English or with English abstract were reviewed and analyzed. Results Nineteen studies have been identified and written in the literature. Most of the reported studies were case series and they showed that hematoma is a very rare complication, but general dental practitioners do not pay attention to the significance of the mandible anatomy in the anterior area and the possibility of perforation of the lingual cortex during placement of the dental implants in that position. Conclusions The use of dental CT in planning the implant treatment coupled with accurate determination of implant length in order to provide detailed data about the mandible anatomy are highly recommended to avoid the occurrence of hematoma in the floor of the mouth and the airway obstruction that may lead to death during placement of dental implants in the anterior mandible.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
The need for a ‘Patient Safety in Dentistry Initiative’ in the Gulf States
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Prevalence of orofacial clefts in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries: A systematic review
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  Cleft lip and/or palate are among the most common birth defects in the world. The prevalence of these conditions varies considerably across geographic areas and ethnic groups. Objective The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review and appraisal of the literature on the prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate in Saudi Arabia and comparable Middle Eastern countries. Materials and methods All published articles on orofacial clefts (OFC) in Saudi Arabia and its bordering countries in the Middle East with similar and comparable population characteristics were reviewed in July 2010. Results After reviewing the articles, only eight matched the inclusion criteria. Three studies were carried out in two regions in Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Al-Qaseem). The other five studies were set in Dubai, Oman, and Jordan. The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate reported in these studies varied greatly from 0.3 to 2.4 per 1000 live births. The birth prevalence of orofacial clefts in males was reported to be higher than in females. The isolated cleft palate prevalence was reported to be higher in females in most of the studies. Conclusion The eightfold variation in the prevalence of orofacial clefts between highest and lowest prevalence is likely to be due, at least in part, to problems with ascertainment, but there may also be underlying genetic or environmental factors that require further investigation.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Editorial Board
- Abstract: January 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Plagiarism reporting: My experience
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Simple removable appliances to correct anterior and posterior crossbite in mixed dentition: Case report
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Different techniques have been used to correct anterior and posterior crossbites in mixed dentition. This case report illustrates the treatment of anterior and unilateral posterior crossbites during the mixed dentition. The patient was a 9-year-old boy with a crossbite of the maxillary right permanent central incisor and a unilateral right posterior crossbite, both expressed by a functional shift in the sagittal and transverse dimensions. Two upper acrylic removable appliances, each with an expansion jackscrew, were used to correct the crossbites. The total active treatment time was 4months; the treatment outcomes were successfully maintained for the subsequent 4months. General and pediatric dentists, as well as orthodontists, may find this technique useful in managing crossbite cases of the mixed dentition and utilizing the discussion and illustrations for further clinical guidance.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Tongue pearl: A novel technique for treatment of an infant with median facial cleft and microcephaly
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  This case report illustrates the presurgical treatment of a patient having a median facial cleft and microcephaly, using a guidance appliance. The appliance was custom designed and modified with a pearl-like acrylic structure attached to its lingual surface for pushing the extremely protruded tongue back to its normal position to facilitate anesthesia and surgical lip closure. Total treatment time was 5weeks. Regaining normal tongue position, in turn, facilitated both intubation and extubation, preventing the postoperative respiratory distress the authors had experienced with similar cases.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Female sex hormones and periodontal health-awareness among gynecologists – A questionnaire survey
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Sex hormones play an important role in periodontal health and disease. For example, puberty, menses, pregnancy, menopause, and oral contraceptive use influence a woman’s periodontal health. Periodontal infection has also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subsequently, it is important that gynecologists are educated about hormonal effects on women’s oral health. The current study assessed gynecologist’s awareness regarding the effect of female sex hormones on periodontal health, preterm delivery, and maternal periodontal disease. Methods Gynecologists from the Bagalkot district of the Karnataka state, India, completed a questionnaire regarding female hormonal and periodontal health. Respondents were divided into two groups: Group A (doctors that practiced at a medical college or hospital) and Group B (doctors that practiced at private hospitals). Out of 73 gynecologists, 62 (85%) completed the survey, with 19 (30.6%) participants in Group A and 43 (69.4%) participants in Group B. Survey responses were collected in the presence of the investigator, and data between the groups were statistically compared. Results Our findings showed that most gynecologists were aware and concerned about female patient’s oral health during various hormonal phases. However, gynecologists practicing at medical colleges and hospitals (Group A) had significantly greater health awareness than doctors practicing at private hospitals (Group B). Conclusion Women have special periodontal health care considerations, and there is a need for better oral health education among caregivers. Our results suggest that increasing dental health awareness among gynecologists would significantly improve women’s health and pregnancy outcomes.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Editorial Board
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
The impact of technology on dental education
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
A systematic review of population-based dental caries studies among children in Saudi Arabia
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Objective Dental caries critically impacts the health and development of children. Understanding caries experience is an important task for Saudi Arabian policymakers to identify intervention targets and improve oral health. The purpose of this review is to analyze current data to assess the nationwide prevalence and severity of caries in children, to identify gaps in baseline information, and to determine areas for future research. Methods A search of published and unpublished studies in PubMed, Google, and local Saudi medical and dental journals was conducted for the three keywords “dental,” “caries,” and “Saudi Arabia.” The inclusion criteria required that the articles were population-based studies that assessed the prevalence of dental caries in healthy children attending regular schools using a cross-sectional study design of a random sample. Results/discussion The review was comprised of one unpublished thesis and 27 published surveys of childhood caries in Saudi Arabia. The earliest study was published in 1988 and the most recent was published in 2010. There is a lack of representative data on the prevalence of dental caries among the whole Saudi Arabian population. The national prevalence of dental caries and its severity in children in Saudi Arabia was estimated to be approximately 80% for the primary dentition with a mean dmft of 5.0 and approximately 70% for children’s permanent dentition with a mean DMFT score of 3.5. The current estimates indicate that the World Health Organization (WHO) 2000 goals are still unmet for Saudi Arabian children. Conclusion Childhood dental caries is a serious dental public health problem that warrants the immediate attention of the government and the dental profession officials in Saudi Arabia. Baseline data on oral health and a good understanding of dental caries determinants are necessary for setting appropriate oral health goals. Without the ability to describe the current situation, it is not possible to identify whether progress is being made toward these goals. A roadmap with a clear starting point, destination, and pathway is a desperately needed tool to improve the oral health of Saudi Arabian children.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Color change of some aesthetic dental materials: Effect of immersion solutions and finishing of their surfaces
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Objectives The purpose of this research was to evaluate the color change of five aesthetic dental materials, before and after immersion in distilled water and blue food color solution for 7 and 21days, and to study the effect of finishing the surfaces on any color change. Methods Disc shaped samples of five types of light curing composite (A2) (n =10 samples/composite) were prepared and all samples were light-cured with a Plasma Arc light cure unit for ten seconds. One side of each sample disc was finished and polished with a Super-Snap system all samples. After 24h, color measurements of each sample were conducted using a digital spectrophotometer. Five sample discs from each composite group were immersed in 30ml of food color solution for 7 and 21days, while the remaining five sample discs were immersed in 30ml of distilled water as a control. Color measurements were repeated for all samples at 7 and 21days after immersion. The color changes were statistically analyzed using t-tests within the same group. A result was considered statistically significant at α =0.05. Results The color differences (ΔE) ranged from 0.4 to 4.66 and statistically significant differences on the finished and unfinished surfaces were observed after immersion in the food color solution for 7days. No significant differences were found in any group after immersion in the food color solution for 21days. The Tetric EvoCeram and Arabesk groups showed less color differences after 7 and 21days than other composites. Conclusion Finished composite surfaces showed less coloration than unfinished surfaces after 7days, but all surfaces (finished and unfinished) were highly colored for all composite types after 21days.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Characterization of heat emission of light-curing units
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Objectives This study was designed to analyze the heat emissions produced by light-curing units (LCUs) of different intensities during their operation. The null hypothesis was that the tested LCUs would show no differences in their temperature rises. Methods Five commercially available LCUs were tested: a “Flipo” plasma arc, “Cromalux 100” quartz–tungsten–halogen, “L.E. Demetron 1” second-generation light-emitting diode (LED), and “Blue Phase C5” and “UltraLume 5” third-generation LED LCUs. The intensity of each LCU was measured with two radiometers. The temperature rise due to illumination was registered with a type-K thermocouple, which was connected to a computer-based data acquisition system. Temperature changes were recorded in continues 10 and 20s intervals up to 300s. Results The Flipo (ARC) light source revealed the highest mean heat emission while the L.E. Demetron 1 LED showing the lowest mean value at 10 and 20s exposure times. Moreover, Cromalux (QTH) recorded the second highest value for all intervals (12.71, 14.63, 14.60) of heat emission than Blue Phase C5 (LED) (12.25, 13.87, 13.69), interestingly at 20s illumination for all intervals the highest results (18.15, 19.27, 20.31) were also recorded with Flipo (PAC) LCU, and the lowest (6.71, 5.97, 5.55) with L.E. Demetron 1 LED, while Blue Phase C5 (LED) recorded the second highest value at the 1st and 2nd 20s intervals (14.12, 11.84, 10.18) of heat emission than Cromalux (QTH) (12.26, 11.43, 10.26). The speed of temperature or heat rise during the 10 and 20s depends on light intensity of emitted light. However, the QTH LCU was investigated resulted in a higher temperature rise than LED curing units of the same power density. Conclusion The PAC curing unit induced a significantly higher heat emission and temperature increase in all periods, and data were statistically different than the other tested groups (p
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
The influence of resin infiltration system on enamel microhardness and surface roughness: An in vitro study
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Objective To investigate the effect of a resin infiltrant on the surface microhardness and roughness of healthy enamel and, as a subsidiary aim, to compare it with a fissure sealant. Materials and methods Twenty freshly extracted premolars were used. Sound enamel surfaces were treated with a resin infiltrant (Icon) or fissure sealant (Seal-Rite). The average roughness (R a, μm) of the specimens was measured with a profilometer (Surtronic 10 Tylor Hobson). Surface hardness was determined by utilizing Vicker’s surface hardness (VHN) with a Micromet II Microhardness tester. Each specimen acted as its own control. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean values were compared with independent t-test. All analyses were performed with the SPSS program version 16 (USA). Differences with a P-value of ⩽0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Comparison of enamel surfaces before and after application of resin infiltrant revealed no significant differences in surface hardness; however, enamel surfaces treated by infiltrant showed significantly higher VHN (244.0±79.8) values than those treated with fissure sealant (37.5±14.2). Surface roughness did not differ before and after application of either material to sound enamel. Enamel surfaces treated with fissure sealant (5.3±1.4) were significantly smoother than those treated with infiltrant (6.9±2.0). Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, the results showed that enamels treated with the resin infiltrant showed approximately the same microhardness and surface roughness as sound enamel, indicating that this material might be suitable for the treatment of enamel subsurface lesions.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
The efficacy of Salvadora persica extract in the elimination of the intracanal smear layer: A SEM study
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Aim To evaluate the efficacy of an ethanolic Salvadora persica extract in removing the smear layer following a root canal procedure. Methods Sixty extracted, single-rooted human teeth were cleaned, shaped, and divided into four groups. Experimental groups 1 (n =20) and 2 (n =20) were irrigated with 1mg/ml and 5mg/ml of S. persica, respectively. The positive controls (n =10) were irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), while the negative controls (n =10) were irrigated with saline. Approximately 5ml of the irrigating solution was delivered into the root canals for 5min, and the final rinse was performed with 5ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the endodontic smear layer removal at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the specimens. Results A significant difference in smear layer removal between groups 1 and 2 at the coronal and middle thirds of the canal was observed, and no significant difference was seen between group 2 and the positive control at the coronal third. At the apical third, both concentrations of S. persica had similar effects and were less effective than the positive control in removing the smear layer. Conclusion The 5mg/ml S. persica solution was significantly more effective than the 1mg/ml solution. In addition, the 5mg/ml S. persica solution was as effective as 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer from the coronal third of the canal wall.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Editorial Board
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Engineering of dental tissues; reality or distant prospect
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health
- Abstract: April 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issue 2
  
  Plants have been used for centuries to improve dental health and to promote oral hygiene, and this practice persists in several communities throughout the world. “Miswak” is an Arabic word meaning “tooth-cleaning stick,” and Salvadora persica miswak has a wide geographic distribution. It was used by ancient Arabs to whiten and polish the teeth. This review discusses the history and chemical composition of S. persica miswak and its influence on oral health, including the advantages and disadvantages of its use.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Comparison between a laser fluorescence device and visual examination in the detection of occlusal caries in children
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Occlusal surfaces of molars are especially susceptible to the development of caries due to the features, such as pits and deep fissures, of their anatomical structure. Aim To evaluate the efficiency of DIAGNOdent laser fluorescence measurements in comparison with visual examination for occlusal caries detection for first permanent molars in children. Methods The study involved 156 permanent molar teeth in 40 children aged 7–12years. A relatively new technology, the fluorescence laser DIAGNOdent pen, was used for detecting and diagnosing caries on the occlusal surfaces of molars. The visual examination of fissures was based on the Ekstrand classification system. Results The results showed a strong relationship between examination with the DIAGNOdent and visual inspection. DIAGNOdent’s sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 52%, respectively, indicating that the laser fluorescence DIAGNOdent pen is a reproducible and accurate diagnostic tool that may be very helpful in conjunction with visual examination in the detection of occlusal caries in permanent molars in children.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Evaluation of light-curing units in rural and urban areas
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Objectives To evaluate the distribution of light-curing units (LCU) used in an urban area (Riyadh) and a rural area (Kharj) of Saudi Arabia, and to compare their irradiance values. Methods The study involved three dental centers in urban areas and two in rural areas, all of which were parts of a single healthcare institution providing dental services. The light outputs (power mW) from 140 LCUs were measured by laboratory-grade spectrometry, and the irradiance (mW/cm2) was calculated from the tip area of each LCU. The minimum acceptable irradiance outputs for the quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) and light-emitting diode (LED) units were set at 300 and 600mW/cm2, respectively. The ages of these units and the protocol used to light-cure the resins were also determined. Results The total number of LCUs was 140, 112 (78%) in urban areas, and 28 (22%) in rural areas. In rural areas, only 7 of the 22 (32%) QTH units delivered irradiances greater than 300mW/cm2 and were therefore considered clinically acceptable, whereas 4 of the 6 (66.7%) LED units delivered values greater than 600mW/cm2. In urban centers, 43 of 61 (70.5%) LED units and 25 of 61 (49%) QTH units were considered clinically acceptable. Irradiance values for both QTH (P
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Effect of gravity and capillarity on human saliva penetration in coronally unsealed obturated root canals
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of gravity and capillarity on penetration of human salivary bacteria into the entire length of obturated root canals, and to demonstrate the dye penetration configuration. Materials and methods Fifty single-rooted premolars were decoronated, prepared to a standardized length of 15mm, instrumented, and randomly divided into two groups (A and B) of 25 teeth each. Each group consisted of experimental (15 samples) and negative and positive controls (five samples each). The experimental groups were obturated with gutta-percha and root canal sealer. The positive control groups were obturated with a single cone of gutta-percha and root canal sealer. The outer surfaces (except for the apical 2mm) were covered with two layers of nail varnish. An apparatus containing Brain Heart Infusion broth was designed, in which the teeth were placed. The samples in Group A were placed upside down, while Group B was placed normally. The coronal portions of the samples were placed in contact with fresh saliva. The number of days required for bacteria to penetrate the entire length of canals was determined. The samples were then immersed in India ink to determine the dye penetration configuration. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Results The extent of dye penetration was significantly greater in Group B compared to Group A, and they were in a pattern rather than linear form. Conclusions Gravity and capillarity insignificantly affected bacterial leakage. Although gravity and capillarity did not affect bacterial penetration when applied to the coronal access of endodontically treated teeth, it seems that they can promote penetration of India ink into the canal after the bacterial test on the same tooth.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Prevalence of apical periodontitis and quality of root canal treatment in an adult Palestinian sub-population
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of apical periodontitis and the technical quality of root canal fillings in a Palestinian sub-population. Methods The panoramic radiographs of 258 patients (142 females, 116 males) attending dental clinics in 2010 were examined to identify the presence of apical lesions associated with any remaining teeth, excluding third molars. The technical quality of root canal fillings was also evaluated by assessing apical extension from the radiographic apex. The panoramic radiographs were taken by a well-trained radiology assistant and evaluated by a radiologist and an endodontist. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square test with a significant level set at P < 0.05%. Results Of 6482 teeth examined radiographically, 978 (15.1%) had radiographic signs of apical periodontitis (AP). The prevalence of AP was 8.3% in teeth without filled roots and 59.5% (509/855) in root canal-treated teeth. The prevalence of AP and endodontic treatment increased with age and differed significantly (p 2mm short of the radiographic apex. The presence of AP was correlated significantly with poorly executed root canal fillings (p
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP) with 0.1% tacrolimus powder in Oraguard-B – A pilot prospective study
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus powder in Oraguard-B for the treatment of patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). Methods This was a nonrandomized, nonblinded study conducted in the outpatient department. The 20 patients with symptomatic OLP oral lichen planus who were asked to participate in the study were provided with 20-g containers of the study medication. Patients were asked to use the medication over the symptomatic areas three times a day until resolution of the lesion. Patients were recalled to assess the drug response every 15days. Results The duration of treatment ranged from 30 to 183days, with a mean of 81.8±44.4days; all 20 patients reported a favourable response to the topical tacrolimus therapy. Eleven patients had complete resolution of their lesions. In 16 of 20 patients, there was marked resolution in symptoms as recorded by visual analogue scale. Out of 10 patients followed up for a period of 3months, 5 had recurrence of their lesions but with less intensity, and the patients were symptomless. No serious side effects were associated with the study medication. Conclusion Topical tacrolimus 0.1% in Oraguard-B was effective and safe in treating patients with OLP. However, there is still a need to undertake more detailed and objective clinical studies to determine the exact benefit of tacrolimus compared with conventional therapies and examine the influence of different dose regimes and formulations and assess the incidence of recurrence.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Effect of exposure time on the accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography in the assessment of dental implant site dimensions in dry skulls
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Objectives To investigate the accuracy and reliability of implant site measurements, recorded from low-dose cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods CBCT reformatted images of five skulls were obtained using 40, 20 and 7s exposure protocols. From these protocols, edentulous ridge dimensions were recorded by two observers and compared with measurements recorded directly from the bone. The measurement errors and intra- and inter-examiner reliability were calculated for each exposure protocol and compared with each other. Results The mean absolute errors from the 40, 20 and 7s protocols were 0.50, 0.46, and 0.51mm, respectively. The intra-examiner reliability scores were 0.996, 0.995 and 0.998, respectively. The inter-examiner reliability scores were 0.993, 0.998 and 0.994, respectively. There was no significant difference in accuracy or reliability between the three protocols. Conclusions In imaging of dry skulls, lowering the CBCT exposure time from 40s to 20 or 7s does not affect the reliability or accuracy of implant site measurements.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Comparison of craniofacial morphology, head posture and hyoid bone position with different breathing patterns
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in craniofacial morphology, head posture and hyoid bone position between mouth breathing (MB) and nasal breathing (NB) patients. Methods Mouth breathing patients comprised 34 skeletal Class I subjects with a mean age of 12.8±1.5years (range: 12.0–15.2years). Thirty-two subjects with skeletal Class I relationship were included in the NB group (mean 13.5±1.3years; range: 12.2–14.8years). Twenty-seven measurements (15 angular and 12 linear) were used for the craniofacial analysis. Additionally, 12 measurements were evaluated for head posture (eight measurements) and hyoid bone position (four measurements). Student’s t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Probability values
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
A paradigm shift in the diagnosis & management of dentofacial deformities
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Editorial Board
- Abstract: July–October 2012
  Publication year: 2012
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 24, Issues 3–4
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
An indirect technique for assuring simplicity and marginal integrity of provisional restorations during full mouth rehabilitation
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Full mouth rehabilitation with fixed prosthodontics can be a time- and labor-intensive process. The use of provisional restorations allows the treating clinician to determine the functional and esthetic requirements of the definitive prostheses. However, in the case of full mouth rehabilitation, the individual preparation of provisional restorations for multiple teeth may complicate the provisional phase and increase the treatment time. This article describes a method to simplify the indirect fabrication of provisional restorations for full mouth reconstruction. Provisional restorations may be easily achieved by splinting the provisional restorations in sextants, trimming them according to red pencil marks around the prepared margins as guidelines, and fitting them in the laboratory, utilizing a second set of solid casts for the prepared teeth.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Recurrent lip swelling as a late presentation of Kawasaki disease: Case report and review of literature
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Kawasaki Disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. In many developed countries, KD has replaced rheumatic heart disease as the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. Among the classical criteria for a diagnosis of KD are oral manifestations such as strawberry tongue, erythematous cracked lip, and oropharyngeal mucositis. We report the case of a 24-year-old Saudi female with a history of Kawasaki disease who presented to our oral medicine clinic with recurrent painless swelling of the upper lip. As lip swelling has not previously been reported as an oral manifestation of KD, this case represents a novel presentation of recurrent Kawasaki disease in an adult female.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Patterns and etiology of maxillofacial fractures in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Objective The aim of the present study was to study the etiologies and patterns of maxillofacial fractures in patients treated in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, between 2007 and 2011. Patients and methods Data were obtained through a retrospective review of 237 patients admitted to the King Saud Medical City Dental Department with a diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma. After excluding patient files with incomplete or unclear records, and cases in which computed tomography showed no evidence of fracture, the files of 200 patients with a diagnosis of maxillofacial fracture were included in the study. For each case, patient’s sex and age, pattern of facial fractures, and cause of injury were recorded on a data sheet. The data were transferred to an SPSS (ver. 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) spreadsheet for statistical analysis. The chi-square test was used to test the association between two categorical variables or factors (age group, cause) with p value set at p
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Effect of different tetra pack juices on microhardness of direct tooth colored-restorative materials
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Purpose To examine the effect of apple and orange juices on the surface hardness of direct tooth-colored restorative materials. Materials and methods The materials included resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer 3M™ ESPE™ Core buildup restorative) and composite resin (Filtek™ 3M™ ESPE™ Z350). A total of 45 disks of each restorative material were prepared. The disks were divided into groups of 15, which were immersed for 7days in deionized water (G1/G4, control group), apple juice (G2/G5), or orange juice (G3/G6). The pH of the apple juice was approximately 4.8 and the pH of the orange juice was approximately 4.9. Surface hardness tests were performed before immersion and at various times following immersion. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement and Tukey’s test. Results Exposure to juices significantly reduced the hardness of both materials (p
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Effect of low pull headgear on head position
- Abstract: January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1
  
  Objective To evaluate changes in head position following the use of low pull headgear (LHG) and compare these changes with an untreated control group. Subjects and methods The test group comprised pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 30 males, aged 11±1.5years, who were receiving LHG therapy for correction of Class II malocclusion. Pre-observation and post-observation lateral cephalograms of 25 untreated male subjects, aged 11±1.6years, served as controls. The average treatment time for the treatment group was 12±2.02months and the average observation period for the control group was 11±1.03months. Four postural variables (NSL/CVT, NSL/OPT, CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR) were measured to evaluate the head position in all subjects pre- and post-observations. Results There was no significant difference in all the measurements concerning the head position within each group (p >0.05). The mean differences of pre- and post-observations of 4 postural variables in the LHG group were 1.43, 0.9, −1.13, and −1.08, while those of the control group were 1.56, −0.32, −0.24, and 0.04, respectively. There was no significant difference between the headgear and control groups for any of the postural variables measured (p =0.924, 0.338, 0.448, and 0.398, respectively). Conclusions Although postural variables showed considerable variability in both groups, head position exhibited no significant changes over a period of 11–12months either in the control or headgear group.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Oral manifestations of lipoid proteinosis: A case report and literature review
- Abstract: Available online 20 February 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  Lipoid proteinosis is an uncommon autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that presents in early life with hoarseness and pox-like aceniform scars involving the skin and mucous membranes. Previous studies have attributed the prevalence of lipoid proteinosis to consanguinous parents. This paper reports a classical case of lipoid proteinosis with oral manifestations but without a history of consanguinity.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Stud attachments for the mandibular implant-retained overdentures: Prosthetic complications. A literature review
- Abstract: Available online 6 February 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  A plethora of attachment systems for mandibular two-implant overdentures is currently available often without evidence-based support. Technical aspects are now parameters considered when choosing the appropriate attachment. Despite the increasing use of the Locator attachments, studies regarding their properties remain scarce. Peer reviewed articles published in English up to 2011, were identified through a MEDLINE search (Pubmed and Elsevier) and a hand search of relevant textbooks and annual publications. Emphasis was made on the technical complications as well as the loss of retention related to the attachments in implant-retained overdentures, primarily the Locator attachment. The evaluation of the long-term outcome of implant overdentures and complications associated with different attachment systems may provide useful guidelines for the clinician in selecting the type of attachment system and overdenture design.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z
Nanorobots: Future in dentistry
- Abstract: Available online 17 January 2013
  Publication year: 2013
  Source:The Saudi Dental Journal
  
  The purpose of this paper is to review the phenomenon of nanotechnology as it might apply to dentistry as a new field called nanodentistry. Treatment possibilities might include the application of nanotechnology to local anesthesia, dentition renaturalization, the permanent cure for hypersensitivity, complete orthodontic realignment in a single visit, covalently bonded diamondized enamel, and continuous oral health maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots. Dental nanorobots could be constructed to destroy caries-causing bacteria or to repair tooth blemishes where decay has set in, by using a computer to direct these tiny workers in their tasks. Dental nanorobots might be programed to use specific motility mechanisms to crawl or swim through human tissue with navigational precision, to acquire energy, to sense and manipulate their surroundings, to achieve safe cytopenetration, and to use any of a multitude of techniques to monitor, interrupt, or alter nerve-impulse traffic in individual nerve cells in real time.
  
  PubDate: 2013-02-23T12:01:31Z